Voprosy Filosofii i Psikhologii

250-262

Authors: Yury D. Granin

The article analyzes the concepts "value" and "assessment", procedures of a choice and assessment, their functions in scientific researches and scientific communication. In a number of researches the assessment is still interpreted as procedure of reference to these or those values. But it is not so. Value characterizes only the positive importance of things and processes for the person. And the assessment isn't reduced only to determination of value. It is connected with articulation of the functional importance of objects and implementers in all kinds of activity of the person, being realized in internal and external plans. According to the author, the assessment is immanent to scientific and extra scientific forms of knowledge is premised to procedures of a rational choice and included in these procedures as their integral part.

269-274

Authors: Nikolay N. Kozhevnikov, Vera S. Danilova

The evolution of the organic and inorganic worlds was made possible primarily thanks to the catalyst. At the level of live they are commonly referred as “enzymes” and their meaning are much more than in the non-living world. The possibility of the existence of catalytic processes for the spiritual and intellectual spheres is considered by analogy with them. Two main groups of catalytic processes have been detached: 1) catalytic processes that initiate and optimize the knowledge, 2) catalytic processes to ensure the integrity and consistency of knowledge. We investigated the possibility of using these specific types of catalytic processes in the field of education and culture. The relationship of these processes with separate areas of interdisciplinary research in modern philosophy is considered, as well as noospheregenesis and formation of planetary being.

281-289

Authors: Irina V. Mantorova, Julia N. Zakharchenko

The problem of the subjective perception of the terrorist threat by students of the university as a source of violations of the psychological security of the person. It is shown that terrorist acts are a prerequisite for the emergence of the array of negative socio-psychological and individual psychological phenomena. This influence extends to entities that do not fall directly into the situation of a terrorist attack. The media have the significant influence on the occurrence of negative mental states. For example, students of high school the authors demonstrated the influence of particular information about acts of terrorism on its indirect victims. Empirically it found that regardless of the method of obtaining information about the attack, she gives birth to the state of mental tension, anxiety, mental disorientation. This constitutes a violation of the psychological safety of subjects of perception of the attacks. The television information has influenced more than text information about the attacks. It is concluded that the indirect victims of the terrorist attacks require psychological assistance.

301-306

Authors: Elena A. Volodarskaya, Lidiya V. Kondratova

The work is devoted to the identification of communication psychological phenomena of achievement motivation and competitiveness of the individual. The article describes the approaches to the understanding of substantial identity of these concepts. It emphasizes the role of self-efficacy in the achievement of an individual's success in a competitive professional environment.

166-174

Authors: Victor V. Ilyin

In the epistemological play «social organization» is not always guaranteed befitting a worthy role. Nonclassical epistemology of antitraditionalism (pragmatism, instrumentalism, conventionalism, structural functionalism), focusing not on «universal», and on the particular subject loses its docking crinoline calling interpretation of sociality in sociological paradigm «conditions» - the pre-entrance instance, giving an external facet or another cognitive values. In anticipation of blocking the translation of epistemology in sociology (involvement of external to internal justification), the same pier, in thinking through the increasing respectability of life knowledge highlighting (on personal level) method of persistence; (group level) method of authority; autonomicity (at the level of thinking activity) the method of science - logical-empirical standardization of shape identification techniques based on volumetric deductive-inductive-traduction-abductive proof. The stumbling block of non-traditional epistemology is the inability of reflection the «sociality» from the perspective of actual knowledge, inability to incorporate her (not as a «functionalized thinking») in the structure of mental acts.

192-199

Authors: Tatiana M. Krasnyanskaya, Valery G. Tylets

The article presents the basic points of the design of cloud technologies of psychological security of the person. It disclosures the psychological security of the individual and the predisposition of the subject to build its simulacra. The specificity of psychological security of the individual is demonstrated, as well as the importance of designing of its technology. An interpretation of psychological techniques to ensure human security is given. The basis of the technology of building the psychological security of the individual positions is formed with principles of cloud technologies developed in the field of information and communication. The foundations of author principles of psychological cloud security of the person are presented. The symptoms of psychological techniques to ensure the security built on cloud principles are characterized.

206-213

Authors: Sergey A. Lebedev

The article reveals the complex structure of modern scientific knowledge. It consists of blocks and elements of scientific knowledge of different size and character, often opposite in their methodological characteristics. This is, firstly, qualitatively different in their subjects and methods of scientific knowledge: mathematics and logic, natural Sciences, social Sciences, Humanities, technical and technological knowledge. Secondly, different levels of scientific knowledge: sensory, empirical, theoretical and metatheoretical. Finally, it is qualitatively different kinds of knowledge: prior and inferential, descriptive and normative, explicit and implicit, discourse and intuitive, analytic and synthetic. It is rich in the structural difference of scientific knowledge must be constantly borne in mind when discussing various common problems of philosophy and methodology of science: scientific knowledge, scientific truth and its criteria, justification of scientific knowledge, dynamics and development of scientific knowledge, scientific-cognitive activity. The fact is that due to the qualitative difference of scientific knowledge there is no single way to solve these problems for various structural units of scientific knowledge. Methodological truth is as specific as all other kinds of truths.

220-228

Authors: Victor A. Svetlov

In modern philosophy there is a steady tradition to consider truth only as a logico-semantic problem. All disputes, anyway, are conducted about limits of applicability of the well-known concept of truth in the formalized languages by A. Tarsky's. It is possible to agree that it is very important aspect of the theory of truth, but not the only. All who share this position often lose sight that a problem of truth is in essence not so much logico-semantic how many ontological and methodological one. It isn't surprising that namely in these two directions the problem of truth appeared to be studied least of all and it was given to philosophers of hermeneutic and existentialist sense for fantastic interpretations. Considering this circumstance, in the present article attempt to analyze new opportunities of development of the theory of truth is made. It was especially easy to make this job because the new concept of truth is already working (see notified books of the author of this article).

67-76

Authors: Nikolai I. Gubanov, Nikolay N. Gubanov

The authors attempt to outline the concept of the triple determination of criminal behavior. This behavior depends on the legacy of liability, the social environment and personal principle – man's free will, his mind and selfdetermination. The genetic influence is manifested in the form of immoral and criminal inclinations – to a greater or lesser predisposition to aggressive actions. The magnitude of the criminal instincts of the human population is placed on the distribution curve of random values. The extent to which criminal inclinations is determined by social conditions of human habitation, especially the conditions of education and training. Among people living in the same social conditionstions, more crimes committed individuals with a greater magnitude of criminal instincts. The free will of man, based on a reasonable analysis of their existential situation can counteract and neutralize internal aggressive impulses associated with heredity and living conditions, as the most decisive factor in human behavior. Diagnosis value of genetic predisposition to criminal behavior can serve as a basis for designing measures psychotherapeutic behavioral abnormalities persons with genotype neutralizing internal implementation of aggressive impulses personally self, creating a system of education that prevents impletion criminal inclinations.

88-99

Authors: Feliks V. Lazarev

Philosophy is love of wisdom. Love is the desire of possessing anything. Wisdom is knowledge of the Universe. Philosophy is the desire to have knowledge about the Universe. Knowledge of the Universe is a way to knowing the truth. Knowledge of the truth is a way to liberation from dependency of the material world. Are there any general rules of philosophizing ultimately expressing the essence of the method of rational development of the world? The rules, which will help to pass through mentioned above so interesting chain. If you look closely at the experience of theorizing in the history of ideas, then such rules can be singled out and formulated in the form of certain methodological requirements. The analysis shows that many of the requirements of such kind are the result of that type of philosophical reflection which is applied in a particular case. These rules differ from the logic rules and belong to the sphere of relationships between subject and object. Categorical rule is that you need to identify a specific problem and indicate a field of categorical discourse and then throw a fixed net of categories. Discursiveness rule involves a selection of such discourse where the author throughout the whole study has strictly to keep to its rules without replacing one discourse for the other. This will help to prevent eclectic or sophistic style of thinking. Paradoxically rule - where there is a philosophical way of thinking there is always a paradox, which provokes the subject to find a genuine novelty. Constitutive rule - this rule guides a human thought on the identification of "conditions imaginable" (Kant) of the object. Any key concept, as well as based on it sayings, anyway supposes an indication on the context.

112-120

Authors: Peter A. Plyutto

This is an attempt to give arguments for ontological nature of sociocultural illusions in this article. An accurate determination of sociocultural illusions is founded on the definitions of human illusions that were suggested by I. Kant. Experience of branching classification of sociocultural illusions is demonstrated.

127-130

Authors: Natalya N. Rostova

The book "Living philosophy", the idea of which belongs to the chief editor of the journal “GLANCE” Marina Sborovskaya, is unique in its kind. It combined the texts of famous Russian philosophers of our contemporaries, professors of Moscow universities, in which they discuss different aspects of human existence in the modern world. His soul and body, freedom and creativity, simulation and authenticity, beauty and ugliness, of sense and nonsense, love and childhood, truth and intuition, of fairy tales and dreams, happiness and fun, games and celebration, science and government, cities and nature, technology and ecology, music and heroism, of the virtual world and the person in it. The uniqueness of the book lies in its genre. If philosophy is living knowledge, the textbook on philosophy in the traditional sense is obvious nonsense. After all, living knowledge refers to the genus of reference and vision, which is passed from hand to hand, i.e. in a live conversation. Just as in music or painting there is a line of continuity, so it is, of course, and in philosophy. How then to touch philosophy, if a direct meeting with philosopher - a rare stroke of luck? Peer-reviewed book is the answer to this question.

145-152

Authors: Margaret K. Trifonova

This article is dedicated to the analysis of specific features specificity of philosophy as wisdom in works of the outstanding Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset. The author reveals the peculiarities of his philosophical knowledge understanding and the problem of human alienation in the modern social and cultural development. The philosophical heritage of the great Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset provokes the growing interest recent years. Interpretation of the wisdom concept made by the philosopher gains a particular attention. At the same time, one of the problems which disturbed him especially - the nature of philosophical knowledge and its evolution in terms of new scientific and social processes (social and scientific revolutions, the alienation of a man from the social activity in the industrial society, national liberation movements, and etc). And Ortega’s main idea is that philosophy can not act as a cold collection of ready-made maxims which a person needs only to adopt. The philosophical work, philosophical understanding that exists in unity with man’s life and reflects its shades and changes, and constantly responds to the new realities - that is what ensures the philosophical discourse vitality. Ortega y Gasset belongs to such type of philosophers whose work is penetrated with humanism and moral line, it is an extraordinary creativity. Experience of scientific revolutions of XVII–XX centuries in physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy, etc. testifies that it is impossible to solve complex and multi-structural collisions without philosophical reflection level. At first, it seemed to scientists that reductionist approach was enough - to reduce body to a cell, physical structure of an atom, and etc. But it turned out that it is necessary that either scientists become philosophizers, or with the help of philosophical approach investigate specifically the revolutionary situation in some sciences; it requires a various analysis; recognition of the paradoxes; paradoxic, allowing mutually exclusive phenomena, dialectical thinking.

17-28

Authors: Sergey A. Lebedev

This article discusses the problem of induction, which was first formulated in the 18th century by the English philosopher D. Hume. Hume came to the conclusion that reliance on inductive inferences has no rational basis and is rather a matter of habit as one’s psychological ability. Since then, the issue of the possibility (impossibility) of purely rational justification of induction has gained a fundamental significance for philosophy and especially the philosophy and methodology of science. From a negative solution to the problem of induction there necessarily follows the inference that scientific cognition is not a purely rational process. The history of the philosophy and methodology of science has seen numerous attempts to rationally justify induction, but all of them have proven untenable. The article analyzes the major approaches to solving the problem of induction undertaken in the philosophy of science in the 20th century: 1) deductive or “metaphysical”, 2) pragmatic, 3) conventionalist, 4) inductive/analytical, 5) linguistic. As a result of the analysis, the author draws the following conclusion: Hume was right. The use of inductive inferences in cognition, including in science, cannot be substantiated purely rationally. The author proposes a new solution to the problem of induction, which is founded on the following principles: 1) the need for getting out of the domain of thinking and logic, in providing a rationale for the use of induction, and getting into the domain of practical objectives and grounds of scientific cognition, 2) the need to construe the process of scientific cognition per se (scientific thinking, in particular) as social processes whose subject is the disciplinary scientific community. The use of the inductive method in scientific cognition is grounded not in the subject’s purely rational activity but its rational/volitional activity. The outcome of this kind of activity by the scientific community is its consensual cognitive decisions.

36-46

Authors: Victor A. Svetlov

In the article the new interpretation of dialectics and dialectic contradiction compatible to laws of formal logic and possessing big explanatory and predictive force is offered. Dialectics is considered as the part of unified theory of conflict analysis and resolution which is responsible for the initial cause of development of any system. The dialectic contradiction is defined as union of the complementary relations and as a general pattern of development. It is proved Contrary to a popular belief it is proved that the dialectic contradiction makes only part of the general class of the contradictions peculiar to systems.