Voprosy Filosofii i Psikhologii

46-61

Authors: Sergey A. Lebedev

The article analyzes the views of philosophers and scientists of the new time - the era of the formation of modern science – to the problem of the scientific method. It is shown that there were three main methodological directions in solving this problem: inductivizm, deductivizm and methodological concept of the multidimensionality of the process of scientific cognition. Despite these differences was one uniting all methodologists of the new time aim – to build the logic of discovery and justification of scientific truths. It was one of the main philosophical presumptions of the methodology of classical science. The emergence of natural sciences in new ages occurred in the conditions of methodological debates scientist with well-established cognitive attitudes of medieval theology and scholastics. And one of the Central points of these disputes was the question of the role and place of induction in scientific knowledge. Experimental studies of a nature are contrary to the medieval philosophy estimation inductive method in the cognition of nature. On the one hand, the requirement of "rehabilitation" role induction as a necessary method of true knowledge of nature was a statement of actual cognitive practices of scientists-naturalists of the time, constantly making a mental movement from private knowledge to general knowledge, from data of experiments and observations to their generalization. Experience natural science of that time was still at the empirical stage of its development and the major increase of scientific knowledge could be due primarily the accumulation of new empirical facts and their systematization, classification and formulation on this basis of scientific laws. In result systematic experimental study of nature arise a powerful level of new knowledge is empirical. As was rightly pointed out in this connection V.S. Shvyrev: "To experience, the experiment was realized as a constitutive element of scientific thinking, it was necessary not only change its role in the practice of scientific thinking, but also change the system "ideology of science", the understanding of scientific thinking... The worldview of an experienced natural science presupposes an active attitude towards nature, it deals with experience, experiment with natural phenomena as the most reliable means of arriving at the truth. But this is possible only if nature itself is regarded as something valuable, as something that can give a truth [21, p. 34]. The new ideology of science of the need for experimental research into the nature, undoubtedly, contributed to the formation and consolidation of modern science. The rapid growth of the experimental knowledge science and its successful application on practice contributed to the strengthening of faith in the correctness of the new methodological principles of experimental science. In these historical conditions of development of natural sciences the idealization of the possibilities of inductive method of knowledge of nature was not merely possible but to a certain extent even necessary. It is not accidental that F. Bacon, this characterization of Marx, "the real progenitor of English materialism and all modern experimental science" [16, vol. 2, p. 142], acts as both the chief designer of the new understanding of the nature and purpose of science in society and as the founder of the program inductive methodology. As noted by Marx, for Bacon "science is experimental science, and it consists in the application of the rational method to sense data" [ibid]. But this method, Bacon believed "the construction of concepts and axioms by true induction" [2, vol. 2, p.19]. The development of real experimental science was increasingly convinced scientists that the traditional logical and philosophical-contemplative practices of cognition is not able to serve as an effective means of cognition of nature that syllogistic Aristotle, which medieval theologians considered the main method of true knowledge, could not teach scientists tricks of the discoveries of the laws of nature. "The logic that now use, – wrote Bacon – but rather serves to strengthen and preserve the errors, which have their foundation in commonly accepted notions than to find the truth. Therefore it is more harmful than useful"[2, v. 2, p. 13]. The solution posed before scientists XVI-XVII centuries of methodological problems seen in the way they create a new logic that would develop means of thinking that scientists could use in a real study of nature. While the traditional view of logic as a science about methods of knowledge, about the rules of the discovery of new truths was shared by virtually all scientists and philosophers of the new ages. So many well-known philosophers of the new time, in particular, F. Bacon, R. Descartes, B. Pascal, the authors of logic Pore Royal, also Leibniz and other thinkers actively engaged in the development of the new, genuine logic discovery of truths. The first systematic attempts a creating such logic made by F. Bacon and R. Descartes. The First publishes "New Organon", the Second – "Rules for the management of the mind" and "Discourse on method". However F. Bacon considered the main method of scientific cognition induction, and R. Descartes deduction and intuition. The analyses of the views of philosophers and scientists of the new time – the era of the formation of modern science to the problem of the scientific method is shown that there were three main methodological directions in solving this problem: inductivizm, deductivizm and methodological concept of the multidimensionality of the process of scientific cognition. Despite of these differences was one uniting all methodologists of the new ages aim – to build the logic of discovery and justification of scientific truths.

80-87

Authors: E.B. Samal, Yu.P. Povarenkov

In this article the problem of the professional crises accompanying transition of the personality from one stage of professional formation and development on another rises. As one of ways of overcoming of such crises self-actualization is considered. At a certain stage of professional activity before each subject there is a need of self-improvement, further growth and development for a profession. One of such crises is transition from level of standard requirements of level of professional skill. On an example of the analysis of results of several researches it is proved that there are distinctions in the relation to a profession and in aspiration to grow and develop in professions at persons with the seniority to 5 years and more than 5 years that is caused above by the specified crisis.

93-100

Authors: Nikolay N. Gubanov, Nikolay I. Gubanov

Book S.A. Lebedev is written in accordance with the Federal programme on the subject "Methodology of scientific knowledge" for undergraduate and MA-registers. The author presents an original five-bar structure of the discipline: general scientific methodology, methodology of scientific knowledge-areas of the methodology level of scientific knowledge, scientific methodology of the dynamics of the knowledgetion, the historical methodology of science. For each section sformu-lated his subject and gives a brief description of it. The book includes 10 chapters, which in concentrated form, in sequence, the argumentted, it is clear, a good literary language, is available to readers disclosed the content of the following topics: the subject matter and structure of the methodology of scientific knowledge, the object and the subject of scientific knowledge, the structure of scientific knowledge, general science methods of knowledge, methods, basic levels of scientific knowledge, the problem of the truth of scientific knowledge, models and patterns of development of scientific knowledge. Each topic is equipped with questions for samoproverki assimilation of its contents and a list of literature for study in depthof. In the book of S.A. Lebedev takes into account the subtle relationships preem of liability and, together with the qualitative difference of the classical, nonclassical and post nonclassical rationality. And therein lies the main akactuality and novelty.