Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

5-12

Authors: Yuko Hasegawa1, Yuko Mekata2, Ayaka Sunami3, Yuri Yokoyama3, Takahiro Yoshizaki3, Maya Hagiwara1, Kae Yanagisawa4, Mika Usuda5, Yasunobu Masuda8, Yukari Kawano1 1Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo, Japan 2Bunkyo University, Department of Registered Dietitians, Chigasaki, Japan 3Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Tokyo, Japan 4Sagami Women's University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan 5Kewpie Corporation, Research & Development Division, Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of egg white (E) protein supplementation on the muscle damage indices and muscular soreness after acute resistance training (RT) compared with soy (S) or no protein supplementation (C). In this cross-over study, six healthy untrained men completed three RT trials. Participants were asked to consume a meat-free diet and refrain from high-intensity activities during all trial periods. On the day of RT, participants ingested one of three test beverages containing water only or water containing either 20 g of E or S protein 1.5 hours after breakfast, then performed 60 minutes of RT. Blood was drawn at baseline, before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after RT to assess blood glucose, lactate, insulin, growth hormone (GH), creatine kinase activity (CK) and cortisol levels. Urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MetHis), urea nitrogen (UN), and creatinine (CRE) were measured using 24-h urine samples, and muscular soreness was measured by a visual analog scale. The daily protein intake was approximately 0.8 g/kg body weight in all three groups. Each lactate, GH, CK, cortisol, 3-MetHis, or muscular soreness increased significantly after RT, with no significant differences between the three groups. The UN was significantly higher in the E and S groups compared to the C group. The RT exercise protocol successfully induced blood biochemical changes, muscle damage or muscle soreness in all three groups with no significant differences, and pre-exercise protein supplementation taken in excess may accelerate protein catabolism.

19-22

Authors: Aldijana Muratović1, Dobrislav Vujovic1, Rasid Hadzic1 1University of Montenegro, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, Nikšić, Montenegro

The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics and body composition of elite handball and basketball players as well as to make comparisons between them. Fifty-nine males were enrolled in the study, divided into three groups: fifteen handball players, fourteen basketball players and thirty healthy sedentary subjects. The descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable, while the ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect the effects of each type of sport. The results showed there was no significant difference in body mass index among the groups, while a significant difference was found for body height and body weight as well as for all three of the body contents measured (muscle, bone and fat) among the groups. These findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest to them to follow recent selection process methods and to be more careful during the recruitment.

33-38

Authors: Selçuk Akpınar1, Bilal Bicer2 1Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport Education, Nevşehir, Turkey 2Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hatay, Turkey

Left-handers/footers are found with disproportionately more frequency in many interactive sports compared to the general po¬pu¬lation. In ıorder to point out this issue, we firstly mentioned about handedness in general and secondly the origin of handedness. Ba¬sed on the studies in the literature, we then gave examples about the anatomical correlation of handedness. Finally, some expla¬na¬tions were provided to explain the higher rate of lefties in some sports compared to the general population. Regarding the last issue, researchers stated that there are mainly two possible hypotheses to explain this phenomenon; innate superiority and negative fre¬quency hypothesis. Besides those hypotheses, we should also consider that there is a need to have left handed/footed players in so¬me sports to get more tactical advantages. We tried to give some examples regarding those ideas. The studies in the literature sta¬te that left handed/footed players, in fact, have both tactical and perceptual advantages in some interactive sports and thus, over¬represented in those sports compared to the general population.

5-8

Authors: Vjekoslav Cigrovski, Nikola Prlenda, Ivan Radman

Gender differences in anthropological characteristics may influence success in adopting skiing skill if different teaching met¬hods are applied. This study aimed to determine the difference between the level of adopted skiing skill for female and male ski-be¬gin¬ners applying 2 different teaching programs. 126 subjects (30 females; 96 males), average age 23,3±1,6 years participated in 7 days ski-school. Within the male and female group ski-teaching was carried out using 2 different methods: combination method [CM], which implies using of snowplough and parallel ski technique, and direct method [DM], where only parallel ski technique is used. Following the learning process, subjects were tested through 7 elements of skiing technique. For female subjects no diffe¬ren¬ce between two teaching models was recorded, while CM appeared to be more efficient for males in elements traversing to the right (p=0,03), short turn (p<0,05) and parallel turn (p=0,01). Through factor analysis 7 main components were extracted, the first being defined as total skiing knowledge [TSK]. TSK was then compared to two programs carried out on males and females. Diffe¬ren¬ce was determined in the level of TSK for male who learned through CM in comparison to the participants who were learning through the DM (p=0,01), while no difference in the same variable was determined for female. These findings lead to conclusion that using CM in men achieved better results compared to the DM. For the practice, it means that it is not necessary to separate ma¬le and female while forming ski groups for beginner skiers, since females will advance the same, regardless of the learning method.

17-22

Authors: Yang Zhang, Svetlana Nepocatych, Charlie P. Katica, Annie B. Collins, Catalina Casaru, Gytis Balilionis, Jesper Sjökvist, Phillip A. Bishop

This study examined two active coolings (forearm and hand cooling, and neck cooling) during a simulated half-time recovery on thermoregulatory responses and subsequent soccer-specific exercise performance. Following a 45-min treadmill run in the heat, participants (N=7) undertook 15-min recovery with either passive cooling, forearm and hand cooling, or neck cooling in a simulated cooled locker room environment. After the recovery, participants performed a 6×15-m sprint test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1) in a temperate environment. During the 15-min recovery, rectal temperature fell significantly (p<0.05). Neither active coolings induced further reduction in rectal temperature compared to passive cooling. No effect of active coolings was found in repeated sprint test. However, neck cooling reduced (p<0.05) the thermal sensation (TS) compared to passive cooling during the 15-min recovery. Active coolings attenuated (p<0.05) the sweat rate compared to passive cooling: 1.2±0.3 l•h-1 vs. 0.8±0.1 l•h-1 vs. 0.8±0.3 l•h-1, for passive cooling, forearm and hand cooling, and neck cooling, respectively. For passive cooling, elevated sweat rate resulted in higher (p<0.05) dehydration (2.1±0.3%) compared to neck cooling (1.5±0.3%) and forearm and hand cooling (1.4±0.3%). YYIR1 was improved (p<0.05) following forearm and hand cooling (869±320 m) and neck cooling (814±328 m) compared to passive cooling (654±311 m). Neck cooling (4.6±0.6) reduced (p=0.03) the session TS compared to passive cooling (5.3±0.5). These results suggest that active coolings effectively improved comfort and sweating response, which delayed exercise-heat induced performance diminish during a second bout of exercise.

31-33

Authors: Stevo Popovic, Dusko Bjelica

Although most of Montenegro’s population adore football and support national football team, strong ethnic bigotry still exists. It is interesting to compare the results of 1981 and 2011 census. There were 44.98% of ethic Montenegrins in 2011, 28.73% of Serbs, and 8.65% of Bosnians; while the population living in same area in 1981 numbered 68.54% of ethnic Montenegrins and 3.32% Serbs, while ‘Bosnians’ did not exist as a category at that time; they were referred to according to their religion, i.e. “Muslims”. Obviously, these differences were not caused by some great migrations, as it might seem at first sight, but it is the result of the ideological sentiments of a number of citizens of Montenegro, who changed beliefs during the difficult and turbulent time of the 1990s. The variations of their ethnicities are the outcome of the ideological concepts and their religious affiliations, mostly due to the reason that most of them experienced the collapse of the Yugoslav national identity and still looking for their self. Hence, a main goal of this study is to recommend that significant achievements of national football team can strengthen national identity and enhance peaceful coexistence between various ethnic groups in multi-cultural society such as Montenegro.