The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research

1-6

Authors: Shaza Abdelhafiz Ismail

Knowledge management is of a great importance for all institutions as one of the essential components for institutions’ success, survival and growth. This is made through their ability to contribute to maintenance and development of a far sighted vision through which the institution expresses its future inspirations. In addition, it is the highly influential environmental power that reorganizes physical education teachers in directorates. This power leads to basic change in the institution’s processes and to create the required strategy on time. It also contributes to improve transparency rates, level of documentation, knowledge sharing and communication flexibility. Through the researcher’s experience being a teacher in one of the Iraqi schools, and in Baghdad governorate in particular, she found that there is a variation in knowledge management in the sport education institution. Therefore, she decided to conduct a study on knowledge management, especially in the current situation that witnesses a war targeting all moral, social, cultural and cognitive infrastructures. Thus, the study aimed to find differences among physical education teachers in knowledge management for variables of gender and place. The descriptive surveying method was applied with the comparative manner through the application of knowledge management scale which includes (36) paragraphs distributed on five fields on the sample of the study represented in teachers of physical education at Baghdad, Al Karkh and Al Rasafa directorates (1427 individuals divided into: 720 male teachers and 700 female teachers in the period from 15/12/2015 to 18/01/2016. After finishing answers, questionnaires were collected and audited. The researcher collected the degrees which were obtained by each individual in the sample for each paragraph on the scale in order to extract the total degree which is obtained by each individual. After analyzing results, the researcher found that the sample of the study – teachers of physical education at Baghdad – in general are characterized with knowledge management and there is no variation due to Al Karkh and Al Rasafa areas, while the researcher found that there is a variation in knowledge management among male and female teachers for the sake of female teachers. Keywords: knowledge management, teachers of physical education at Baghdad’s Public Education directorates.

12-16

Authors: Mustafa Bas

Nicotine is a naturally occurring addictive alkaloid and in some cases, is a fatal drug. The long-term noxious effects of nicotine have been reported by means of publications to stop the use of nicotine in the form of tobacco. In this study the use of nicotinic substances was tested during Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT) on collegiate football athletes. These tests had three possible results: ergogenic, ergolytic or no effect. The subjects were 12 University of Ataturk University football players between the ages of 19 - 23. They did a series of two tests on a Monarch cycle ergometer for 30 seconds at a time on two separate days. One day post-nicotine gum consumption, the another day post-placebo gum consumption. The data received was considered significant with a p-value < 0.05. This experiment showed nicotine’s effect on: peak anaerobic power (P = 0.34), anaerobic capacity (P = 0.92) and anaerobic fatigue percentage (P = 0.33) in the human body during a WAnT. So, the data received from this experiment were concluded not to be statistically significant. Key Words: Nicotine, Wingate test, Anaerobic, Muscle Performance

27-30

Authors: Qays chyad Khalaf

The training process and the followed methods enhanced the athlete’s strength to make performance intensity reach more than 100%. In addition, this training process, at the same time, is not free of drawbacks that may be reflected negatively on the athlete’s health which may lead to many physiological changes whether at the level of cells or blood through formation of free radicals such as oxygen and hydrogen (…..OH, H, O). These radicals are characterized as being atoms with effectiveness and unstable activity. They search for stability, so they attack the cellular wall and interact with phosphoric fats forming this wall and thus they damage it and then the cell. They may also result in damaging the cell’s DNA. As a result, cells and tissues may catch diseases that may start with colds and end with cancer. Therefore, the researcher referred to this destructive effect of free radicals through their high levels over the normal level during practicing wheelchair tennis players the high intensity training units using continuous training method and their reflections on raising the level of glutathione & malondialdehyde enzymes over normal level. The researcher found that high intensity training with continuous method was connected to some negative aspects such as high levels of free radicals. It is known that their rising over normal rates will lead to damages at the cells level and, accordingly, at tissues level. Therefore, the researcher believes that it is necessary to legalize sport training process in terms of intensity, rest and following a diet spontaneous with high intensity training system noting that this diet should include anti-oxidants which reduce activity of the radicals. Keywords: biochemical indicators, glutathione enzyme, malondialdehyde enzyme, free radicals, high intensity training

37-41

Authors: Ilyas Samara – Abdellatif Bour

Developing countries are undergoing an epidemiologic transition accompanied by increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) linked to urbanization and lifestyle modifications.Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of CVD risk factors where the lack of physical activity strongly favorite many associated factors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to physical activity in a population of Sale, Morocco. Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, physical activity.