Voprosy Filosofii i Psikhologii

3-7

Authors: Marcos Alonso Fernández

Memory has always been understood as the basis of human identity. However, current neuroscientific data about how our brain creates memories makes it problematic to maintain certain identity theories, particularly the psychological view on identity. In this paper we will expose this neuroscientific data regarding memory, how it should affect the debate around identity, and the consequences of this discussion for ethics as a whole.

14-27

Authors: Yury D. Granin

The article deals with the analysis the problem of civilization ownership of Russia in the historical range from Kievan Rus' to the modern Russian Federation. It is solved on the basis of use of the author's (institutional) version of civilization approach. According to it, "the universal states" – "kingdoms" and "empires" were the most important factor of formation and development of civilizations, their interaction and the competition. Studying formation and development of the Moscow kingdom, the Russian Empire and the USSR, the author comes to a conclusion that historically these political forms had three civilization embodiments: "an orthodox civilization", "a hybrid civilization moderny like"Romanov' empires and the "Soviet civilization" representing special type of industrial development. Modern Russia, certainly inherits it. But it doesn’t have political and religious metaideology uniting the people, and in contrast to the United States, it doesn’t claim on global domination. More likely, it represents civilization to a pseudomorphosis, fancifully combining elements of antiquity, the Soviet past and the present. In the conditions of geopolitical loneliness of Russia, its prospect are connected with system modernization of the country on the basis of own civilization model allowing (like China, India and Japan) to develop effective strategies of development alternative to the western modernism.

36-49

Authors: Sergey A. Lebedev, Sergey N. Kos’kov

In 70-ies of the XIX century to replace the first positivism in the philosophy of science comes second positivism, the main representatives of which were well-known Austrian physicist and historian of science, Ernst Mach and the eminent French mathematician and physicist Henri Poincare. Continuity second positivism in relation to the first was two points. Firstly, it is the denial of the scientific nature of the entire classical ("metaphysical") philosophy (from Plato to Hegel, etc.); secondly, in the empiricist interpretation of the nature and content of scientific knowledge. Major differences between the first and second positivism were also two: firstly, representatives of the second positivism believed that in science there is no pure empirical knowledge, not dependent on any theory, and secondly, that the possible discovery and evidence of scientific logic laws and theories. According to representatives of the positivism of the second process of opening scientific laws is not logical, but the psychological process, where the decisive role played by experience, intuition and creativity of the scientist. And secondly, and the process of making scientific hypotheses are not governed by purely methodological rules and is a product of a convention of scientists (Poincare), or governed by considerations of economy of thought, when at the same explanatory power of scientific hypotheses are preferred the most simple of them in meaningful plane. However, a clear elimination representatives of the second positivism role of methodological control in the processes of discovery and justification of scientific knowledge had as its inevitable consequence of excessive subjectivization process of scientific knowledge and the negation of his natural character (internal logic of development), as well as its objective determination (the object of study and the social context of knowledge).

60-63

Authors: Elena A. Volodarskaya

The article reveals approaches to the analysis of creativity as a professionally important quality of the work of specialists of helping professions. On the basis of the carried out empirical study of the manifestation of creativity at different stages of training a specialist psychologist, it is concluded that it is possible to develop creative abilities and disclose the creative potential of an individual based on the content of professional activity and the variability of professional decisions when achieving professional goals.