INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH

1-7

Authors: MSc. Cecilia Herrera Martinez , Dr. Jorge Daher Nader , MSc. Yesica Pazmiño Mera , MSc. Rocio Fonseca Tumbaco , MSc. Vicky Narea Morales

Adequate eating habits during the gestation period of pregnant teenagers are of vital importance because this will affect the process of formation of the fetus at birth. If pregnant adolescents have an early pregnancy, the chances of a poor physiological maturity of the fetus are more likely to be executed, which makes it necessary to correctly implement the process of feeding during pregnancy, if possible eliminate all bad habit of feeding. The adolescent should seek the positive contribution of nutrients and food that contribute both to the fetus and the mother energy, which will be useful at birth. It should be noted that multiple studies in adolescent pregnant cultural factor food affects directly proportional to the time of feeding, in cases where the teenager is educated positively on their food is ingested foods balanced diet, eliminating all those foods that contain preservatives chemicals and processed foods that deteriorate the health of the pregnant woman. For the development of this research is to determine through the survey process the habits food and cultural factors of adolescent pregnant according to the sector, as well as also those relating theoretical to provide knowledge of the habits eating in adolescents pregnant, and also determine the nutrition of pregnant adolescents in relation to the gestational age of the patient according to the BMI, and identify the nutrition of pregnant women by developing an educational talk proposal in order to correct bad eating habits.

14-18

Authors: Obsta Vicky Narea Morales MSc , Dr. Jorge Daher Nader MSc , Obsta. Katherine Rodriguez , Obsta. Yesica Pazmiño Mera MSc , Obsta. Cecilia Herrera Martínez MSc

The objective of this research work was to determine the benefits and difficulties of obstetric psychoprophylaxis in pregnant women of the Cerecita Health Center, Guayas - Ecuador from January - December 2017. The study design is non-experimental, cases and controls, retrospective, in the The research methodology used the data collection form and an ad hoc form was prepared. To carry out the investigation, an application was submitted to the director of the health center. The sample consisted of 80 nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The following results were obtained: that if there are significant benefits with pregnant women who attended the psychoprophylaxis sessions; With an adequate assistance of pregnant women, 70% completed all the sessions of Psychoprophylaxis, with a time of less than 6 hours of the dilation period of 46.43%; With an expulsion period of less than 25 minutes in 76.79% More eutocic deliveries in 82.14% of the pregnant women who completed the PPO sessions, 78.57% of the cases did not require medication in the dilation phase; Apgar at the minute, greater than 8 in 96.43%, and at 5 minutes in 98.21%. Only 1.78% of the newborns of the mothers in the case group had apnea and in fetuses of 3500 gms or more, the 40% had an expulsive no greater than 25 minutes. The benefits observed in the present study, on labor, on the newborn, was a better Apgar at the first minute of life (p = 0.091x10-4, OR = 9).

28-38

Authors: Bushra Abd Hassan , Hashim Aliwy Mohammed Alhusseini

This study attempts to analyse the metaphorical expressions used by the novelist Elif Shafak in her distinct novel The Forty Rules of Love. The core of any metaphorical expression lies in the intellectual conceptual, connotative and symbolic terms which require the readers to encipher such terms and grasp their intended meanings. Metaphors are the prominent linguistic devices which are deeply embedded in linguistic and literary expressions to enforce the suggestive meanings and symbolic meanings of such expressions. The researchers select four representative texts from the English novel The Forty Rules of Love in order to represent and cover all the aspects of Metaphor. To cover all the aspects of metaphor that are used in the novel, the researchers adopt a model which is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s Theory of Metaphor (1980). Based on this adopted model to examine the aspects of metaphor, two levels of analysis are followed the contextual analysis and cognitive linguistic analysis. It is found that the Sufi thoughts and symbolisms are stated by using metaphor as a type of rhetorical devices.

47-56

Authors: MSc. Rocio Fonseca Tumbaco , DR. Jorge Elias Dáher Nader , MSc. Cecilia Herrera Martinez , MSc. Yesica Pazmiño Mera , Odont Evelyn Navarrete Fonseca

Sexual intercourse at an early age is a public health problem, because they are associated with various health consequences such as early pregnancy, school drop-out, pre-term births, etc. The study was carried out on 120 adolescents from the baccalaureate, Eugenio Espejo educational unit of the city of Guayaquil - Ecuador, in the 2018-2019 school year. The descriptive, quantitative and analytical methodology of a transversal cohort was applied, considering the use of the survey. As a result of the investigation, the need to develop a sexual education program and the appropriate use of social networks was evidenced, which would be totally innovative because in the present moment no educational institution has carried out a study of this nature, to avoid relationships Early sexuality, minimizing high school dropout and the proper use of social networks in adolescents, therefore it is concluded that adolescents are exposed to the danger of social networks because they use it with high frequency, usually several times a day, without any control of their parents or legal representatives, which affects their cognitive and emotional development, a sexual education program will be implemented for the appropriate use of social networks.

63-71

Authors: Budi Susetyo

The National Education Standards Board in Indonesia is an independent and professional institution which maintain and control the quality of education. The National Examination is one of indicator which can be used as a basis for evaluating quality of education. National Accreditation Board for Schools conducts assessment to the schools on fulfillment of the established standards through accreditation process. There are several theoretical models of relationship between 8 national education standards for describing causality each other. The objective of this study are (1) to compare and determine the best model of the relationship between eight standards using generalized structured component analysis; and (2) to evaluate validity of indicators of accreditation instrument. It has been concluded that the model published by the Ministry of Education and Culture (2017) was the best model. AVE and Cronbach’s alpha showed that score on Mathematics, Science, English and Indonesian Language are important indicators for academic performance. Critical ratio and variance inflation factor showed that there are 13 of 124 indicators of accreditation instrument are not valid. Analysis of structural model showed that school management has a big influence on standard of teachers and education staff. In addition, curriculum, standard of competency, standard of assessment and standard of process have direct influences to academic achievement.

84-88

Authors: Dr. Jorge Daher Nader PhD , Obsta. Vicky Narea Morales MSc , Obsta. Katherine Rodriguez , Obsta. Rocio Fonseca MSc , Obsta. Yomaira Arauz Yong

The present study has as a priority to determine the adverse effects of subdermal contraceptive implants in the users of the Maternal and Child Hospital “Dra. Matilde Hidalgo de Prócel” from May to October 2017, a study was carried out using quantitative methodology, applying an analytical and synthetic method, through surveys applied to 98 users attended at the Matilde Hidalgo de Prócel Hospital. We found that the age group with the greatest use of implants is between 20 and 35 years old, representing 83% of the population. We determined that in the users who use the subdermal implant as a contraceptive method they have an adverse effect related to the emotional lability represented in 51%, referring to the alterations of the menstrual flow, we registered that 46% of the users who used the implant, presented an alteration of your menstrual cycle characterized by a lack of menstruation for more than 3 months. Headache was presented as the main biological effect with 31%, followed by 29% with weight gain, in terms of implant effectiveness, 43% of the users surveyed said they accessed it for its effectiveness. We found that Implanon (3 years) is the type of implant most used by the users represented by 70% of the sample.

93-99

Authors: Dr. Jorge Elías Dáher Nader , Dr. Amelia Patricia Panunzio , Dr. Marlene Isabel Hernández Navarro , Ing. Mario Angel Royero Moya

Research is considered a function aimed at obtaining new knowledge and its application for the solution to problems or questions of a scientific nature. Management is defined as the set of actions aimed at the development and fulfillment of an activity. Thus, research management is conceptualized as the institutional activity oriented to search, study, knowledge of reality, systematization of this knowledge and its transfer to meet needs and contribute to solving society's problems. University research management must have a continuous improvement approach based on methodologies that although they are different have as a common denominator: the identification, characterization, evaluation and improvement of the process. The objective of this work is to characterize the management of research in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of an Ecuadorian university.

108-117

Authors: Jihe Zhu , Blagica Arsovska , Kristina Kozovska

Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly malignancies in the world, which is characterized by uncontrolled division and growth of malignant cells in the pulmonary parenchyma. For the purposes of this paper was used data from the clinical hospital “Dr. Trifun Panovski'' in the Municipality of Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia in the period of 2015-2019. The results show that the most of the cases are male with the leading age of about 55-64 years. However, the disease is becoming more common in the female population at a later age. Regarding the number of male patients treated in the Municipality of Bitola, it can be noted that the highest number of male patients was in 2018, and the lowest in 2017. Most female patients were treated in 2016 and the least in 2018. From the analysis of the Institute of Public Health, the highest number of male deaths in Bitola occurred in 2014 and the lowest in 2015 and 2018, among female patients, the highest number of deaths was in 2014, but the lowest in 2018. Death outcomes in Bitola represent about 6-7% of total number of deaths in the Republic of North Macedonia.

124-133

Authors: Obst. Yesica pazmiño Mera, MSc , Dr. Jorge Daher Nader PhD , Dr. Miguel Gonzalez Pluas , MSc. Cecilia Herrera Martinez , Obsta. Rocio Fonseca MSc , Obsta.Vicky Narea Morales MSc

It is vitally important to understand that premature birth at the Latin American level and in Ecuador is a Public Health problem is considered as one of the main causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality, determined by certain obstetric gynecological aspects such as newborn weight, gestational age is important when there is an irregularity of gestational development when not being found within 32 weeks they produce a greater rate of neonatal morbidity and mortality as a consequence a greater percentage of sequelae; Therefore, it is important that through the present study it is understood that the incidence of premature births should be reduced, which not only affects the pregnant woman but also the newborn. This research is quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional with a descriptive level of research, based on the medical records of patients between the ages of 10 and 19 treated at the Enrique C. Sotomayor hospital in Guayaquil in the period 2015 When the present study is carried out, it is concluded that since there is no consistent prenatal control on the part of pregnant women, it directly influences the pre-term delivery leading to this problem to establish a high predisposition to produce maternal-neonatal morbidity and mortality; a greater awareness campaign should be carried out regarding the prenatal controls necessary to reduce the incidence of preterm birth. The age group with the greatest predisposition is established in adolescents whose age range is from 17 to 19 years

140-146

Authors: Sharma K. , Lodhi R. K. , Rao R. J

Aquatic insects are those which live a part of their life cycle in water. In addition to their significant ecosystem function aquatic insects are also a primary source of food for fishes and amphibians. Inland wetlands of India serve as the habitat for more than 500 species of aquatic insects which are mainly from Ephimeroptera, Odonta and Trichoptera. The study was conducted during early hours of the day from August, 2019 to November 2019. Three sites were selected for the study i.e. vegetation site, agricultural site and disturbed vegetation site. The checklist of recorded aquatic insects is shown with their taxa, order, family and scientific name and common name. Total 24 species of aquatic insects were found in three different sites. The study of population of insects in different sites revealed the fact that the population of aquatic insects was governed by abiotic and biotic factors.

150-162

Authors: Anatolii Pavlenko

This paper is a summary of ideas and methods related to protection of people from the negative impact of electronic technology. While conducting research, the author intended to clearly define the prevailing negative impact of torsion fields in comparison with electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic fields warm the tissues of a person using all sorts of gadgets, while torsion fields provide influence at the gene level. Much attention is paid to the technology of protection from torsion fields. For a more complete understanding of the problem of protecting the population from the negative influence of torsion fields, the authors considered the concept of the “fabric of the universe” developed by several authors, which enabled representing the processes occurring in Physical Vacuum in a more distinct way. The fact that virtual particles have their own subconscious nature, which differs from ours that was predicted by N. Tesla, has been confirmed.

168-175

Authors: Dr. A. Pareet Jayadevi

The main purpose of educational programmes has to create the realization in every teacher in regarding the close relationship between education and social change for which a strong educational base is needed for any social revolution. Through population education teacher should try to form the correct attitudes in adolescents striding in schools and colleges, so that by the time they get into the reproductive stage they would be in a position to make their own decisions. Population Education is must in school education because young people all over the world have common needs in order to achieve full and healthy development; a positive and stable family life; an understanding about their bodies, including the emotional and physical capacities that enable them to have sexual relations and reproduce; an awareness of population issues and how these issues will affect them; and the knowledge and skills to deal with these matters responsibly, now and in the future. The present study assesses the cognitive and emotive aspects of population education among students and reveals attitude of the students towards population education.

188-211

Authors: Emmanuel Silva Marinho , Victor Da Silva De Almeida , Victor Moreira De Oliveira , Carlos Lacerda De Morais Filho , Francisco Rogênio Da Silva Mendes , Aluísio Marques Da Fonseca

Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects thousands of people around the world. In recent years, research aimed at the discovery of new drugs has started to seek specific macromolecular targets for the disease. In this context, enzymes are therapeutic targets of great interest, since they play a fundamental role in many diseases. In this context, the present work aimed to characterize the Machilin G molecule conformationally and evaluate its interactions in the main therapeutic targets involved in the replication of T. cruzi. To understand the inhibitory mechanism of Machilin G on the evolutionary forms of T. cruzi, the molecule it was conformationally characterized, until reaching thermodynamic stability, and then it was submitted to molecule docking routines, having as protein targets the Cruzain enzymes, Tripanothione reductase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TcGAPDH). Machilin G had its structure optimized using semi-empirical quantum calculations, through this technique it was possible to generate the thermodynamically more stable conformation. Through the method of analysis of the computer simulations of molecular anchoring, it was demonstrated that the ligand Machilin G was coupled to the active site of the enzyme TcGAPDH, at distances close to the chalepin. In relation to Cruzain, it is possible to highlight that the ligand Machilin G does not interact with the amino acids of the active site of the enzyme, being at a considerable distance in relation to the ligand KB2. Regarding the enzyme Trypanothione reductase, the ligand Machilin G had few interactions with the amino acids of the active site. The intermolecular interactions found for the complex formed and the values obtained at a distance from the enzyme residues indicate that Machilin G has potential application as a new inhibitor of the enzyme Trypanosoma cruzi TcGAPDH. The present work being a fundamental step for the understanding of Machilin G mechanism of action in view of the evolutionary forms of the t-cruzi parasite.

218-227

Authors: M. Jahedur Rahman , Md. Shahjahan Ali

There is a gaining interest in reducing the production cost of agricultural crops. Salt industries byproduct (SIB) can reduce production cost as it is a cheaper fertilizer source. SIB is the effluent of salt industries. But there is no research on its effects in agricultural crop production in Bangladesh. Therefore, it is important to identify the dose of SIB in sweet pepper/capsicum in Bangladesh. In this study, growth and yield parameters in sweet pepper by applying different doses of SIB were investigated. Five concentrations of salt industries byproduct (SIB) are considered as treatments, viz. S1 = ¾ strength Rahman and Inden (2012) + 0 ml.L-1 SIB, S2 = ¾ strength Rahman and Inden (2012) + 0.25 ml.L-1 SIB, S3 = ¾ strength Rahman and Inden (2012) + 0.5 ml.L-1 SIB, S4 = ¾ strength Rahman and Inden (2012) + 0.75 ml.L-1 SIB and S5 = ¾ strength Rahman and Inden (2012) + 1.0 ml.L-1 SIB. Different concentrations of salt industries by product showed significant variation in most of the parameters. The highest plant height, the maximum number of fruit/plants, individual fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, and yield were found highest in S3. But all the parameters were drastically reduced when S5 treatment was applied. Therefore, S3 treatment can be used for sweet pepper cultivation in soilless culture system in Bangladesh.

235-242

Authors: Shahdevi Nandar Kurniawan , Muthia Marwah , Rodhiyan R , Nanik S

Introduction: Metabolic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic hyperglycemia can cause an increase in Ca2+ cytosol ions that cause dysfunction of NRF2, that will increase the activity of NF-kB which causes an increase in cytokine production, where NF-kB can modulate NRF2 transcription and its activity, so that it has positive or negative effects in the target gene. Giving nimodipine in chronic hyperglycemia conditions can increase levels of NRF2 molecules and reduce levels of NF-kB. Aim: The purpose of this research is to know the effect of treating nimodipine dose 5 μM towards expression of the protein NRF2and NF-kB in SH-SY5Y cell culture induced by chronic hyperglycemia. Method: This study is a true experimental study using randomized posttest only controlled group design in human SH-SY5Y neuron cell culture. Neuron cells were exposed with chronic glucose (25 mM / G25 normoglycemia, 50 mM / G50 hyperglycemia) for 6 days, followed by administration of nimodipine (without nimodipine and nimodipine 500 nM) for 30 minutes. Calculation of NRF2 and NF-kB expressions done by fluorescence method. Results: There were significant differences in the NF-kB neuron cells in the treatment group with controls, both normoglycemia and hyperglycemia (p <0.05). Nimodipine was not able to increase the expression of NRF-2 in the treatmnrnt group, although there were significance differences between these two groups. The Spearman Rank correlation test showed a negative correlation between NRF2 and NF-kB expression in the SH-SY5Y human cell line neuron culture that exposed to chronic hyperglycemia with administration of 500 nM nimodipine. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant decrease in NF-kB expression in SH-SY5Y neuron cells that exposed to chronic hyperglycemia given nimodipine compared to controls group. Nimodipine treatment to SH-SY5Y neuron cells exposed to hyperglycemia not yet increase expression of NRF2.

254-263

Authors: Giovanna Luiza Hartmann, Allana Mariny Marconato , Mirelly Marques Romeiro Santos , Luane Aparecida do Amaral , Elisvânia Freitas dos Santos , Daiana Novello

The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of the addition of pumpkin peel flour (PPF) on physicochemical, cooking and sensory characteristics of bovine burger. Five hamburgers were formulated: F1 - standard (0% PPF) and the others added 1% (F2), 2% (F3), 3% (F4) and 4% (F5) of PPF. The PPF was characterized by high contents of minerals, carbohydrate and dietary fiber, which improved nutritional profile of hamburger. There was an increase on cooking yield, moisture retention and reduction of shrinkage and fat retention, as the level of PPF addition increased. The incorporation of PPF at 3% and 4% in the product increased significantly (p<0.05) the values of L*, a* and b*. Similar acceptability to the standard sample was verified on products with addition of up to 3% PPF. All formulations showed an acceptability index greater than 70%. Thus PPF is a potential ingredient for the formulation of bovine burger to improve its nutritional and technological properties without modification of the sensorial characteristics.

272-278

Authors: Shahdevi Nandar Kurniawan , Kandhisa , Catur Arisetianto , Nanik Setijowati

Introduction: A frequent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus were peripheral neuropathies with a prevalence of around 30-50%. Generally, oxidative stress is the key to the pathological process that induces damage to peripheral nerves in sensory neurons thereby increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction which causes deregulation of calcium ion homeostasis and disrupted calcium signaling. Nimodipine is an L-type Ca2+ inhibitor that reactivates the ATPase pathway, has a neuroprotective effect and can improve the regulation of blood and nerve flow in restoring the adrenergic function of the vasa nervorum. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 0.5µm nimodipine on intracellular calcium and ROS expression in SH-SY5Y cell cultures induces chronic hyperglycemia. Method: Normoglycemic glucose-induced cell culture of neurons 25mM, 50mM hyperglycemia for 6 days and then given nimodipine and without 0.5µM nimodipine. Results: Based on the results of the One-Way ANOVA test, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in intracellular calcium expression and ROS in cell cultures exposed to chronic hyperglycemia. Nimodipine 0.5µM significantly reduced intracellular calcium expression but did not reduce ROS expression. The Spearman rank correlation test (r=0.5; p>0.05) given nimodipine 0.5µM therapy found a positive correlation, but not significant. Conclusion: Based on this study it can be concluded that the administration of 0.5µM nimodipine can reduce intracellular calcium expression but has not been able to reduce ROS expression in 50mM glucose-induced cell cultures.

285-324

Authors: Jean-Claude PEREZ

The main result of this updated release is the formal proof that 2019-nCoV coronavirus is partially a SYNTHETIC genome. We proof the CONCENTRATION in a small région of wuhan New genome (300bp) of 3 different régions from HIV1 ENVELOPPE gene and 3 others from HIV2 and SIV (ENV and POL RT). All this is remarkable and bears the mark of a desire for organization of a human nature: LOGIC, SYMETRIES. In this article, we demonstrate also that there is a kind of global human hosts adaptation strategy of SARS viruses as well as a strategy of global evolution of the genomes of the different strains of SARS which have emerged, mainly in China, between years 2003 first SARS genomes and the last 2019 COVID-19 Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome. This global strategy, this temporal link, is materialized in our demonstration by highlighting stationary numerical waves controlling the entire sequence of their genomes. Curiously, these digital waves characterizing the 9 SARS genomes studied here are characteristic whole numbers: the "Fibonacci numbers", omnipresent in the forms of Nature, and which our research for several decades has shown strong links with the proportions of nucleotides in DNA. Here we demonstrate that the complexity and fractal multiplicity of these Fibonacci numerical waves increases over the years of the emergence of new SARS strains. We suggest that this increase in the overall organization of the SARS genomes over the years reflects a better adaptation of SARS genomes to the human host. The question of a link with pathogenicity remains open. However, we believe that this overall strategy for the evolution of the SARS genomes ensures greater unity, consistency and integrity of the genome. Finally, we ask ourselves the question of a possible artificial origin of this genome, in particular because of the presence of fragments of HIV1, HIV2 and SIV retroviruses.