Bylye Gody

930-943

Authors: Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko, Regina-Elizaveta A. Kudrayvtseva

This article is devoted to the analyses of the views of the prominent Russian historian N. M. Karamzin connected with a history of Great Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) before the Union of Lublin (1569) during a period of independently development of this state, because the next period is a separate theme. The authors show that these views are complex and having not a single meaning. We must have in mind that historian himself developed together with his main work: “The History of Russian State”. In the first volume one can notice some lack of knowledge concerning Lithuanian-Russian history, but already in the second volume and in the further volumes he constantly presents for us this history. GDL became in his book one of the main actors of Russian history. And what is more that one can see to some degree a bifurcation of his consciousness in connection with GDL. From one side, this state was an enemy of Muscovy, which took some territories, which had had been the State property of Muscovy. But from an other side, Lithuania itself have united vast Russian lands and transformed in so called “Lithuanian Russia”. Such bifurcation keeps before the rain of Ivan the Terrible. In consideration of a reach historiographies and sources base in Karamzin’s book, we can tell about him as a notable lithuanist. His work is a significant stage in development of Russian scholar in this field, which flourished during second part of 19th century.

952-959

Authors: Evgeny V. Vodyasov

The article is devoted to the islands of the Lower Tom River Region and their role in the life support system of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII−XVIII centuries. The main difficulty in studying island landscapes is associated with the lack of such direction as ‘island archeology’ in Siberia. The weak interest of scientists in this topic can be explained by the annual flooding of the islands during the spring, which for many archaeologists is a marker of a not promising search for island archaeological sites. However, the islands with rich vegetation were well suited for summer settlements for the economic model of the Tomsk Tatars. The basis of the economy of the Tomsk Tatars was cattle breeding with a predominance of horses, so the floodplain and island lands in the summer seasons served not only as an important natural resource, but also as a place for seasonal migrations. Such a model led to the fact that the same population lived in different places, depending on the time of the year – in winter yurts, usually located on high terraces and having fortifications, and summer yurts located in a floodplain or on islands. Based on the various sources, it is proved that the Tatar population used the islands for arable land, mowing, pastures and places of seasonal summer settlements. The total area of the developed islands of the Lower Tom River Region is about 100 square km. Today, 7 islands are known where, with a high degree of probability, summer settlements could be located, but archaeological search has never been carried out so far. For the first time, archaeological finds from the Enekov Island are published, proving the permanent seasonal habitat of the Tatar population here in the XVII−XVIII centuries. The settlement on Enekov Island is unique in that its materials clearly trace the initial stage of penetration of Russian ceramics into the cultural environment of Tomsk Tatars, which ultimately led to the complete disappearance of molded ceramics. The main conclusion is made that the islands are extremely promising areas for searching for new archeological sites despite the fact that in the spring they are flooded with high water.

973-981

Authors: Mikhail S. Stetckevich,Tatiana V. Chumakova, Elena S.Stetckevich

The name of the British historian Jonathan Clark in Russia is known only to specialists in English history of the XVIII – XIX centuries. Meanwhile, his writings generated a heated debate and led to a partial revision of some established ideas. According to Clark, in England of the «long XVIII century», which lasted from the end of the XVII century until 1832, there was an «old order», based on a continued strong monarchy, cultural hegemony of the landed elite and the dominance of the Church of England. Historian uses the term «confessional state» to characterize this dominance. According to Clark, the main opponents of the «confessional state» were dissenters, whose opposition to the «old order» was based on theological grounds. Clark was heavily criticized for replacing economic reductionism, which he strongly opposed, with theological reductionism (J. Innes, R. Davis). It was emphasized that the opposition of dissenters can be explained not only by theological reasons (J. Phillips, R. Davis). F. O’Gorman, P. Corfield, E. Thompson pointed out to Clark that the «confessional state» did not exist in reality. J. Bradley, J. Phillips objected to the thesis of the «cultural hegemony» of Anglicanism. Ultimately, only a few researchers (N. Yates, W. Gibson) have shown a willingness to support the concept of a «confessional state». Nevertheless, Clark's extremely sharpened concept led to serious historiographic shifts. Researchers abandoned to underestimate the role of religion in the era of the «long XVIII century», starting to create synthetic works in which politics, culture, theology, and Economics are considered as part of a singlecomplex.

993-1002

Authors: Utash B. Ochirov

Stavropol Kalmyk Host was formed in the 1730s from Kalmyk Christians that had settled in the Middle Volga around the fortress then referred to as Stavropol-on-Volga (present-day Tolyatti). The host was functioning as a Cossack one but its members were equalized in rights with those of the Don Host only in the early 19th century. Units of the host served to patrol borders and act as policemen, in extreme cases yielding a complete regiment for Russia’s wars in Europe. However, Stavropol warriors initially received no military decorations for their deeds of valor since they were not viewed as common soldiers, services of Cossack officers being identified as zauryad, i.e., were actually discharging functions of officers but without any official military ranks and related social privileges (including titles of nobility). The situation changed during the Napoleonic Wars. Since 1807, the unranked started receiving a special military decoration, and zauryad officers were granted officership and opportunities to be bestowed (i.e., enlisted as members of) Russian Imperial orders. In the War of 1806–1807, Stavropol Kalmyk Host participated in final combats only, but spent the whole of the 1812–1814 campaign in military expeditions. In 1812, Stavropol Kalmyks got in line with M. Platov and F. Wintzingerode’s ‘flying’ squads. In 1813, they would block a number of fortresses and later joined M. Miloradovich’s corps (combined Russian-Prussian army) and A. de Langeron’s group of corps (Silesian army). In 1814, they witnessed the end of the war sieging the Fortress of Mainz. Unfortunately, the inefficient bureaucratic procedures resulted in that quite a number of military decorations were delivered either in bad time – or failed to reach the addressees at all.

1011-1024

Authors: Tatiana A. Volodina, Konstantin A. Podrezov, Tamara A. Taruntaeva

The article deals with analyzing the historiography, which is devoted to studying the role and significance of the army in the context of Russian development as Empire. The authors study the approaches and assessments that have been shown by researchers in relation to the factor of language, confession and origin "heterogeneity" of Russian army during XVIII-XIX centuries. The research sources are the works of Russian historians beginning from the XIX century and up to the present day. Some works of contemporary Western researchers also came to the attention of the authors. As a result the authors distinguish the factors which made an impact upon a reconfiguration of research "methodological optics": practical issues in forming and using national units in military forces, understanding the causes of the collapse of Russian army during the Great War, anti-Imperial consideration of Soviet historiography, "complimentary" ethnocentric approach of the late Soviet and post-Soviet time, attention to the phenomenon of Empire in nowadays studies. The authors point out the role of Western historiography as an additional incentive that disposes Russian historians to move away from the "battle" paradigm of studying army to conceptual understanding of the relationship between the army, state and society. However, according to the authors of the article, it was the collapse of the USSR, that had been crucial in changing the focus of research attention.

1034-1044

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Olena G.Tkachenko, Lyubov G. Polyakova, Diana I. Stepanova

The article is devoted to the formation of the system of material support and motivation of civil servants of the Russian Empire from the end of the XVIII to the middle of the XIX centuries. The study was conducted on the example of ukrainian provinces that were part of the Russian Empire during the study period. In particular, the attention is paid to such types of material motivation as wages (salary), other monetary payments, gifts, etc. The authors conclude that during the first half of the ХІХ century the rewards and incentives that the government applied to civil servants were finally systematized and regulated by law. The leading place among them was occupied by material incentives. The encouragement of officials was one of the mechanisms by which the continuous functioning of the Empire's bureaucracy was ensured. On the lands recently incorporated into the Russian Empire, service incentives could also play the role of one of the elements of the policy of incorporating the elites of these regions into the social and administrative structure of the empire. In general, during the first half of the ХІХ century, incentives for civil servants of the Russian Empire were finally systematized. There was a specific set of them and the conditions under which they were applied.

1055-1064

Authors: Nadezhda L. Khait, Аnna P. Dvoretskaya, Denis N. Gergilev, Olga V. Konovalova

The article discusses the functioning of the Orthodox parishes of Yenisei Siberia, shows the dependence of this process on the frontier location of the region and the cathedral beginning of life of the local community. Attention is drawn that at the considered time the vertical line “parish – diocese” is being built. It should be noted that due to the significant mobility of the parishes, their network was formed and constantly expanded, the number of parishioners increased. Parish management was bureaucratic, which affected the relationship between the episcopate and parishioners. The remoteness of the region from all the diocesan departments of Siberia, a rare visit to parishes by bishops, and the maintenance of clergy by communities led to significant parish autonomy. The parishioners quite actively defended their power in the parish in the field of managing church property, land, the church building, the choice of the church elder and the builder of the church. Most of the northern and southern parishes of Yenisei Siberia had an indigenous population. However, while in the north, there were few cases of Christianization, in the south there was a process of religious interaction between Russian and autochthonous peoples.

1085-1092

Authors: Dmitry V. Ovsjannikov

The article refers to the problem of the ruling aristocratic groups in Dagestan in the first half of the XIX century. The attention is paid to the issues related to the relations of representatives of the mountain nobility with the Russian military administration and with the structures of Muslim statehood (Imamate) in the specified period. The opus presents the results of an analysis of military-political events during which the region became part of the Russian Empire. Particular (Special) attention is paid to the issue of the struggle for power and the subsequent change of traditional power groups in Dagestan. It is concluded that this process took place not only under the pressure of Russian military officials who doubted the loyalty of the mountain aristocracy, but also due to the fact that only a few of the representatives of nobility were able to integrate into the new system of power relations within the framework of the Imamate. The question also arises of the degree of influence of individual owners and their relatives on the genesis of the Imamate and its further functioning, including the extent to which their actions contributed to the spread of the ideas of muridism in Dagestan and Chechnya. The novelty of the study is seen in an attempt to present these events using the terminological apparatus adequate to describe the Islamic society. The work is relevance due to the acute controversy taking place in the scientific community on the role of individual historical figures in these events and ambiguous interpretations of their heritage. All this is analyzed on the basis of a system-historical approach, using the achievements of social science and attracting a wide range of material, including unpublished archival sources.

1101-1112

Authors: Tatyana V. Koshman, Maral K. Khabdulina

The article is devoted to the results of the first major reconnaissance expedition deep into the Kazakh steppes in 1816. The geological and geographical expedition led by I.P. Shangin was aiming for the exploration and fixation of polymetallic ores in Kazakhstan. However, thanks to the versatile personality of I.P. Shangin, a highly educated, thoughtful researcher, this expedition became also historical-ethnographic and archaeological. It also covered the description of ancient monuments, places of worship, the ruins of ancient buildings, faced along the expedition route. The article provides a brief description of the route that stretched across almost the entire territory of Kazakhstan - from the northern edge of the steppe strip to the Northern Balkhash area. The return trip from the Kyzyltau mountains lead to the North-East, to the Irtysh, the area of modern city of Pavlodar. The main attention is paid to the characterization of modern archaeological research of Saryarka steppe’s objects, noted by I.P. Shangin. In conclusion, it is indicated that the high effectiveness of the scientific expedition is associated with the personality of its leader – I.P. Shangin, as a prominent representative of a nascent Russian Scientific school of Natural scientists

1124-1131

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Mikhail P. Yatsenko

The article shows the experience of using assembly materials as historical sources on the history of Russia during the period of the empire. On the basis of the archival documents presented for the first time, the significance of traces and agreements of the population in the study of the issues of defining the functions and establishing the staff of local government bodies in Siberia in the 19th century was proved. The source of the work was previously unpublished wills, donation records, letters of attorney (letters of trust) of the residents of the Minusinsk district of the Yenisei province, drawn up in the Minusinsk district government and the Minusinsk district court, as well as formulary lists of local officials who certified and testified to such documents. By analyzing the act books of public places of different levels of government (Yenisei provincial government, Minusinsk district court, Minusinsk district government, Abakan volost government), the prevalence and proven mechanism for providing the population with such a service due to the absence of notarial structures in Siberia until 1897 were proved. The representativeness of act materials as sources for establishing the names of employees of local authorities is shown on the example of the will of a retired non-commissioned officer A. M. Kvashonkin (1839), the power of attorney of the Yekaterinburg merchant A.Ya. Kharitonov (1839) and a donation record of a well-known public figure, who was in exile in Siberia, M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky (1860). The subsequent application of data from the formal lists of officials made it possible to detail the facts of their biographies as representatives of the service class. All this made it possible to reconstruct the historical reality of the Russian Empire at the provincial level.

1142-1157

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Anatolii V. Honcharenko, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The paper explores «Military Statistical Review of Russian Empire» as a source on social and economic history of Ukrainian provinces in the middle of the 19th century. The authors look into the history of creation, structure, presentation plan and the character of information presented in the Reviews. The people who compiled this historical source are indicated and a brief information about them is given. Based on the analysis of reviews of the Ukrainian provinces, a social portrait of the local population was compiled, it takes into account its ethnic, religious and social affiliation. The social portrait of the population of Ukrainian provinces was compiled on the basis of the description of life and customs of the local population in «Military Statistical Review of Russian Empire», as well as the level of its education and intelligence via analysis of data on the number and types of educational establishments available in the Ukrainian provinces, the number of students who studied there, the ratio to the total population of the province, and number of the teaching staff. The student-teacher ratio is calculated. The data is generalized for each of the provinces: Right-bank, Left-bank, South-Ukrainian and Ukraine as a whole.

1168-1178

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

Questions about the social status of the Cossacks attracted serious attention of authoritative historians from the Soviet era (only for the Don Host we can distinguish the works of V.A. Zolotov, A.I. Kozlov, V.P. Trut). However, only the period that immediately preceded the 1917 revolution was deeply studied, and the researchers were not able to develop a generally accepted classification system for Cossack households. This article attempts to analyze the previous stage of the evolution of Cossack farms in the years 1860-1890, relying on the methods and approaches proposed by contemporaries (V.Ya. Biryukov, P.G. Mordvintsev, N.A. Maslakovets). The article is based on the works of these authors and materials of the State Archive of the Rostov Region (GARO). The article concluded that the dynamics of the development of Cossack households were determined not by the economic indicators of these farms themselves, but by the policy of the Russian Empire in relation to the Cossacks and the development of military affairs. It was a sharp increase in the cost of equipment and a reduction in the subsidies to Cossacks from military sums in 1870 predetermined the transition of the Cossacks from cattle breeding to agriculture as the main employment. In 1890 these same factors led to the beginning of the depletion of Cossack lands and a serious crisis of the average Cossack households. And the main conclusion of the article is that the classification system of Cossack households cannot be created without taking into account non-economic factors.

1186-1193

Authors: Ekaterina M. Berestova, Anna M. Subbotina

The article discusses the problem of the prostitution spread in Russia and the attitude of different strata of Russian society to it in the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries. The authors focus on state policy, Zemstvo doctors activities, and women's charities position. The complex of published and archived sources became the basis of the research. The article pays great attention to the data of the First General population census of 1897 and special statistical surveys. Legal documents of the studied period represent the state approach. Materials of congresses of doctors and public organizations, meetings of Zemstvo assemblies, periodicals, and literary works show the spectrum of public opinion. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of all-Russian and regional data on Vyatka Province and Saint Petersburg. They conclude that prostitution was widespread in the country in the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries. One of the reasons for this was the migration of men and women to cities and industrial centers, where they lost their usual social ties and restrictions. The article proves that Russian society considered prostitution and its negative consequences to be the fault of prostitutes themselves. The government controlled the growth of sexually transmitted diseases and criminal cases by regulating the brothels activities. Doctors and local authorities supervised prostitution for the sake of public health and morals. Representatives of public and charitable organizations in the early XX century began to actively promote the idea of solving the problem in the context of the struggle for women's rights and social transformation.

1202-1217

Authors: Valentina A. Veremenko

The article, based on a wide range of sources, primarily archival ones, examines the status and working conditions of women who served in Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs during the post-reform period. The attention is drawn to the fact that despite the official prohibition of admitting women to work in state institutions, thousands of them served in the structure of this department during the period under study. Telegraph and prison attendants during the 1860–1890s have risen from working as an experiment or on the local administration initiative to full equality in rights with their male colleagues. Clerical female officials at the beginning of the XX century continued to perform their functions outside the legal framework. In need of qualified workers, but unable to find the required number of educated, disciplined and low maintenance employees among men, the heads of both central and local structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs hired women for various, sometimes full-time, positions. But, receiving the same salary as men, women working “illegally” did not have any rights in the context of service. Attempts to give their activities an official status were not realized. Female servants were the latest to appear in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The image of ministerial "barmaid", which had become familiar by the First World War beginning, was an important sign of radical changes in the views of various strata of Russian society on the female employment.

1232-1244

Authors: Kalkaman T. Zhumagulov, Raikhan O. Sadykova

Spiritual religious relations among states and peoples are one of the most relevant topics for modern researchers since these relations become a unifying factor among states and nations even under conditions of armed conflict. A vivid example would be the activities of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Japan that have become an illustration of successful activity of the Orthodox Church. Especially it must be mentioned that this religious mission can’t be successful without the fruitful activity of such historical persons as Nikolai Kasatkin. The multifaceted activity of Archbishop Nicholas deserves study at once for many reasons. Firstly, Nikolai Kasatkin was not only the spiritual representative of Russia in Japan, but an educator. He made a huge contribution through his translations of religious books. Nikolai Kasatkin began his translation activity from the study of Japan itself, its culture, religious literature and society. Secondly, he devoted an important role to pedagogical activity. Under his leadership the Catechetical College, Theological seminary, Seminary foe Girls and other institutions were opened. Thirdly, despite the prohibition of Christianity in the initial period of the formation of missionary activity and further on the Russo-Japanese war, Nikolai Kasatkin continued to persistently explain to the Japanese people the attitude of the Orthodox religion. He found new ways to finance the activities of the spiritual mission in Japan persistently describing in detail all the necessary information to the Russian government in his telegrams. With the enormous support of the Japanese people and the Russian government, and through other sources of funding, Nikolai Kasatkin founded several churches that serve as spiritual centers in Japan to this day.

1255-1263

Authors: Аleksandr А. Adamov

In the 1880s, a Tobol artist and local historian M.S. Znamensky discovered an attachable lock and a buckle made of a non-ferrous metal. They came from the Isker settlement, the ancient capital of the Khanate of Siberia, near the mouth of the Tobol River. Belts with attachable pouches substituting pockets were common elements of the medieval East-European attire. This leather purse was called either “kalita” or “moshna”. Attachable locks and buckles were essential elements of the moneybag. They would go to the bottom of the bag, with a pad with a hook or buckle attached to the outer flap. The Isker lock included a pad with a hook, a cast square case riveted to the purse, a deadbolt and a brass V-shaped spring. The lock would open by rotating a key rested against the lock plate and pushing the deadbolt with the key bit. The buckle included a punched near-square case and a rectangular staple which was lost. The case had a slot for the staple attached to the outer flap. The deadbolt was connected to the button on the outer side of the buckle. To prevent rotation, the deadbolt was restrained by a perpendicular plate with a slot for a latch inside the case. The latch would open and close by simply pushing the button. To prevent random opening, a V-shaped spring was holding the deadbolt in its extreme position. The Isker latch had a secret mechanism, and nobody could open it without knowing it. The stops on both sides of the deadbolt were connected to the buttons. When the buckle was closed, rotating the stops to the deadbolt would get them stuck in its cuts, making it impossible to move the deadlock and open the buckle. Surely, similar items were quite common in Eastern Europe and were exported to the capital of the Khanate of Siberia, either with merchants or by trading. Moneybags were attributes of wealthy citizens who had to protect their savings from thieves.

1270-1280

Authors: Viktor V. Titov

This study focuses on the formation of a common "imperial identity" in the framework of the national policy of Alexander III. The aim of the present work is to assess the effectiveness of the “identity policy” of Alexander III and, in particular, its influence on the domestic political situation and the foreign policy position of the Russian Empire. The research methodology is based on a combination of case study elements, descriptive, structural and comparative analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that Alexander III, following the current trend of building a national state at that time, tried to form a single “imperial identity” through language expansion and the elimination of the elements of autonomy of individual parts of the empire. These measures were accompanied by the introduction of discriminatory practices in relation to specific ethnic groups. The latter was partly justified by the emergence of new external threats, partly by the spread of xenophobic stereotypes among representatives of the political establishment. It is also emphasized that in his policy the emperor often underestimated the extent of the spread of nationalism among individual peoples of the Russian Empire. Not given due attention and the role of foreign economic factors in the development of separatism. The policy of Russification was not accompanied by the development of the mass education system in Russian, which minimized its effectiveness. At the same time, the authorities failed to sufficiently smooth out social conflicts that arose as a side effect of the process of industrialization and the development of capitalist relations. The consequence of the latter was the erosion of the identity of the titular nation of the empire. Discrimination against specific ethnic groups contributed to the influx of its representatives into the revolutionary movement. This process contributed to the strengthening of xenophobic stereotypes, which provoked the expansion of repression by the authorities and public organizations affiliated with them. The latter naturally exacerbated the "national question" and strengthened the attractiveness of the revolutionary movement for "foreigners." Under these conditions, the efforts of the central authorities to strengthen the "imperial identity" gave only the opposite result. The national policy of Alexander III also contributed to the growth of anti-Russian sentiments within Europe and the United States.

1290-1298

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova

The article presents factual material about the creation and fate of the largest and most magnificent Cathedral in the Volga region, made in the Russian-Byzantine style, named after the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky. The author analyze documentary sources related to important milestones in the construction of the main temple in Tsaritsyn-from the idea of creating it at the end of the XIX century to its destruction during the heyday of anti-religious principles of life in the country of the Soviets. The main Trustees – donors for the improvement of the temple were identified. A copy of the Cathedral, which was a fine example of the tradition of Byzantine architecture, is being re-erected in Volgograd today, as before, using public funds, and its history arouses considerable interest in society. The reconstruction of a relatively complete picture of the short-lived and complex fate of the temple, which was built for more than 15 years and remained the best architectural decoration of the city at the beginning of the twentieth century, is impossible without new research. Researchers-authors of the article cannot do without new "smart technologies" of the XXI century – three-dimensional reconstruction of this historical object. The materials of this article will be the historical basis for the reconstruction of the Cathedral using 3D models.

1309-1316

Authors: Petr V. Fedotov

The article examines the activities of Russian employees of the inspectorate of the Galilee School District of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) in the 1892-1914s. The inspectorate became the first structure to coordinate the activities of various schools of IOPS in the Middle East. To a large extent, this structure was created by the efforts of the teacher of the Nazareth male boarding school, Alexander Ivanovich Yakubovich, an intelligent and active person. IOPSSecretary Vasily Khitrovo fully supported this activity. As part of a private charity, a bunch of these enthusiasts was extremely effective at first. In 1898, Russian employees of IOPS inspectorates received civil service rights, which helped to attract ambitious and well-educated people. The enthusiasm that contributed to the development of the IOPS inspectorates at the initial stage was reinforced by favorable institutional foundations. The activities of the Russian employees of the IOPS inspectorate of the Galilee School District in 1898-1914 was relatively successful, however, not very simple. The study of the motivation of these people and their real achievements allow us to obtain abundant empirical material about activities of Russians in the Middle East for a long time and evaluate the human capital that was invested in this project. The article is based on unpublished materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire – in particular, documents from the personal files of employees of the IOPS Galilee Inspectorate. The research methodology has an interdisciplinary nature – historical and psychological. The history of certain structure (inspectorate of the Galilee School District) is described in terms of the psychological motivation of employees.

1327-1339

Authors: Dimitri A. Bratkin, Dmitriy I. Weber, Valentin A. Perestoronin

The article discusses the development of the opinion of R.Yu. Vipper (1854−1954) on early Christianity. The historian Robert Vipper was an eminent member of the scholarly community of pre-revolutionary Russia and the professor of universal history in Moscow university. He spent the years from 1924 till 1940 in the emigration in Riga, and upon his return to Moscow in 1940 he published a few books and articles on Early Christianity. These would show the clear adherence to the Soviet views on the subject and sometimes this is taken as a manifestation of Vipper’s change of opinion. Whatever may be the case in any other subject of his diverse field of his scholarly interests, Vipper’s views on early Christian history show little, if any, change from the opinions he had professed before his exile. However, if one looks at his previous works that had been published in 1906–1918, it becomes perfectly obvious that key points of Vipper’s view of early Christianity were already present in this earlier stage of his scholarly career. The essence of these views is highly polemical. It presents a rather awkward construction, loosely based upon the concept of ‘Panbabylonism’, that makes Vipper a public anticlerical critic of religion, rather than a scholar of it that would use conventional historical-critical approaches.

1359-1366

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Svetlana L. Bautina

Available in the registers and ship lists of the early XX century, the indication of the place of construction of some of the steamers “Izhevsk’s Plant”, although noted by some authors, but so far remained without proper comments. Based on the analysis of the office documentation of Izhevsk’s Plants, it was concluded that it is impossible at this enterprise to shipbuilding not reflected in the documentation. In this regard, it was concluded that the existing indications of the construction site of the “Izhevsk’s Plant” do not refer to the “Izhevsk’s Arms and Steel Plants”, but to the settlement – the village of Izhevsk’s Plant. The most likely candidate for the Izhevsk private steamer is the merchant I.I. Bodalev (senior). Earlier, analyzing his activities at the brewery, N.P. Ligenko concluded that Bodalev gradually began to take control of all technological chains, from the production of raw materials to the transportation of finished products. And since at the end of the 19th century, Bodalev also began to actively take contracts for the supply of firewood, other raw materials and components to the Izhevsk’s plants, his failed attempt to monopolize water transport and shipbuilding on the Izhevsk pond seems logical. Izhevsk’s plants entered into a competitive struggle with Bodalev and as a result, by the beginning of the 20th century, ousted him to the Kama. Based on the analysis of photographs, archival documentation and information from periodicals, it was concluded that it is possible to build at least three steamers by Bodalev on the Izhevsk pond: “Izhevsk”, “Maria” and “Pchelka”. A comparative analysis of the ship architecture of the available photographs showed that all the steamers were built according to a standard design, although, judging by the office documentation, they differed in dimensions. All ships had a rather dubious innovation in the form of removable machines and boilers that could be used outside of navigation ashore. Shortly before, or soon after, the death of I.I. Bodalev (senior), two steamers were transported to the Kama and sold. "Pchelka" was owned by the “Izhevsk trade and industrial partnership”, which belonged to the son of I.I. Bodalev – I.I. Bodalev (junior), and in 1915 it was sold to the Izhevsk’s plants. Thus, Izhevsk’s plants became a monopoly of river transportation on the Izhevsk Pond.

1378-1386

Authors: Olga A. Arshintseva, Vyacheslav N. Kozulin, Pavel V. Ulyanov, Yury G. Chernyshov

This article analyzes the factors of the formation and development of the image of a soldier of the German Empire in Russian propaganda during the First World War (1914−1917). The study is based on material from Russian leaflets and proclamations, both in archives and published. The author's approach to the study of texts from original, published and unpublished sources is based on the method of analysis and is associated with imagology and sociocultural history. The authors of the article highlight the key features of the development of the image of German soldiers loyal to the Kaiser in the official propaganda aimed at shaping the fighting spirit and hatred of the "enemy" in the mass consciousness of Russian soldiers. They underline the massive and targeted nature of Russian propaganda. In the patriotic discourse of war leaflets and proclamations, negative characteristics and stereotypes were used to “dehumanize” the image of a soldier of the Second Reich. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that as the war continued, anti-German propaganda gave way to general war weariness. This, in turn, neutralized efforts to promote the "enemy image" in relation to the German soldier in the mass consciousness of Russian troops, freeing it from the stereotypes formed by official propaganda.

1400-1408

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon, Kseniya A. Pozharskaya, Anton V. Razgon

Based on the analysis of materials from the agricultural census of 1917, the article determines the level of participation in various types of cooperation of peasants of the Altai province, belonging to different settlement groups, and inside them – depending on the level of prosperity. The greatest level of involvement in butter-making cooperation was characteristic of old-time peasants, in the economy of which livestock farming has traditionally been the most profitable business. Less often than peasants of other settlement groups, Stolypin migrants participated in this type of cooperation, as they were at the initial stage of adaptation to new natural and sociocultural conditions. At the same time, migrants who were in dire need of credit for the purchase of agricultural implements and household items more often than old-timers became members of credit and consumer societies. In all the settlement groups of the Altai peasantry, the participation of peasants in butter-making cooperatives expanded as the number of dairy cattle on their farms increased. Membership in consumer cooperatives was most widespread among the wealthy groups of the Altai peasantry who had more financial opportunities to satisfy their consumer needs. Peasants belonging to the group with an average level of prosperity were most actively registered in credit cooperatives. The aspirations to participate in this type of cooperation between the prosperous and entrepreneurial groups of the peasantry were constrained by the restrictive policies of the tsarist government, which reflected the position of Siberia as an economic colony and the cessation of agricultural exports since the First World War.

398-406

Authors: Mergen S. Ulanov, Valeriy N. Badmaev, Arya A. Andreeva

The purpose of the work is to consider the phenomenon of Buddhist pilgrimage in the history and culture of Kalmyks. The tradition of the Kalmyk Buddhist pilgrimage has a long and rich history. The main object of pilgrimage at Kalmyks was the shrine of Tibet. The Kalmyk pilgrimage to Tibet was due to the historical ties of the Kalmyk and Tibetan peoples and had not only religious, but also foreign policy goals. The Kalmyk pilgrimage to Tibet set diplomatic, research and intelligence tasks. During the Soviet period, pilgrimage became a cover for solving the state’s foreign policy tasks. The repressive policies of the Soviet state led to the complete cessation of pilgrimage contacts with Tibet. The revival of the pilgrimage traditions at the end of the 20th century was associated with the democratization of socio-political life in Russia. The Kalmyk pilgrimage traditionally had not only religious, ritual and educational tasks, but also had a political and diplomatic character. The specificity of the modern Buddhist pilgrimage among Kalmyks is the revival of the traditional religious and cultural ties of Kalmyk Buddhists not with Tibet, but with the Tibetan diaspora of India, which is why the latter became the main pilgrimage site for Kalmyks.

417-427

Authors: Natalia V. Kabakova, Svetlana N. Korusenko

The paper considers the land dispute between the Tatars and Bokharan one side and Russian service class on the other side on the subject of Kirgapskaya sinuosity – a mellow meadow in the Irtysh river bend near Tara. Tarskoe Irtysh land, included into Tobol uezd of Tobol government, was a Siberian territory that was being colonized by the Tsardom of Russian during the XVII century. At that time settlements and arable lands appeared around Russian fortresses. Those fortresses surrounded by farming and hunting acreages initially belonged to the indigenous Turcic population. Despite the fact that the Moscow government prohibited land rent and purchases from the Tatars by Russian service men, the order was frequently violated. Land plot take-overs from indigenous people took place regularly. The research is based on the analysis of the document «Spisok s dela (Manuscript from the case…)» (1690), that describes the opposition between Tara Tatarian service men and Bokharan and Tara Cossack service men that lasted 14 years. The source includes both parties humble petitions, excerptions, testimony of witnesses of the events discussed and law regulations. The source illustrates the possible directions of resolutions of conflicts on land properties between indigenous people and new inhabitants of the region. It also shows the development of the processes of land management on the territory of the Tara Irtysh land in the close of the XVII century, the period of lasting settlement of the Russians on the Siberian great spaces. The outcome of the opposition was land consolidation and hunting and farming acreages by the Tatars and Bokhara and deprivation of this right of Russian Cossacks.

437-452

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin, Roza G. Bukanova, Kamil Z. Nasyrov, Vladimir B. Karataev

This article reveals some aspects of the history of the Russian Empire's conquest of the Aral Sea and the study of the adjacent river arteries of Central (Middle) Asia in order to establish a trade route with India and China through the newly formed steppe South-Eastе border of the Empire. In the early 30s of the XVIII century, the General political situation on the South-Easte borders of Russia changed radically. This was due to the fact that the Khan of the Small Kirghiz-Kaysak Horde(zhuza) Abulkhair, who was at war with Dzungaria, in search of an ally, asked the Empress Anna Ioannovna to accept the Small Kirghiz-Kaysak Horde (zhuza) as a Russian citizen. This circumstance was the reason that I.K. Kirilov had the idea of redirecting the routes of international trade through the lands of the Karakalpaks and the Small Kirghiz-Kaysak Horde (zhuza), the Aral Sea, and the merchant city-pier built on these lands. It is for this reason that, since the thirties of the XVIII century, naval officers of the Imperial Russian Navy took part in the fate of Orenburg; it would seem, despite all the illogic of solving Maritime problems in the steppe region. The Orenburg region becomes a bridgehead where a foreign policy operation was being prepared and deployed to further advance Russia to the East. Based on this, the first "steppe shipyard" in the region was laid in Orenburg and the first sea ships were built, which marked the beginning of the formation of the Aral flotilla. The fate of the glorious galaxy of Russian admirals and officers of the Imperial Russian Navy was inextricably linked with the history of Orenburg. The creation of the flotilla on the Aral sea was the logical conclusion of the Russian state's geopolitical aspirations to create a land and trade route to Central Asia, and then to China and India using the sea areas and waterways of the region, and, importantly, by peaceful means.

463-473

Authors: Vladimir N. Shaidurov, Galina I. Sinko, Yurii M. Goncharov

The timespan between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed the ethnic map of the regions taking shape in the Russian Empire. In this process, essential drivers were various types of external and internal migrations. With the influence of voluntary and forced migrations, different ethnic groups emerged in Siberia, living both in compact communities and dispersed over the vast territory. Gypsies in Siberia constituted one of the ethno-dispersed groups, with first mentions dating back to the 1720s. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Gypsies had spread throughout Siberian provinces. Despite such a long record, there are virtually no academic works in the Russian gypsiology on the history of Gypsies in Siberia and the paths their development took in different historical periods. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct certain aspects of the history of the ethno-dispersed group. It primarily focuses on the challenging sides of the group's formation, peculiar facets of its social life, legal status and specific circumstances of the economic activities undertaken by the Gypsy group in the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century. The foundation for the paper is built on the documents of central and regional archives (St. Petersburg, Tobol'sk, Tomsk), which become subjects of the scholarly interest for the first time.

486-494

Authors: Vladimir T. Tepkeev

The article discusses in detail the participation of Kalmyks in the military campaign of 1737 in the framework of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735−1739. This topic was only surveyed in the works of most researchers, who briefly covered the main events of the entire war. The aim of the work is a detailed consideration of the participation in the campaign not only of Kalmyks, but also of other nomadic peoples who took direct or indirect part in it. The main source base for this work was the materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia, where documents related to the correspondence of Khan Donduk-Ombo with regional administrations in southern Russia were postponed. Their analysis showed that the active and massive participation of Kalmyks in the Russian-Turkish war created the conditions when their uluses became very vulnerable to attack from the east. Throughout the campaign of 1737, Kalmyk uluses were under constant threat of the Kazakh raid. This extremely negatively affected the combat readiness of the Kalmyk army and did not allow a wider offensive to be launched in the Kuban direction. However, the Kalmyk khan nevertheless took an active part in it, being able to equip the 10-thousand-strong cavalry in the army of P.P. Lassi, successfully operating in the Crimean direction. The actions of Donduk-Ombo were mainly limited to the Kuban region. The invasion of the Kalmyk cavalry in the Kuban was a continuation of the previous campaign. Thus, the Kazakh raid at the beginning of the year on Kalmyk uluses significantly influenced the nature of the military campaign of 1738, restricting the participation of Kalmyks in it and allowing the Kuban Nogai to go on an unsuccessful counterattack.

508-518

Authors: Olga I. Golovanova

The article, based on archival materials, examines the origin and development of school education in Tyumen. The procedure for opening the first educational institution, the Tyumen Small Public School, is being restored; content of the educational process; household description of the school premises. Sources of financing are studied and the main items of expenditure are identified. The focus is on the staffing issue. The author comes to the conclusion that there were few prerequisites for the rapid spread of school education in Tyumen, so the process went extremely slowly, acquiring a mobilization character. The driving force in the implementation of the school project of Catherine II was the local administration, which considered the appearance of a public school in the city, first of all, as the need to fulfill the will of the monarch. The correlation of local authorities, society, and schools was mixed. Among the population of the city as a consumer of knowledge, the reform received support from clerical and retired employees. The Tyumen school played a crucial role in the dissemination of mass literacy.

530-540

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Dmitrii V. Karpukhin, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Aude Médico

The article is devoted to the problem of the development of the education system of the Russian Empire during the accession and development of the Caucasus region. The geographical scope is limited to the territory of the Tiflis Governorate, chronological – 1872–1894, that is, the first stage of the period of completion of the process of integration of educational institutions of the Caucasus into the public education system of the Russian Empire. This article analyzes the statistical source data on the number of educational institutions and their “rank” level (primary, secondary, higher), accessibility level (using the example of the Tiflis Governorate) and real “vsesoslovnosti” (considering not only the state’s position, especially during the so-called “counter-reforms”, but also the mentality of the population of the Caucasus), problems and the quality of the functioning of the educational system of the province in general, and of individual educational institutions in particular. The sources included the documents such as the Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, Acts of the Caucasus archaeographic commission, the First general census of the Russian Empire in 1897 (v. 18), “Collection of Data on the Caucasus” (1871–1885), “Statistical Code data on the population of Transcaucasia, with a complete alphabetical index of cities and villages of the region” (1894), “Proceedings of the activities and state of our educational institutions” (1870), etc.

549-557

Authors: Mikhail S. Belousov, Yasyn S. Abdullaev

This article is devoted to an important element of the Russian autocracy’s policy in the ethno-confessional area – the accession of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the establishment of its autonomous governance in Russia. Since the pre-revolutionary period, Russian historiography has tended to attribute a liberal attitude to Finland to the peculiarities of the socio-political views of emperor Alexander I, who allegedly planned to extend the constitutional order to the whole country at a certain period of his reign. Unlike Russian historians, Western experts interpret the development of the Finnish course of tsarism as a result of the prevailing international situation at that time. The authors of this study have attempted to analyze this problem from the second point of view. They conclude that the grant of Finland’s considerable share of political independence stemmed from the imperial government's desire to stabilize the situation on the North-Western borders as much as possible in anticipation of a large-scale conflict with Napoleonic France. In the future, the influence of the external factor on the actions of the authorities in the region remained, although it changed its content-from the alliance with Sweden to the fear of the revolutionary threat from the West and the struggle against the European press.

571-582

Authors: Olena G.Tkachenko, Sergey I. Degtyarev, Lyubov G. Polyakova, Jasmin Gut

For the first time, the facts of the life and creative path of the Russian poet Ivan Klyushnikov (1811–1895) were collected, organized, and subjected to historical and literary understanding in the article.The specifics of the study were manifested in the involvement of a wide range of archival materials, authoritative printed sources, documenting the spiritual evolution of the personality. An active participant of Nikolai Stankevich's circle, Klyushnikov played a significant role in the spiritual life of Russia in the 1930s and 1940s. He influenced the formation of the worldviews of Stankevich, Belinsky, Turgenev, and many other representatives of the creative intelligentsia.Being an idealist, passionate about Hegel's philosophy, Klyushnikov considered enlightenment and thought to be the main engine of history. He believed that in the face of heightened political reaction and autocratic despotism, it was possible to improve life through spiritual influence on society.Widely educated, endowed with remarkable poetic talent, at the junction of the 30-40s of the century before last, caught between two geniuses – Pushkin and Lermontov, he managed in his own way, originally and uniquely, to convey the psychology of a "superfluous man", to show the tragedy of young idealists who aspired to good, justice and happiness, but because of the circumstances were unable to realize their dream.His poetry is the confession of a man who has gone in his development from romantic illusions to the consciousness of his insolvency in all spheres of life. Having distanced himself from public life in fact in the heyday of creativity, choosing the fate of a hermit, Klyushnikov spent about 50 years in the distant wilderness alone, having done everything to be forgotten.

595-603

Authors: Tatiana V. Gryaznukhina, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Larisa F. Malyutina, Lyudmila V. Belgorodskaya

Principles of mental interaction of Russia as one of the powerful states of XIXth century with western countries form the foundation of issues that are being reviewed in this article. Throughout the study it was uncovered that the characteristics of dialogue were largely predefined by stereotypes that formed in the conscience of Europeans back in previous centuries. Realities of XIXth century only made foreigners more confident in their correctness. Viewing Russia as uncivilized, savage and barbaric country was predefined, first and foremost, by the political order of the country. Autocratic power, serfdom, absence of legal culture – these factors, in the minds of foreigners, were enough of a basis to treat Russia and an uncivilized country. To verify these conclusions, the article uses statements and expressions of foreign travelers and writers, who visited Russia in the XIXth century. With various degrees of loyalty to the existing regime, they were unanimous in evaluating Russia as a second-grade country, having nothing of their own, only blindly copying the achievements of western culture. This, however, did not prevent them from treating the simple folk compassionately, acknowledging its talents and believe that someday it will liberate itself from its slavish obedience. Analysis of contemporary foreign studies on Russia, conducted by the authors, shows that perception stereotypes about our country, which formed in the XIXth century, are long-lasting and of stable nature. To change their vector in a desirable direction that is positive for us is one of the important tasks for the society of Russia, and it must be solved to set up constructive dialogue for the purposes of our personal safety and stable development.

614-623

Authors: Sergei T. Gaidin, Galina A. Burmakina

In this article, we studied the issue of specific fish capture in Yenisei province during imperial period, which allows determining proportions of different species of fish in the nutrition of province population. It goes from works by scientists, functionaries, entrepreneurs and public activists who lived in the period under observation as well as from works written by historians who studied the period, that fish was one of the main food products consumed by the population of both Eastern and Western parts of Siberia. In between their household activities, stock breeding tribes, village people, reindeer-breeders and hunters from indigenous communities of the North went fishing for their own consumption. Depending on the efficiency of their primary household activity in different climate zones of the province, fish could be either a major or a supplementary part of day-to-day diet of families. Part of the province population, especially urban part of it, consumed fish delivered from the Northern territories of Yenisei province, where fish industry (which functioned within the framework of goods/money relations) was developed with broad use of steam vessels, as in other regions of Siberia. Unlike Western Siberia, fish industry in Yenisei province served the needs of the province population only; salted and frozen fish were the main products supplied by the industry, as there was still no well-adjusted production of canned fish and other fish products.

632-639

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article is devoted to the history of the formation in the second half of the XIX century of management bodies in settlements that arose in the Kalmyk lands. The features of this process on the territory of the Kalmyk ulus and the factors that influenced it are revealed, the evolution of the state administrative and territorial policy is considered, and the attitude of various state administrative structures to the solution of this issue is analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that the formation of the administrative-territorial structure and management in the resettlement villages on the Kalmyk lands had its own specifics, due to the tasks solved by the Imperial decree of December 30, 1846, the geographical factor, and features of the process of settlement and management of the Kalmyk people. The Russian ruling circles during the period of formation in the settlement villages on the Kalmyk lands of management and administrative-territorial structure conformed their actions to the existing circumstances and the current situation, thus showing a certain political flexibility. At the same time, they were not going to abandon the main goal of administrative and territorial policy, which was to gradually unify the system of government in different parts of the state.

652-662

Authors: Alexandra V. Spichak

The issue of female education is one of the most important in pre-revolutionary historiography, devoted to the role and importance of the weaker sex in society. The article is devoted to the analysis of the views of Russian and foreign scientists and public figures on the possibility of granting women the right to education in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Particular attention is paid to the work devoted to defending the rights of the weaker sex to study in educational institutions. The authors highlighted the advantages of female education not only for the female representatives themselves, but also for their spouses, children, for families and for the motherland as a whole. The article used methods characteristic of intellectual history and the disciplinary history of science. Reliance on these methodological foundations made it possible to identify and analyze an interesting discussion in Russian social thought. In the final part, the reasons for the appearance in journalism and literature of works devoted to the problem of female education, their distinguishing features and results summed up at the end of the period under consideration, as well as the significance of the discussion of this issue are given.

674-686

Authors: Ainur Zh. Gabdulina, Kulyash V. Dzhumagaliyeva, Raushan D. Akhmetova, Hadisha A. Aubakirova

The article discusses the history of commercial and industrial development on the outskirts Russian Empire in the second half XIX– early XX centuries. The author based on archival sources and documents, investigated the industrial and merchant activities in the Kazakh region on example the Pleshcheev family. One of the key places in a study to commercial and industrial development Kazakh region as a part of the Russian Empire was occupied by the Pleshcheyev dynasty, who contributed not only to the promotion of trade but also to the transformation of industrial activity to the region. In general, the development of merchant activity and entrepreneurship in the Kazakh region received the greatest development at the turn of century and this was primarily due to the imperial policy of empire. The state trying to eliminate the isolation of the Kazakh region, in order to fully control and regulate the outskirts, legislatively introduced the conditions for private ownership of industrial production The construction of railways to industrial regions, the relocation of bourgeois, peasants from the depths of Russia, the expansion of trade, and mining zones, implemented the ideas of Tsarism government. However, Russia did not seek to invest financial resources, even in the industrial, but outskirts of empire. The situation changed with course of events that changed global history, the First World War, state plans for the production of industrial production in the region begin to be developed. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the outskirts of the empire, merchants, who were also industrialists who owned not only trade but also factories and mines, were considered higher of society. One of these was the Pleshcheyev dynasty. In the article, the author explores in detail the history of the development of industrial and merchant activities in the Kazakh steppe, using the Plescheev family as an example, in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. This article explores one of the key occupations of the Pleshcheevs' business – the development of wine, tobacco, as well as coal production and gold mining.

699-708

Authors: Dmitry P. Isaev

The article is devoted to the study of scientific dynasty as a social phenomenon in Russia of the 19th and 20th centuries. Using the tools of interdisciplinary research practices, the author identifies the basic and evolutionary characteristics of dynasties in the context of socio-historical transformations of that period. The scientific intelligentsia of the 19th century forms a new type of personality in science, a socially attractive image of a scientist, thus creating a platform for its own reproduction as a socio-professional group. Constructive professional identity developed in the families of scientists has become a precondition for the emergence of entire dynasties which can be described with such enduring features as large numbers of children, special abilities of children, special role of parents as conductors of dynasty in educational and upbringing process, and the formation of a highly intellectual book culture. Positive family and interfamily kinship communications that created an expanded dynastic space and cultural capital played a special role in the reproduction of family traditions too. According to the author, it does not seem reasonable to view the scientific dynasties of pre-revolutionary time as social monopolies. The article also considers the Soviet experience in the construction of scientific dynasties, yet in a targeted manner and within the frames of comparative approach. Economic hardship during the initial years, the politico-ideological situation and etc. were attributed to the negative circumstances. As a result of demographic and mental shifts, other channels of the dynastic space were formed, for example, on the basis of ideological community. On the other hand, as reflected in the article, the realization of continuity through the traditional values of the previous period was happening implicitly.

721-733

Authors: Ekaterina A. Nazirova, Nadezhda I. Shelkoplyasova

The paper is devoted to the history of urban public banks in provincial Russia in the second half of the XIX century. Their opening during the period of early industrial capitalist modernization was due to the government's desire to provide funding for the activities of local governments. The article examines the process of establishment, functioning and ruin of Tula City I.D. Sushkin Public Bank. On the bases of the information of primary documents and indicators of financial statements, the dynamics of operations of a credit institution is analyzed. It is established that in the period from 1871 to 1880 the Bank's activity was quite successful. Since 1880, there had been a violation of the ratio of accounts receivable and accounts payable. In 1883, active operations prevailed over passive ones by more than 1 million rubles. In the conditions of the industrial and economic downturn of the 1890s, a mass withdrawal of deposits began. An attempt to sell promissory notes and mortgaged property revealed the hopelessness of mortgage securities and the insolvency of debtors. Inept ruling of the Bank's management Board led to the bankruptcy of the credit institution and legal proceedings. The management of the credit institution was excluded from the merchant class, deprived of the title of “Honorary citizen of Tula city” and sentenced to six years of exile in Siberia. The sale of the confiscated property did not compensate the depositors ' losses in full. In the process of working with the documents, the authors found that the reasons for the bankruptcy were: imperfection of legislation designed to regulate this sphere of public relations, lack of proper control by the Ministry of Finance, incompetence and negligence of Bank employees.

742-758

Authors: SovetkhanK. Igibaev

The article deals with the origin and development of the gold industry on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Gold mining emerged and developed as a separate branch of the mining industry based on the investment of private capital and free labor. The role of merchants and merchant companies in the development of gold placers and their gradual displacement by large joint-stock companies, foreign firms in the development of rich gold-bearing systems of the territory is shown. Besides the gold, an additional source of income for gold producers was the land allocated to them for mines and mines. On the basis of introduction of new archival and other sources into scientific circulation and their analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the conditions of workers’ employment in the gold industry were mainly capitalist; however, until the mid-90s of the XIX century there were remnants of pre-capitalist features. With the further development of capitalist relations, the deepening of property and social inequality in the village, the formation of an excess of workers, there was no need for gold miners to keep cheap labor by debt bondage.

769-784

Authors: Anna B. Agafonova, Grigorii Yu. Afanasiev

In the 19th century, the Russian empire, along with European countries, first encountered cholera. Regular outbreaks of cholera with a high mortality rate were an indicator of the sanitary ill-being of populated areas. A particularly unfavorable situation with morbidity and sanitary conditions was in cities where water bodies and the territory had been systematically polluting by household waste. The question about the urban crisis caused by sanitary and living conditions was raised at the Russian's medical congresses 1890-1910s, which indicated the severity of this socio-environmental problem. This issue is given extensive attention in modern historical research on social history, the history of social medicine, environmental history, and urban history. The article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of modern research on the history of solving socio-environmental problems caused by cholera epidemics in European and Russian cities, as well as identifying possible prospects in this research area. The research's relevance is due to the growth of social tension in cities and the increased interest of the scientific community in similar problems in the historical past. The research's results allowed us to reveal the role of urban communities in the institutionalization of sanitary surveillance and solvation local socio-environmental problems.

796-806

Authors: Petr V. Fedotov

The article is based on unpublished materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. The research examines the activities of Russian employees of school inspectorates – one of the most significant structures the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) in the Middle East. The research methodology has an interdisciplinary nature – historical and psychological. The history of certain structures (Syrianschool inspectorates) is described in terms of the psychological motivation of employees. The successful activity of inspectorates, achieved through the enthusiasm of individuals,was supported by the institutional foundations at the right time. Graduates of theological academies and pedagogical institutes were the most significant groups of employees of inspectorates. Almost all Russian employees were more or less successful. These achievements were reached thanks to the ambitions, intelligence and hard working of the employees who were able to solve a variety of problems in an unfamiliar environment. The employees’s personal aspirations were as well important as financial and legal security and the ability to create a family. The study of the motivation of these people and their real achievements allow us to obtain abundant empirical material about activities of Russians in the Middle East for a long time and evaluate the human capital that was invested in this project. In the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society Russian employees were able to prove themselves as strategists, idealists, careerists, scientists, writers. Various employees’ motivations promoted the variability and flexibility in the activities of IOPS educational institutions as an important component of their success in the Middle East.

820-831

Authors: Stanislav N. Sinegubov, Sergei P. Shilov

The article analyzes the messages of the German naval representatives - P. Ginze from St. Petersburg, A. Hopman from Port Arthur and E. Pustau from Libau and Reval before and during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904−1905. They contained information indicating the actions of the Russian fleet and its commanders. Such information was a solid ground for solving important strategic political and military-practical tasks met by the leadership of the German Empire of that time. The first of them was to find out how potentially strong and professionally prepared Russia was in the militarily sense, so that in the end it could be considered as a possible full-fledged ally against the common enemy – Great Britain. Therefore, the prognostic component – whether Russia can win the war – passed through many reports of the German in the most distinctive way. The second important task was to take into account the experience of naval warfare in order to develop a new strategy and tactics of battles, military-technical improvement, and the interaction of forces on sea and on land. As the authors show, the German naval commissioners carefully tried to monitor precisely these specified aspects. However, for various reasons, including the inaccessibility to the required information, the bulk of the messages nevertheless concerned the search for an answer to the main question about the alliance with Russia. And the German representatives gave an unequivocally negative response on the basis of the data available to them.

842-853

Authors: Mikhail F. Florinskiy, Denis G. Yanchenko

The article studies the reasons and principles of functioning of different collegial bodies created or projected for political and economic decision-making by the government in the period from the reform of the Council of Ministers in 1905 to the beginning of World War I. During this period, Russia's top officials already played the most important role in political and economic decision-making. Of course, the bureaucratization of the political elite was also accompanied by the bureaucratization of the supreme authority. The authors of the article consider the division of powers of departments and attempts to redefine the spheres of influence in the central administrative apparatus during the Duma monarchy on the eve of the War. They describe the position and degree of influence of some royal ministers (V.N. Kokovtsov, S.I. Timashev, I.K. Grigorovich, S.D. Sazonov, I.P. Shipov, P.A. Stolypin) in this matter. The sources of the research were previously unexplored materials of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), published documents on the course of government meetings, in particular, Special statements of the Council of Ministers. In combination with these sources, a comprehensive analysis of the legislation in the field of public administration allows us to characterize in great detail the organization and activities of various types of interagency meetings.

863-870

Authors: Goran Rajović, Leonid L. Balanyuk, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

The article deals with the patriotic education of russian youth through the organization of amusement forcesand the introduction of military disciplines and gymnastics in educational institutions. There were used as sources the documents from the Russian state historical archive (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). In particular, the Fund 733 (Department of public education) was of interest, in which the documents were found on the international experience of patriotic education of youth, as well as the implementation of this work in russian school. In conclusion, the authors state that after the First russian revolution at the initiative of the Russian Emperor began to actively create anamusement movement. The divisions of the Poteshnye voiska were created not only at public schools, but also at army regiments, parochial schools, and also at fire brigades. In the summer, field camps were organized for them, and training sessions were held. In 1911, the first review of the funny parts of Russia was held. Since that time, the work on creating amusement parts has expanded significantly and continued until 1917. In total, several tens of thousands of people passed through the amusement movement in Russia.

878-888

Authors: Irina V. Pashchenko

The article considers the consequences of a storm in the Caspian, Black and Azov Seas in the autumn, which led to icing of ships at sea, as well as to the death of the population in coastal areas due to flood surges. The Caspian Sea storm began on November 12 and lasted for 6-7 days due to the passage of a cyclone over all of southeastern Russia. Weather conditions on the three seas were the same – the storm was accompanied by a sharp drop in temperature to negative values, which led to the icing of a significant number of ships, longboats and barges, and the death of fishermen. The tragedy that broke out in the three southern seas could have been avoided, because there was information about the impending cyclone on November 6. It should be noted that this information was available only to captains and crew members of the courts, the population of the coastal territories was not aware of it. The victims of the maritime disaster were primarily members of the crews of ships caught in the raid, as well as fishermen. There is no summary data on the number of victims, but only in the Caspian Sea their number was more than 300. Wind waves also led to a large-scale surge flooding on the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, as a result of which coastal areas were flooded, with fishing villages located on them, fishing establishments and Kalmyk cattle breeder settlements. Residents of the flooded territories died not only as a result of the flood, but also in the absence of suitable houses, severe weather, cold and diseases. In the research, author defines the assistance provided to victims at sea and on land: at sea, the rescue operations were organized by the administration of shipping companies, and on the coastal territories, this work was provided and supervised by representatives of regional authorities (governors). Funds for saving ships at sea were obtained from shipping companies, while the money to help the residents of coastal territories came both from the state treasury (from the Emperor and the governor), and mutual assistance funds (voluntary donations). The consequence of this tragedy at sea was the approval of the icebreaking program for 1911‒1913 in the southern seas. The materials for preparing the article were documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Krasnodar Krai, the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea, the Central State Archives of the Republic of Dagestan, as well as publications in the periodical press of that time.

898-906

Authors: Igor K. Bogomolov

The article analyzes the representation of the internal situation in Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Russian periodicals during the initial period of the First World War (August 1914 – July 1915). The war greatly complicated the ways and means of obtaining foreign information, the only source of which remained the official Petrograd Telegraph Agency. Another source was “unofficial information” provided daily by the Main Directorate of the General Staff. Among other things, agency telegrams and General Staff information regularly informed about the socio-economic and political crisis in the camp of the opponents of Russia. Messages about the threat of hunger, falling production, rising unemployment, ethnic hatred in Germany and Austria-Hungary were repeated daily, and their number grew and over time began to exceed the number of reports of hostilities. At first, the press fully shared this point of view and waited for the end of the war no later than in December 1914. However, by the beginning of 1915 there were more and more doubts that Germany would surrender voluntarily and that her position was hopeless. These doubts intensified in the spring of 1915, when, against the background of rising prices in Russia, the food policy of Germany in many articles was for the first time evaluated positively. In the summer of 1915, due to the heavy defeats of the Russian army, the press openly admitted that Russia was opposed by a strong enemy who would not surrender voluntarily. The recognition of the strength of the enemy has become one of the most important factors of the internal political crisis in Russia.

14-22

Authors: Vladimir N. Benda, Nikolai D. Kozlov, Anatoly V. Pokhilyuk, Vadim O. Levaschco

The article pays attention to the problems associated with the organization of material and technical support of daily life of military special educational institutions in Russia, which trained non-commissioned officers, officers and other specialists for artillery and engineering troops, created and operated during the XVIII century. The order, features and sources of financing of the maintenance of military educational institutions, and also the sizes of the monetary maintenance and other types of providing pupils in these institutions are defined. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the problems faced by the state in providing the activities of military special schools and cadet corps, designed to solve the important state task of training domestic special personnel of various profiles and purposes, necessary to strengthen and maintain a high level of combat readiness and combat capability of the Russian artillery and engineering troops and the army as a whole. The authors draw attention to the fact that, in the course of organizing a quality educational process in military educational institutions organized and operated in the period under review, not only the teaching staff of these institutions were important, but also the teaching tools used such as: educational literature (textbooks, statutes, manuals of an official and unofficial nature, military-historical works) and teaching AIDS (artillery and engineering models, devices and tools, rulers, circulars, etc.). It is noted that a significant improvement in the organization and order of financing the content of the newly created in the second half of the XVIII century. military educational institutions, which trained personnel for artillery and engineering troops, had a positive impact on the development of military special education and the quality of both military and civilian specialists. For the first time, the article introduces many archival sources into scientific circulation.

31-39

Authors: Sergey V. Bereznitsky, Igor I. Halechko, Petr V. Primak

The article deals with the impact of the legislative framework of the Russian Empire on the evolution of the hunting industry of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of Russia. Traditional trades of the Siberian natives (hunting of taiga ungulates and fur animals, game, extraction of marine animals, fishing) not only were and are the basis of their system of activity, but also are strongly connected with features of their mentality, with a complex of beliefs, cults and rituals, ethics and many other layers of Outlook. Therefore, the external foreign cultural and ethnic influence in the form of introduction of European, Slavic and Russian laws on regulation of hunting terms and production volumes of commercial animals into the traditional economic system has had a significant transformative effect. The impact of European culture in the form of legislative acts on the indigenous peoples of the Northern regions in the field of crafts depends on the mentality of the contacting ethnic group, its social organization, the level of development of military Affairs, economic and cultural type, the degree of consolidation, the presence or absence of civil authorities, the nature of interaction with the Russian authorities, and other ethno-cultural characteristics. Some aspects of this impact led not only to the emergence of new types of hunting weapons among the natives, equipment, equipment, but also to the emergence of industrial hunting that was not peculiar to them before, led to a change in the ancient hunting worldview, manifested in fishing technologies in the form of ecophobic components.

49-56

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Mykola S. Nazarov, Lyubov G. Polyakova, Jasmin Gut

The article attempts to determine the proportion of officials who at the end of the 18th century used obsolete Ukrainian and Polish ranks in the context of the transition to the Russian imperial bureaucratic system. The dynamics of changes in the number of such employees during the last quarter of the eighteenth century was investigated. The authors identified the reasons why employees preferred obsolete titles to new ones. First, the earlier these officials provide to their owners a higher socio-political and social status. Secondly, representatives of local service elites at the end of the 18th century often did not understand their place in the social and bureaucratic system of the Russian Empire. The work uses published sources (for example, regulations from the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and data from the annual Mesyatseslov) and little-known archival documents from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kiev.

67-76

Authors: Sergey A. Pravkin, Vera V. Smirnova, Rosalina V. Shagieva, Maria A. Khvatova

The article deals with the problems of legitimacy, legitimacy and legality, and legitimization of power in relation to the period of monarchical rule, based on the political and legal platform of N.M. Karamzin, who was at the origins of russian conservatism. The system of legitimism represented in history not only the historical right of power to resolve issues of the state and defend sovereignty, national borders, and justify the legitimacy of dynastic power, but also the legitimacy of power in General. The authors' analysis of N.M. Karamzin's views touches on certain aspects of monarchical legitimation. The autocracy of the concept of legitimism is the root principle of the Russian state order. The historian proposed the implementation of Republican ideas through a monarchical form of government, while advocating the combination of the patrimonial model of power and the principle of legality. From the point of view of N.M. Karamzin, the legality is compatible with any method of government. Any state is based on the rule of law. The attempts to limit autocracy in its understanding contradict the natural nature of russian law, lead to lawlessness and anarchy. He recognized the freedom of man within the limits of the laws. N.M. Karamzin considered legitimism in the traditional sense as loyalty to the root laws and the truth of the monarchy. The authors conclude that the position of N.M. Karamzin can be called a political and legal justification of the monarchical power. His views were the starting point for subsequent discussions on individual approaches to the concept of legitimacy. The main source of the publication was N.M. Karamzin's work "A note on ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations".

88-104

Authors: Violetta S. Molchanova, Leonid L. Balanyuk, Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Irina I. Potapova

The article deals with the development of the primary education system on the territory of the Kuban Cossack army in 1803–1917 years. This part paid attention to the most difficult period from 1908 to 1917. (the preparatory work for the introduction of all-russian primary education). There were used as materials the reports on the state of the Caucasus educational district, unpublished archival materials from the funds of the Ministry of public education and the Holy Synod, which are stored in the Russian state historical archive (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), and russian scientific literature on the history of public education in the Caucasus, and in particular in the Kuban region. In conclusion, the authors state that the system of public education in the Kuban region in 1909−1917 had its own extensive network of secondary, lower and primary schools. During this period, much was done to train teachers for primary schools, and the number of gymnasiums and higher primary schools increased dramatically. The public education system has risen to a higher level of its development and laid the groundwork for the creation of the first higher education institution in the region. Despite the success in the field of universal primary education in the Kuban by 1917 there continued to be a significant number of girls who were not enrolled in public schools.

115-129

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko, Oleg E. Chuikov, Vladimir A. Svechnikov

In this work, the authors continued the study of modern historiography of the history of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire. The work was mainly based on the scientific works of modern scientists from Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. The subject of research of these scientists was the questions of official and unofficial everyday life of officials of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the works devoted to the study of stereotypes, values and morals characteristic of a bureaucratic environment. Many studies have studied the system of motivation, rewards, punishments, and other issues related to the daily routine of civil servants in the Russian Empire. The authors once again noted the unevenness in the study of the subject field of the history of bureaucracy. The block of scientific papers in which general theoretical questions of the formation and functioning of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire are highlighted is very large. At the same time, little attention is paid to the study of the life of officials, in particular, living conditions, leisure and entertainment, family and marriage relations.

142-151

Authors: Gulzada O. Charginova, Aitkul Sh. Mahaeva, Rustem D. Kubeyev, Kanat K. Bazarbayev

The article focuses on the influence of the state Yettishar in the 60-70s of the XIX century on Kazakhs and Kirghiz who were in the possession Turkestan Governor-General of the Russian Empire. For the purpose of disclosing this problem, the materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Central State Archive of the Kyrgyz Republic were used. The formation of the state of Yettishar had a significant impact on the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz of the Russian Empire. Archival documents prove that as a result of negotiations between the Turkestan Governor-General and the ruler of Kashgaria, a number of issues on the resettlement of Kazakh-Kyrgyz aristocrats in East Turkestan were resolved. This is because the Russian Empire wanted the existence of a buffer state between the two Qin empires and great Britain. It can be said that the political processes taking place in Kashgar were under the control of the tsarist government. Representatives of the Kazakhs and Kirghiz, who opposed the policy of the tsarist government in Central Asia, went to the state of Yettishar for support. Yakub-Bek was pressed into the service of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, who moved from the possessions of the Russian Empire in the state of Hattisar. Some members of the noble Kazakhs and Kirghiz had held high positions in the state Hattisar. However, they failed to achieve their goals due to internal strife and the restoration of The Qing Empire in Kashgar. The changing policy of the Kashgar rulers contributed to the formation of a diverse opinion among the Kazakh-Kyrgyz nobility who served them. One group of aristocrats decided to return to the Russian Empire, others thought to continue the received directions. This was used effectively with the tsarist administration. Later, due to the termination of the existence of the state of Yattishar, many of the Kazakhs and Kirghiz returned from Kashgaria to their homeland.

162-172

Authors: Michael B. Averina, Pavel V. Nikitin, Anna V. Popova

The study of the activities of the Central Department of justice of the Russian Empire to improve the judicial system of the national suburbs allows you to get a more detailed idea of the relationship of the General Imperial legal norms with various local legal provisions, to trace the adaptation of national judicial institutions to local conditions. In addition, the article aims to identify essential principles the outskirts of the judicial policy of the authorities, as well as the influence of local conditions on their adjustment in the implementation process in these regions, therefore, generalization of experience of application of advanced legal institutions in difficult conditions in the periphery of Imperial territory is the subject of this article. In the study the authors come to the conclusion that the General policy of the government in the process of modernization of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts of the period under review was the desire to unify local institutions, including the judiciary, with national institutions. However, the Ministry of justice, responsible for the administration of justice almost throughout the Empire, had to take into account all the expected consequences in carrying out judicial reforms and addressing the identified shortcomings of the judicial system in the national suburbs.

188-205

Authors: Ilya V. Sidorchuk

The article is devoted to study the social history of science and technology in Russia on the example of satirical publications of the 1870s−1910s, which published stories, sketches, notes and cartoons, which were a response to such realities of the era as the domestication of technology, belief in miraculous inventions, human defenselessness before the onset of technology and obscurantism of the uneducated audience. The source base of the research was the materials of satirical publications published in the Russian Empire (“Budil’nik”, “Strekoza”, “Schut”, “Iskra”, “Satyricon”, “Oskolki”). The author comes to the conclusion that science and technology were integral heroines of domestic satirical publications of pre-revolutionary Russia. They gave writers and artists a lot of new bright metaphors and images. On the one hand, in the reviewed publications can be found skepticism about the potential for technical innovations to change the world for the better, mocking fanatical inventors and had a real basis of the fear of technical innovations, able to kill and maim. At the same time, the publications were consistent advocates of knowledge and education. The objects of criticism were superstitions, prejudices, belief in pseudoscientific ideas and obscurantism, and the vices of the uneducated public. Various aspects of “shadow science” and the careerism of pseudoscientists were also exposed.

215-225

Authors: Sofya I. Gabrielyan, Azizbek G. Kholliev, Abdurasul A. Razakov, Askhat A. Beikyziev

One of the interesting pages in the history of the Middle East is the "big game" in which, as in a whirlpool, were drawn into the major European countries – England and Russia. Persia was caught between the Russian hammer and the British anvil. The struggle for Persia was very fierce, the governments used all means and methods to turn Iran into their colony. Although the motives were different for Russia and the UK, but the goal was the same. Each power tried to achieve its own hegemony in Persia through a combination of means, the main of which were: influence over the Shah and his chief Ministers, trade, concessions, intimidation. In order to use any of them freely, it was necessary for England and Russia to secure access to as much of Persian territory as possible, while at the same time trying to limit the rival. In order to outdo its rival, the British government sent Henry Drummond Wolff as her Majesty's Ambassador. He had great authority and influence, was a zealous supporter of Eastern diplomacy. As the British envoy to Tehran, he was able to conclude treaties with the Shah of Iran, which granted Great Britain a number of very favorable concessions, such as the permission of navigation on the Karun river for British ships, the opening of the Shahinshah Bank, and so on. The article attempts to analyze how the mission of Henry Wolff influenced the course of the "big game" and how England became the main player on the Middle Eastern chess Board by the beginning of the twentieth century.

242-249

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Galina M. Lushchaeva, Natalya V. Pahomova, Maria D. Lushchaeva

The article is devoted to analysis of the types of violations of discipline, law and order by students of the Imperial Tomsk University in the pre-revolutionary period. The specificity of the legislation regulating the order in the student community was revealed. The work of law enforcement – the inspector of students, the professor's disciplinary court was analyzed, their role and functions in maintaining deanery were determined. The types of violations were also investigated and detailed examples of them were given, based on archival materials of the State Archive of the Tomsk Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. In this research work we have founded that the characteristic features of the violators were the denial of guilt, unwillingness to take responsibility for their actions, an unhealthy sense of confidence in their rightness. As a result, a negative student image was formed in Russian society at the beginning of the XX century. Nevertheless, the number of cases, that were shaded the noble status of students was small in comparison with the general number of students, which indicates the absence of a ubiquitous and topical nature of the problem.

258-271

Authors: Oksana V. Ishchenko, Timur A. Magsumov

Using ego-documents as the base, the authors are trying to study the process of opposition formation in students of the late-imperial Russia, focusing on the identification of what had inspired the protest actions, as well as methods and techniques employed by representatives of revolutionary parties to target young people. The main reasons for the involvement of Russian students in active protest at the turn of the XIX−XX centuries included their lack of rights, financial constraints, being not only actual, but also clearly recognized by young people. This made the harsh school regime even more severe, thus leading to strengthening the influence of revolutionary parties in young people. Among the factors shaping the young people’s worldview was the modernist family and its environment that included exiled revolutionaries as well. Active reading and the joint singing of revolutionary songs contributed to embracing lofty ideals and formed the spirit of camaraderie especially in conditions of crowded living in private apartments and boarding schools, participation in the work of revolutionary circles. The revolutionary parties clearly recognized these factors, having developed a set of measures to involve students in the protest movement as well as in their ranks. Starting from conversations on abstract topics that included young people’s everyday hardships, the revolutionaries’ leaders, being attractive due to their set of moral principles and sometimes appearance, proceeded to proposals for building a new world after overthrowing the current regime, and from that they would turn to involving young people directly in supporting underground activities.

287-294

Authors: Olga V. Kolpakova

The article reveals the main functions of the parish clergy of the Penza diocese and their changes in wartime conditions (for example, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904−1905). An attempt is made to highlight the range of duties performed by the clergy, as well as the features of their service during the war. It is concluded that the clergy had a very wide range of responsibilities, which increased in wartime. The main duties of the parish clergy included service in the Church, preaching, preaching, and missionary work. During the war, in addition to their direct duties, the clergy performed, first of all, information and moral and educational functions, as well as duties related to the appeal of parishioners to donate to the needs of wartime, the organization of hospitals for sick and wounded soldiers, providing assistance to families affected by military actions. The main sources of the research were data from the periodical press (1904−1905) and materials from the Russian state historical archive.

334-344

Authors: Irina V. Stavetskaya, Nadezhda Yu. Gavrilova

The authors of the article turn to the study of a little-studied topic devoted to donations in the Tobolsk province of the Russian-Japanese war. According to the All-Russian Census of 1897 in Tobolsk province, one of the largest in the Russian Empire by territory, there were 1,443,043 inhabitants. From the first days of the Russo-Japanese War in the Siberian outback, people began collecting donations for the war. The authors focus on how the mass charity movement was reflected in the unique sources of factual material – the printed editions of the Tobolsk Provincial Gazette and the Siberian Trade Newspaper. A study of the newspaper chronicle allowed the authors to identify the key areas of charitable gatherings, the dynamics of cash contributions and material assistance, and to calculate the total amount of donations received from the population of the Tobolsk province.

352-359

Authors: Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva, Ziabek E. Kabuldinov, Tolkyn N. Mukhazhanova, Yerkezhan T. Akhmetova

The World War I was a global conflict in which the population of many countries of the world was involved. Consideration of this topic is limited to studying their role in the material support of armed forces of metropoles, when it comes to the participation of colonial possessions of Entente Powers in World War I. However, a huge mass of representatives of Asian and African people, the vast majority of whom were Muslims, served in the armed forces of the member countries of both military blocs. European countries witnessed the arrival of hundreds of thousands of colonial soldiers fighting on European territory, getting captured and coming into contact with European society and culture. Capturing them, keeping them in camps and creating conditions under the norms of The Hague Convention of 1907 required certain efforts from the authorities of the Triple Alliance countries. In addition, prisoners of war from various regions of Asia and North Africa, held in the camps of the Triple Alliance countries, were of great interest to scientists studying anthropology, ethnography and the languages of the eastern people. The countries of the Triple Alliance sought to use the anti-colonial feelings of Muslims from the British and French possessions, promoting “jihad” against the Entente Powers. However, the creation of favorable conditions for the life of prisoners of war in the camps and increased propaganda work caused a mixed reaction from Muslim prisoners of war. Many prisoners of war from the Muslim regions of the Entente Powers remained faithful to their military oath, although they dreamed of freeing their countries from colonial dependence.

370-381

Authors: Galya A. Alpyspaeva, Gulmira Zhuman, Lazzat Т. Jumaliyeva, Sholpan Т. Abdykarimova

The problem of the legal status of the Kazakh woman in the family and society in the XIX – early XX centuries by the assessment of Russian researchers, whose scientific or professional activity was connected with the study of the Kazakh region is being considered in this article. The views of the authors on the question of women’s rights in traditional Kazakh society are described by the method of comparative research. The information about the legal status of the Kazakh woman is more narrative in the works of the first half of XIX century (G.I. Spassky, A.I. Levshin, S.B. Bronevsky, N.R. Mamyshev). But we can get from the materials of the researchers the information about the legal status of women in the conditions of preservation of the traditional Kazakh society, when specific social institutions and rules of law existed in their traditional form. In contrast with it, the works of the authors of the latter half of the XIX and early XX centuries (A.K. Gaines, N.G. Mallitsky, N.I. Grodekov, N.M. Izrastsov and others) contain more systematic information and reflect changes in the legal status of women as a result of the Kazakh society reform. The essence and origin of such specific institutions of the Kazakh society as levirate, dower, and polygamy are described by the authors of the work. The features of the positional status of Kazakh women, which were correctly assessed by Russian contemporaries not in every instance, can be explained by the costs of the “European” view of the nomadic society of Kazakh people. Many social-legal institutions of the Kazakhs were formed in the pre-Islamic times and were due to economic reasons, the features of management and a nomadic way of life. The authors' theoretical justifications on the influence of Adat and Sharia law on the position of a Kazakh woman are quite objective, confirmed by field research materials and examples from bureaucratic practice. According to the authors' interpretation, the relatively free position of the Kazakh woman in comparison with the women of Central Asia was due to the regulations of the Adat law protecting the woman, as well as due to increasing Russian influence in the latter half of the XIX and early XX centuries. This was expressed in a gradual departure from Sharia law requirements in matters of family and marriage.

1418-1428

Authors: Sergey F. Tataurov, Fillip S. Tataurov

The material culture of the Siberian town inhabitants of the XVII – XIX centuries remains the subject of close scrutiny of historians, ethnographers and archaeologists, since the written sources that have reached us are scattered and do not fully reflect the features of the everyday life of the Siberian townspeople. The emergence of new sources, primarily archaeological, allows you to quite thoroughly reconstruct some episodes of the XVII–XIX centuries’ urban life. One of such episodes is the spread of the tea drinking culture and the appearance of porcelain and glazed earthenware, to which this study is devoted, mainly on the collection of porcelain and faience from the excavations of the town of Tara. The study aims to identify the main stages of the spread in Tara of porcelain and faience ware of Chinese and Russian production and associated tea drinking culture. Appeal to different types of sources – archaeological, written, ethnographic– determines the interdisciplinary nature of the work. Comparative-historical, typological methods were used to compare the Tara collection with materials from other regions and detect the chronological groups of crockery. The study results. The distribution pattern of porcelain and faience tableware in Siberia is determined, which is reflected in the history of Tara. Chinese products beginning to arrive on the Siberian markets in the end of the first third of the XVII century as elite, high-status goods, which practical significance is mediated. At the end of the XVII–XVIII centuries in connection with the spread of the tea drinking culture, Chinese crockery penetrates the middle strata of Siberian towns (mainly service people). In the XIX century Chinese porcelain is disappearing from the market; Russian porcelain and faience are widely used. The chronological stages of the spreading of porcelain and faience ware in Tara are distinguished. Chinese porcelain was imported here from the first third of the 17th century until the beginning of the XIX century. Discovered archaeological material allows us to divide this period into three stages. The first is associated with porcelain of the "transition period" (1620–1680), the second refers to the reign of the Chinese emperor Kangxi (1662–1722) (the “green family”), the third – to the rule of emperors Yongzheng (1723–1736) and Qianlong (1736–1796) (the “pink family”). In the 1810s Chinese porcelain is being replaced by Russian products from numerous private enterprises, appeared on the basis of Gzhel folk crafts. In the 1830-1840s porcelain and faience production is flourishing in Russia, mainly due to the activities of the Kuznetsov industrial family. In the 1860s a new stage begins in the distribution of Russian porcelain and faience related to the emergence of local regional enterprises in Yekaterinburg and Irkutsk. The stage of the widespread production and distribution of Russian porcelain and faience ends with the October Revolution. Thus, crockery, on the one hand, is one of the markers of social relations in a Russian Siberian city of the 17th – 19th centuries, on the other hand, it allows dating studied archaeological sites on which porcelain and faience were discovered (a significant role in this is played by the brands of manufacturers on some fragments), and analyzing the involvement of Tara-town in the trade and economic relations of the Russian Empire.

1439-1450

Authors: Nurbek U. Shayakhmetov, Gulnar T. Mominova, Janagul M. Omirbekova, Aizhan A. Maibalaeva

The article examines the issues of studying by the Russian scientists the Kazakh steppe and the people inhabiting it in the 18th century. 18th century became a key and qualitatively new stage in the history of the study, accumulation and deepening of geographical and historical knowledge of the Kazakh steppe. At the beginning of the 18th century the Russian government has intensified the study of Siberia and the Kazakh steppe in the natural and historical-geographical aspects. In this context, the article reveals the role of Russian scientists in the scientific study of Kazakhstan and their contribution to the development of Russian nomad studies. The results of the scientific study of the Kazakh steppe are a set of sources on history, geography, nature management, ethnic territory, ethnography, economy and place names. Therefore, the works of Russian scientists and materials of academic expeditions published by its participants in the eighteenth century, basically became the source base for subsequent studies of the Kazakh steppe. They accumulated a certain amount of knowledge and ideas about the steppe civilization, which helped to identify common patterns in the development of the steppe peoples. It is logical that all the information of the researchers and the materials of the expeditions had inherent conflicting judgments and conclusions, insufficient accuracy and completeness of information about the Kazakh people, because it was the first large-scale comprehensive survey of the region. Despite this, the works of Russian scientists were of great scientific importance in the ethnographic study of the Kazakh people and in considering the Kazakh steppe as a historical and geographical phenomenon.

1459-1469

Authors: Vladimir T. Tepkeev

The article details the participation of Kalmyks, Kuban Nogais and Kazakhs in the military campaign of 1738 in the framework of the Russian-Turkish war of 1735–1739. This topic was only briefly covered in the works of most researchers, who briefly highlighted the main events of the whole war. Therefore, the aim of the work is a detailed consideration of the participation in the campaign not only of Kalmyks, but also of other nomadic peoples who took part in it directly or indirectly. The source base was the materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia, where the documents of Khan Donduk-Ombo’s correspondence with the regional administrations in southern Russia were deposited. Their analysis showed that the active and mass participation of the Kalmyks in the Russian-Turkish war created the conditions when their ulus became vulnerable to attack from the east. At the beginning of 1738, the ulus of the Kalmyk khan Donduk-Ombo underwent a massive Kazakh raid. The consequences of such actions could have a very negative effect on the combat readiness of the Kalmyk army, which would have a negative impact on its participation in the military campaign. However, the Kalmyk Khan still took an active part in it and his actions were mainly limited to the Kuban region. The invasion of the Kalmyk cavalry into the Kuban was a continuation of the previous campaign, when the Saltanul Nogais were subordinated. This time, the Kalmyks and the Kabardinians who acted with them were attacked by Kuban Nogais from the Khara-Kipchak and Navruz-Ulu tribes, who were relocated to controlled territory. More than a thousand Kalmyks were sent to the army field marshal P.P. Lassi, but it did not meet the original request of the Russian command. An attempt by Khan Donduk-Ombo to organize a return raid on the Kazakh uluses failed because of the mutiny of his son Galdan-Normo. A short-term internal strife in the Khanate was soon settled by the government, but practically removed Kalmyks from further participation in the campaign. The Don Cossacks were forced already independently, without the support of Kalmyks, to clash on the Don with the Kuban Nogais and defeat them. Thus, the Kazakh raid at the beginning of the year on the Kalmyk uluses significantly influenced the nature of the military campaign of 1738, limiting the participation of Kalmyks in it and allowing the Kuban Nogais to go on to an unsuccessful counteroffensive.

1479-1489

Authors: Kairbolat Zh. Nurbay, Gulmira Zh. Zhuman

The article discusses the features of the Kazakh-Russian, Kazakh-Dzungarian and Kazakh-Qing relations on the example of medium-term settlement and their impact on the Kazakh society and regional Asia as a whole. Kazakh-Russian relations have the form at the level of khans, genghisides-tore, and at the level of the Kazakh clan nobility, which indicates changes within the Kazakh society, in the minds and psychology of individuals and social groups, in particular, heads of tribal. Their consequences were the social stratification of Kazakh society and the strengthening of Kazakh-Russian relations after the fall of the Dzungarian Khanate and the stabilization of Kazakh-Qing and Russian-Qing relations. Based on the analysis of archival and other sources, the authors conclude that a rigorous and comprehensive study of the regional characteristics of Kazakh-Russian, Kazakh-Dzungarian and Kazakh-Qing relations in the period of the XVIIIth – early XIXth centuries, the study of historical experience of the features and consequences of these relations under constant the changing political processes in the region will allow a new look at the formation of interstate relations between Kazakhstan and Russia, Kazakhstan and China and the establishment of good neighborly partnership relations, to avoid possible future political risks.

1506-1513

Authors: Natalia D. Borshchik, Elena V. Latysheva, Dmitrij A. Prohorov

This article is an attempt to highlight the state of the legal framework, individual areas of activity and staffing of the Crimean customs bodies, border and quarantine control agencies at the end of the 18th – mid 19th century. The chronological boundaries are associated with the most important events in the organization of the Crimean customs service and customs regulation in general: in 1782, the Customs Tariff was adopted, often called the Black Sea Tariff; in 1784, Catherine II signed the Manifesto “On Free Trade in the Cities of Kherson, Sevastopol and Theodosia”, which became a kind of starting point for the creation of customs institutions in the region. In 1822, Alexander I approved the Customs Tariff, which played a key role in Russia's foreign policy; finally, the new Customs Tariff, which came into effect in 1850, marked the beginning of a new stage in the activities of the Russian Customs Service. At the same time, border and quarantine control bodies were created in border areas to solve the problems of stopping smuggling, taking preventive measures to avoid epidemics, etc. These special bodies had their own personnel structure, and their activities were regulated by special legislative acts. The main sources for publication were the materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Respubliki Krym – GARK, Simferopol), the Russian State Historical Archive (Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvenny Istoricheskiy Arkhiv – RGIA, St. Petersburg) and standards published in the Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire (Polnoye Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii – PSZ RI).

1524-1536

Authors: Violetta S. Molchanova, Leonid L. Balanyuk, Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Irina I. Potapova

The article deals with the development of the primary education system on the territory of the Kuban Cossack army in 1803-1917 years. This part focuses on the period from the end of the XIX century to 1908 (before the introduction of all-russian primary education). The russian scientific literature on the history of public education in the Caucasus, and in particular in the Kuban region (the modern territory of the Krasnodar Krai, Russian Federation) was used as materials. The methodological basis of the study was the traditional historiography principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In the process of work the following methods were used – problem-chronological, which allowed to study some facts of the development of the system of public education in the Kuban region in chronological order, and the problems in the order of their receipt. Thanks to this method some characteristic features of development of school business both on the territory of the Kuban region, and as in the Caucasus a whole were revealed. In conclusion, the authors state that for 14 years, in the period from 1894 to 1908, the number of students in the Kuban region has increased more than 3 times – from 34 thousand to 140 thousand.The number of educational institutions has more than doubled. The average number of students in one school in the Kuban region increased by 50 %. All this in general allowed in the period from 1902 to 1908 to increase the number of literate population in the Kuban region by 50% (from 212 thousand to 371 thousand people).

1546-1553

Authors: Sergey N. Rudnik, Irina V. Voloshinova, Anton B. Mokeev, Andrey I. Leyberov

This article is devoted to the study of the biography of the outstanding Russian scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Koksharov. He was one of the largest Russian mineralogists. For his contribution to the development of this field of mining engineering, N.I. Koksharov earned the title «father of Russian crystallography». This inscription was even placed on his grave as a tribute to the scientist, whose name is forever inscribed in the history of Russian science. Nikolai Ivanovich became the founder of a new scientific field in Russia, replacing the old method of qualitative description of minerals with mathematically accurate crystallographic study, chemical analysis, and physical research. Worthily continuing scientific research in the field of mineralogy of another brilliant Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, N.I. Koksharov reached unprecedented heights in his scientific career, becoming in 1855 a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Nikolai Koksharov is known to us not only as a researcher, but also as a talented teacher and manager of a higher educational institution. Nikolai Ivanovich served as director of the Mining Institute in the period 1872−1881. He was also the director of the Mineralogical Society and the editor-in-chief of many volumes of the Notes of the Mineralogical Society. N.I. Koksharov was also a member of 60 Russian and foreign scientific societies and institutions, including ten Academies (Russian, Paris, Berlin, Bavarian, Roman, Turin, Danish, New York, Philadelphia and many others). His name is known far beyond the borders of Russia, and his scientific developments are actively used in many countries of the world.

1565-1575

Authors: Nikolai N. Poliakov, Olga K. Mikhelson

The article presents the study of western historiography of Anglican and Orthodox dialogue in the XIX century. The relations between the Church of England and Orthodox churches in the XIX century, including the Russian Orthodox Church, is an essential aspect of the history of Anglican and Orthodox relations, no less important for Russia than for the UK. However, it still has not received enough scientific attention. The paper highlights the key aspects of the development of Anglican and Orthodox relations in the XIX century and analyzes their interpretations proposed in foreign historiography. The article demonstrates that the predominant research is of individual personalities, primarily the key figures for the Anglican and Orthodox dialogue in the XIX century – Palmer and Neale. Studying the causes of Anglican and Orthodox contacts in the XIX century, western researchers highlight both the political aspects and the internal Church situation in the Church of England, as well as theological and dogmatic considerations and personal enthusiasm of individual Anglicans concerning the Orthodox East. The researchers agree that the basis of the Anglican and Orthodox dialogue was the Branch Theory of the Anglican catholic orthodox church, developed by representatives of the Oxford movement, as well as the doctrine of the Apostolic succession of the Church of England.

1584-1593

Authors: Darya A. Mel’nikova

On the basis of archival, reference, journalistic sources, the author analyzes the formation of the exhibition horse show in the Russian Empire. The first horse exhibitions were held in the structure of the all-Russian agricultural shows, where the exhibits were horses of working breeds intended for use in agriculture, industry and other sectors of the economy. Exhibited as utility horses, and the producers used directly for breeding new livestock. The organizers of agricultural shows were public agronomic and economic organizations, Central authorities. Holding such events was an incentive for owners and breeders to breed and maintain high-quality horse stock. As an encouragement owner of the best horses received awards, medals, award sheets which confirmed their high thoroughbred qualities. All-Russian mono-exhibitions, where only horses were exhibited, became a new stage in the development of both the exhibition business of Russia and the horse-breeding industry as a whole. The advantage of mono-shows was the participation of horses not only working breeds, but also others, which attracted more visitors from different regions of Russia. The main organizer was the Main Department of the state horse breeding, interested in carrying out these activities in order not only to encourage horse owners and breeders, but also to see the level of the industry as a whole. With the development of horse breeding at the turn of XIX–XX centuries it became necessary to hold the event not just to assess and confirm the quality of horse breeds, but also with the possibility of selling horses to individuals. This was made possible through exhibitions, sales and exhibitions, auctions. In general, with the development of all forms of horse exhibitions, a system of horse shows of the Russian Empire was created, stimulating horse breeding and reflecting the state of the industry for event organizers, primarily for the Central authorities.

1603-1612

Authors: Marina N. Tikhomirova, Konstantin N. Tikhomirov

The article is devoted to the study of crockery made of faience and porcelain of the Siberian Bukharans of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, as one of the important elements of material culture. In the work is the first time described 28 items from collections of rural museums in Ulenkul village of the Omsk region and Embayevo village of the Tyumen region. During the research scientific attribution and classification of the material was carried out. Authors divided utensils into groups: dishware (plates, dishes, tureen) and tea equipage (teapots, teapot, sugar bowl, oiler). In result were made some conclusions. In whole corpus of analyzed utensils predominate products, made at factories of the Kuznetsov family. Among the viewed items were detected some unique and rare samples, such as plate No. 10 and a set of tableware No. 23; soup vase No. 16, teapot No. 21, etc. Authors presupposed some reasons why the crockery, made of fine ceramics, was fined mostly between Bukharans. This group was the most well-off between other Siberian Tatars: their traditional activities were trade, carrier’s trade, animal industry. This activities arranged good financial capability and flexible worldview attitudes, which made possible to adopt in household some elements of urban lifestyle, for example, crockery of porcelain and faience.

1623-1631

Authors: Elena K. Sklyarova, Ylia A. Sidorenko, Andrey V. Safronenko, Elena N. Butova

The article considers the rise and evolution of public health in Great Britain, Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire during the period of Crimean War (1853–1856). On the historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods of research, the authors analyze the main features of the rise of public health in Great Britain, and the evolution of it in Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire in the middle of the XIX century, the creation of the new system of public health in Britain and Russian army. The term «public health» of the cities and army for the first time introduced in legislative documents of Great Britain during the reign of Queen Victory. During the Crimean War, new public health system became the object of international relations, foreign policy and medicine of different countries. Socio-medical ideas of E. Chadwick, S. Gerbert, N. Pirogov and F. Nightingale formed the basis of the introduction of the new system of the health of the army. The founders of the public health system of the United Kingdom of Great Brittan and Ireland developed their socio-medical ideas during the period of Crimean War. Their ideas, while preserving the certain continuitywere developed in the context of war and peacetime.

1639-1646

Authors: Tatiana V. Chumakova, Mikhail S. Stetckevich, Elena S. Stetckevich

The article is based on the survey of publications in Russian magazines of the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. Those periodicals could be classified into three groups: official media of various state institutions, including official ecclesiastic magazines, and those of universities; laic literary, and non-fiction magazines edited by private persons; and magazines issued on the private initiative of some priests. All the surveyed publications mentioned the Church of England, but there were a few of such notes in laic media, mainly in the context of history and culture of Great Britain, there were almost no special articles or even short texts on the Church of England in such media. But there were rather many articles on the topic in theological and ecclesiastic magazines. Among the reasons for such situation, we should mention the spiritual censorship which prevented publications not only ‘heretical’ and critical to the Orthodox Church, but even research articles on the non-Orthodox religious institutions, if they looked ‘too benevolent’ from the censors’ point of view. Another reason could be in the editorial politic of magazines, purposefully evading religious topics. Ecclesiastic magazines of the mid-nineteenth century willingly published articles and notes on the contemporary life of the Church of England because of two reasons: the development of theological disciplines such as comparative and polemical theology; and the state politic for the sake of active participation of Orthodox theologians and public figures in the international events where the topic of possible inter-confessional contacts was discussed.

1656-1669

Authors: Vladimir A. Shorokhov, Artyom A. Andreev, Denis G. Yanchenko

On the basis of archival data from previously unpublished documents and manuscripts of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the Bahmetev Archive of Columbia University in the United States, the article provides a clear description of the role of the Eastern Pamirs in the culture of the frontier and Russia's strategy. The authors characterized the activities of the Pamir detachment, from 1889 to 1917 standing guard over the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire, the memoirs, departmental correspondence, reports of officers of the General Staff in different years who served in a unique unit were analyzed.The documents reveal to the reader the mysterious image of “Roofs of the World”, which was formed at the turn of the century before last and at the end of the era of geographical discoveries and under the influence of Russia's territorial expansion in central Eurasia.The beginning of scientific study of the region coincided in time with the Anglo-Russian-Chinese delimitation in Central Asia – a process that actually stretched over more than twenty years. The authors paid special attention to the life of Europeans and the local population in the hard conditions of the Eastern Pamirs, an analysis of the relations of the indigenous population with the Russian military, and the peculiarities of the region’s perception in the late imperial period. The final section of the article shows how the system of border control and interaction with local people, used before 1917, was modernized in the Soviet period and partially preserved in the post-Soviet space

1679-1691

Authors: Liudmila E. Lapteva, Marina V. Nemytina,Tsybik Ts. Mikheeva

The authors of the article reveal the essence and content of the Zemstvo and Judicial reforms (1864) in the general context of social relations and the domestic policy of the Russian Empire, showing their connection with the Peasant reform (1861). As a result of the reforms carried out by the government of Alexander II, local public authority was transformed. All-estate zemstvo institutions and courts independent from the administration appeared in the provinces and counties. The article describes the Zemstvo reform aimed at solving of social and economic problems of the citizens at local level, in its relationship with the Judicial reform, which had established courts of peace, guaranteed equal protection of personal and property rights of citizens, including peasants who had received freedom recently. The authors reveal the features of the new public order in the activities of zemstvo institutions and local courts; substantiate the organizational principles common to zemstvos and courts of peace (estate-inclusiveness, independence from administration, legality, etc.); characterize the structure and competence of zemstvo institutions and courts of peace in their interaction with each other, as well as with the government bodies. The self-government bodies and the courts of peace, introduced by the government of Alexander II, contradicted to the historically established social order and state system of the Russian Empire, which predetermined their future fate. During the implementation of the conservative course of the government of Alexander III the courts of peace were abolished and the institute of zemsky district commanders with administrative and judicial powers was established in rural areas in 1889.

1704-1715

Authors: Mikhail Yu. Kuprikov, Nikita M. Kuprikov, Oleg V. Minchuk

The article considers the peculiarities of the judicial system in the Russian province (drawn from the example of the Arkhangelsk province) in the late 19th – early 20th century. The functioning of the court during this period was directly related to the judicial reform of Alexander II, since its completion took place precisely at the end of the 19th century. The Arkhangelsk province had its own special geographical and economic characteristics, which encouraged the development of a distinctive scenario for the implementation of the reform, and as a result, a special model of the judicial system, different from the canonical models of the European part of Russia, was established. Based on extensive regulatory material, the following features of the model are highlighted: lack of election of judges; expanded legal status of Justice of the Peace (as expressed in the combination of the investigative functions and competences in criminal and civil cases), absence of attorneys. The authors study quantitative indicators of judicial practice on the basis of archival data. The official correspondence of judicial officials is introduced into scientific circulation. The article concludes, that the local judicial authorities were overloaded in the criminal and civil proceedings, which resulted in a decrease in the number of solved cases and of some indicators of the quality of justice.

1726-1736

Authors: Maria V. Bratolyubova, Irina G. Brizgalova, Maria A. Ponomareva

The article is devoted to leisure of Rostov-on-Don citizens and its organization in the late XIX – early XX century. It was an important component of the urban lifestyle. Rostov-on-Don was a large trading city in the late XIX - early XX centuries. In the article the formation of an infrastructure of leisure entertainment is considered as an aspect of the history of Rostov-on-Don. The dynamic development of Rostov as a major center of a market economy led to the corresponding social stratification among the townspeople and, as a result, the structuring of leisure facilities and sites. The author gives a description of the various groups and places that existed for entertainment Rostov-on-Don citizens. Author dwells in detail on the leisure functions of clubs, gardens and theaters of Rostov-on-Don. Leisure institutions in Rostov-on-Don are typologically grouped depending on what form of leisure they were oriented to (on entertaining a city dweller or his personal development). The author concludes that there were much more leisure facilities and venues intended for entertainment in old Rostov, than those that served the development of the creative potential of people. The leisure activities of Rostov citizens were determined by the specifics of the labor activity of various groups of people in a large trading city. Rostov-on-Don had independent trade relations and consular relations with the countries of Western Europe and the multi-ethnic composition. Leisure created opportunities for self-realization of citizens and contributed to the development of civil society institutions.

1745-1753

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article presents the analysis of two reports of the official of special assignments of the Ministry of internal Affairs L. Naumov, prepared by him on the basis of a trip to the Turkestan Governor-General in 1910. Among other matters, L. Naumov was instructed to find out the objective picture of the activities of Muslim educational institutions in Turkestan, to determine the degree of their reliability and loyalty to the Russian Empire and the Supreme power. The information for the solution of the task was made by L. Naumov's personal observations. Interviews with officials of regional authorities, religious Muslim figures and teachers of mektebas and madrassas, reports of informants and secret agents, as well as analysis of the current documentation of the Turkestan district security Department and the office of the Turkestan Governor-General. In addition, L. Naumov personally visited Muslim educational institutions in Tashkent. From the information presented in the reports it follows that by 1910 in the Islamic educational system of Turkestan, a reform movement led by Munavar-Kara Abdurrashitkhanov was actively developing. The core of this movement was the Committee of newfangled schools of Tashkent, which carried out diverse activities to promote and disseminate the system of newfangled teaching in mektebs and madrassas of the region. His opponent was the conservative Muslim clergy, who advocated the preservation of the traditional education system. In his reports L. Naumov recorded few data testifying to the anti-Russian propaganda carried out by teachers of old-fashioned and new-fashioned madrassas of Turkestan. The facts of the use of foreign educational literature in the educational process, as well as personnel policy related to the invitation of teachers from the Ottoman Empire significantly undermined their confidence. All this information allowed L. Naumov to draw a conclusion about the unreliability of Muslim educational institutions and their lack of loyal feelings towards the Russian monarchy.

1761-1771

Authors: Nikolaj A. Mininkov, Ludmila V. Mininkova

Development at the turn of XIX–XX centuries of regional geography as a branch of knowledge, aggregate data about the country or its separate territories of different branches of geography and other scientific disciplines that were caused by the needs of the development of the travel and the expansion of contacts between people. This was facilitated by the intensification of business life in the course of the modernization that unfolded at that time. Hence there was a need to expand the range of sources of country knowledge, one of which was the description of travel, which is also a historical source, close in its features to the author's memories. In 1903–1904 two collections of such descriptions were published in Russia. Some of them belonged to the description of the Cossack regions by travelers. In these descriptions the authors about the Cossacks affected to varying degrees, authors or well-known Cossack, wrote General impressions in the course of their travels. Among the main topics covered by the authors were natural conditions and the place of man in the natural environment, social relations and relations in the Cossack regions in the process of modernization, especially culture and a combination of traditions and new phenomena. A significant place in them was given to man and his culture, the contacts of the Cossacks with the surrounding population, the formation of the culture of the Kuban Cossacks peculiar synthesis of little and great Russian culture.The descriptions testify to the peculiarities of the perception of Cossacks in Russia as a community with stable traditions, which poorly perceives social progress and modernization.

1780-1788

Authors: Zoya A. Medvedeva, Olga E. Vaskina, Elena A. Panasenko

The release of many people and the facilitation of population migration got certain social groups out of the state and peasant community’s hand. It led to the emergence and increasing number of different behaviour deviations. The formation of a personality, emancipation, and disintegration of traditional community ethical norms, as well as society segmentation, and displacement of religious beliefs provoked behaviour deviations. The article deals with the forms of deviant behaviour. The interest in the deviant behaviour among the peasants at the turn of XIXth – XXth centuries is caused by the fact that peasant population prevailed in the Russian Empire, and peasants’ values rendered impact on the outlook of the society as a whole. The analysis of people’s traditional values breakdown allows finding the causes of the emergence and spread of behaviour deviations. The authors studied a large number of archival materials and analysed the main types of deviations as a whole. The breakdown of the state system, a significant shift in life routine, and the emergence of new social links contributed to the growth of behaviour deviations in the XIXth –XXIth centuries. The loss of familiar values adversely affected the psyche of many people. Disintegration of traditional ties, family deformation and unlawful acts became common.

1799-1810

Authors: Natalia Shamardina

The article considers the issues of the history of the Russian northern monastery in the lands of the Komi-zyryan, reflected in the peculiarities of the pilgrimage icon belonging to the Kaliningrad inhabitant. It turned out that the icon is the blessing of an outstanding church figure – Archimandrite of Trinity Stefano-Ulyanovsky Monastery Matfey (1818–1885), and is a copy of the monastery miracle icon. The icon shows the main milestones of the history and background of one of the flourishing Russian monasteries in the second half of the 19th century with its spiritual fathers and holy patrons supported and conceived by the cults of Russian saints. The icon is also of interest from an artistic point of view. For all the unconditional secondary, as well as the given miniaturization, its technical and aesthetic features are determined by the main trends of Russian religious painting of the second half of the 19th century. They can be brought closer to such defining phenomena of the era as works of St. Petersburg workshop V.M. Peshehonov (1818–1888). This icon writer and organizer of the icon business contributed to the creation of a style of late Russian icon, which met the tastes of the highest church hierarchy and the capital elite, including members of the imperial family. During the tragic events for the Russian Church, the monastery ceased to exist and was completely destroyed. His new life began in 1994, practically in an empty place. The icon in question provides some insight into the irretrievably lost shrines and the tense spiritual life of the Russian Orthodox missionaries who spawned them.

1820-1831

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Lyudmila V. Shkvarya, Mayya A. Seliverstova, Maria V. Melan'ina

The article is devoted to the relationship between the two empires at the turn of the centuries: Russian and Chinese, as well as the history of the construction of the Chinese-Eastern railway as a kind of culmination of these relations. The work gives a general description of Russian-Chinese diplomatic relations since the beginning of diplomatic interaction between the two states, describes in detail the mutual relations of the parties in the second half of the XIX century, their goals when concluding the secret Moscow Treaty of 1896 (generally accepted historical name of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Alliance of Russia and China against Japan), as well as the possibility of realization of their objectives. The problems of the Russian-Chinese Convention of 1898, the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the construction of a naval base in Port Arthur are also directly discussed.

1842-1861

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Ivan A. Ermachkov, Aude Médico

The article is an addition to a series of articles on the ratio of the armored forces of the warring parties in the russian-japanese war of 1904–1905 and is devoted to the analysis of the quality and power of the "auxiliary" forces of the fleets, namely, the armored (light) cruisers of the russian fleet. We study their tactical and technical elements, as well as the concept of using national light cruisers. This article analyzes the tactical and technical elements of various cruisers of the russian fleet – "Diana", "Varyag", "Askold", "Bogatyr'", "Novik" and their capabilities to confront japanese ships of a similar class.

1870-1876

Authors: Tianming Gao, Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Nugzar Ter-Oganov

The article deals with the little-known pages of the Persian revolution of 1905–1911. The authors pay attention to the process of escalation of violence in 1909, the driving forces of the revolutionary movement, as well as the activities of Russian diplomatic missions. There were used as materials the unpublished documents from the Central State Historical Archive of Georgia (Tbilisi, Georgia). The documents from the central state institutions of the Russian Empire were used as sources, namely, the documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Consulate in Tabriz, consulates in Ardabil and Urmia, the departmental correspondence of the Russian border units with the office of the Governor-General of the Tsar in the Caucasus and etc. The sources of personal origin were also applied as materials.

1887-1895

Authors: Aleksey V. Fedyakin, Andrey S. Semchenkov, Sergey V. Medvedev, Pavel Ja. Feldman

The article investigates anonymous appeals of citizens to the Moscow security Department. The townsfolk were concerned about the safety of members of the Imperial family, offered their assistance in the detection of suspicious persons, informed the police about the upcoming secret meetings of the revolutionaries. Anonymous letters demonstrate a wide range of public fears and claims to the authorities in the years preceding the First World war. Quite often in anonymous denunciations – threats the Grand Duke Sergey Aleksandrovich killed by the terrorist in 1905 was mentioned. The revolutionary-minded authors of the letters thus tried to extrapolate the events of the First revolution in Russia for the period 1912-1913. With the same purpose in letters images of the dissatisfied public, the illegal secret organizations using in the anti-government activity aircraft were used. On the eve of the visits of Nicholas II and the Imperial family to Moscow recorded an increase in the number of anonymous letters to the police. Many of them are marked "urgent", which meant the need for more rapid investigation. The most resonant reports could be interested in the Director of the police Department, who, in turn, demanded from the head of the Moscow security Department a report on the results of the inspection.

1907-1917

Authors: Sorin Arhire

Although it had adhered to the Triple Alliance since as early as 1883, when the First World War broke the Romanian Kingdom proclaimed its neutrality, a decision that was favourable to the Entente. The negotiations between France, Great Britain and Russia on the one hand and the Romanian Kingdom on the other hand were only conducted by Russian and Romanian diplomats, while the French and British representatives were merely “kept up to date” with the evolution of the discussions. On 18 September/1 October 1914, a secret Russian-Romanian convention was signed whereby Russia recognised the territorial integrity of Romania and its right to incorporate within its borders the territories inhabited by the Romanians in Austro-Hungary. For almost two years, Romania maintained a state of neutrality that was benevolent towards Russia, in spite of the commercial relations that existed between the kingdom on the Danube and the enemies of the Entente. In the summer of 1916, under the circumstances of the offensive of General Alexei Brusilov in Galicia, but also of an advance of the French-British troops in Verdun, the government in Bucharest decided to enter the war alongside Russia, France, Great Britain and Italy, with whom he signed both a political and a military convention. On 14/27 August 1916 Romania attacked Austro-Hungary, as the Romanian troops relied on their cooperation with the Russian military.

921-934

Authors: Andrey A. Pushkarev

The article focuses on the study of Nuremberg jetons as a unique phenomenon of the late XVI to the XIX centuries in the Russian territory. For the first time presented is an overview of all the jetons found in the territory of modern Russia that come from archaeological sites, ethnographic and random collections. For a better presentation of this material, description of the finds is divided according to three geographical areas, namely, the European part of Russia and Povolzhye; Western Siberia; and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The mapping of the locations where the Nuremberg jetons were found allowed identifying the specific features of their distribution across the territories and constitutes an integral part of the article. More specifically, in the European Russia, the majority of the finds comes from the region of Povolzhye, whereas in Western Siberia, the distribution is more or less equal across the whole area. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, there is a cluster of the finds in the Priolkhonye region; the rest are spread across the wider area. The article contains a large reference section which is a product of the author’s many-year work on accumulating publications on the Nuremberg jetons found in the Russian territory.

956-963

Authors: Peter P. Chuvatkina, Sviatoslav A. Gorbatov

The study of the institutional framework of youth tourism in the pre-revolutionary period makes it possible to identify those laws of the tourism development that escape notice of scientists, who have set a later period as the starting point. The article conducted a retrospective analysis of the development of youth tourism from the ХVII to the early ХХ centuries. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the beginning of the development of youth tourism is associated with the formation of the Russian state, with the objective need of the state for educated young people from noble families in order to form competent government bodies. The first trips of young people outside the young Russian state are connected with the need for them to receive new knowledge – both in the exact sciences and general information about the life, languages and traditions of the peoples of Europe. However, such trips met resistance from the church and upperclass society. Everything has changed after the tough Peter’s break of the usual foundations. The first emperor of Russia allocated budgetary funds for educational trips to Europe for children of poor and ruined noblemen, education became the primary task. The article shows that as the Russian state strengthens, the national economy develops, society becomes interested in educational tourism, studying and learning about their country, that is, domestic youth tourism begins to develop and the corresponding institutional framework begins to form. A large role in the development of youth tourism at the end of the nineteenth century was played by public organizations such as the Crimean Mountain Club, the Russian Mining Society, the Society for the Promotion of Technical Knowledge, and many other organizations. The analysis of the development of youth tourism in the pre-revolutionary period carried out in the article made it possible to identify three stages in the development of youth tourism, differing in areas, goals and sources of financing tourist trips and the stage of involvement of various institutions. Thus, the article proves that the sources of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular, on the one hand, are associated with certain economic processes, on the other hand, they are formed by sociocultural human nature.

974-985

Authors: Ludmila V. Mininkova, Tayjana Ju. Ajdunova

Peter the Great as one of strongest and most sustainable lieu de mémoire was represented in different forms. They included short one-word characteristics of the czar. They are to be considered as important historical source for the study of public consciousness of Modern Russia. Even short, they meant important information that was connected with attitudes of various social groups towards czar. First of them were formed in public consciousness of Peter’s epoch and one of the most important was image of the czar as czar-Antichrist. The latest image, czar-revolutioner, was introduced by Alexander Gertcen. Among these characteristics were both critical and apologetical. Critical characteristics, for instance, czar-Antichrist, was formed among mass people and developed within society. In post-reform period till the beginning of 20th century, during the crisis of Russian autocracy, these ideas were developed among democratic intelligencia. Apologetic ideas were given by educated people who recognized input of the czar in the development of education in Russia and by people who were closed to the authorities. Among of the most popular characteristics of the czar were hero, navigator, worker and reformer. The desire to generate godly image to Peter the Great was not developed. Also, image of Peter – revolutioner could not be considered as apologetic or critical.

998-1007

Authors: Aleksandra V. Spichak

The purpose of this article is to consider one of the parties to the marriage in the Russian Empire in the middle of the XVIII–XIX centuries – female adultery. The tasks are to study the attitude to this offense of the Russian Orthodox Church and society, the analysis of the practice of documentation in the spiritual consistories of this vice, as well as punishing women for adultery. The article reveals the historical aspects of the regulation of liability for adultery committed during marriage. The author analyzes the documentation of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory, deposited in the State Archive of Tobolsk on female adultery during this period. The basic powers are revealed at consideration of marriage and family affairs by spiritual Consistory.The article identifies the causes of female adultery. The main attention is paid to the content of the affairs of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory of adultery. The hypothesis that in the middle of XVIII–XIX centuries the public attitude to women's infidelity was softened is confirmed, the conclusion about existence of a uniform type of punishment for adultery – penance is drawn.However, it is also established that in addition to this Church punishment could be used whipping, excommunication, exile. The severity of the censure and punishment of treason has declined over the past five centuries. Legislative changes also indicate a change in public opinion regarding adultery.

1017-1024

Authors: Daglara V. Amaeva, Aleksandr N. Komandzhaev, Natalya P. Matsakova, Ludmila V. Okonova

The Kalmyk Republic is located in the driest part of the South of the Russian Federation. Permanent water supplies are needed to allow livestock to survive on its arid plains. Water supply from «Artesian» bores underpinned the development of cattle breeding in Kalmykia. «Artesian» water is clean, predominantly fresh water flooding up from underground. But nowadays water pressure is starting to decline, and there is recognition that the groundwater resource needs to be better managed. The article investigates and analyses the ways of water supply in the Kalmyk steppe in the XIX–XXth centuries. The authors based their study on archive documents and books written before the Russian revolution in 1917. These works described the importance of water for life in harsh environment where droughts were common, the impact of water supply for moving of the Kalmyks and establishing permanent settlements along water routes. Special attention was given to the quality of water. The authors of the article investigated how the problem of water supply was solved by the Kalmyks and state authorities. The Kalmyks dug deep wells in the steppe called «huduk», and then artesian bores and wells. This work required amount of time and expense to maintain them.

1036-1048

Authors: Vladimir A. Tomsinov

The article is devoted to the attempts of Emperor Alexander I to introduce the Constitution and representative institutions in Russia. The idea of the Constitution was the basic idea of the state reforms of Emperor Alexander I. It followed from the main conception of these reforms and was to become their ultimate goal. During his nearly twenty-five-year reign, Alexander I at least three times started creation a draft Constitution for the Russian Empire with the intention to put it into effect, but did not dare to do so. The author shows that these attempts were not a "game of reform", but expressed the Emperor's real intention to introduce constitutional rule in Russia. And the refusal of its implementation had serious grounds. The most significant reason for the preservation of the autocratic system in Russia was the need for fundamental state reforms, the most urgent of which were: the abolition of serfdom, the systematization of legislation, the creation of a new court, the formation of a new system of local government. The autocratic power of the Emperor, which assumed disconnectedness of his personality by representative institutions and laws, the independence of his personality from different social groups, etc. allowed him to serve as an effective instrument of reform, meet the interests of the Russian state, and it is relatively easy to overcome resistance to these reforms from powerful social groups.

1059-1066

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article analyzes the policy of the russian authorities towards traders and artisans who moved to the kalmyk lands. The reasons and results of migrations of the trade and craft population to Kalmykia are considered, their influence on social, economic and cultural development of kalmyk society is shown. It was found that the settlement of traders in the kalmyk lands was not due to the purposeful policy of the state, and the lack of kalmyks of their professional layer of traders. The state and the kalmyks tolerated the migrations of traders and artisans, because they, firstly, were not of a mass character, secondly, did not lead to a mass seizure of land, and thirdly, the activities of immigrants were in demand by the kalmyk society and did not undermine its vital interests. The strategic line of the Imperial leadership of Russia in trade policy in the kalmyk lands was that the state did not prevent the kalmyks from engaging in trade, but at the same time did not encourage this kind of activity. The top leadership did not connect the future of the kalmyk people with the wide spread of trade relations among them, seeing them as a source of bad influence on the morality of the kalmyk people. By allowing the settlement in the Kalmyk Steppe of a certain number of merchants and artisans of non-kalmyk origin, the state also regulated their stay and activities and supervised them. The main instruments regulating the presence of foreign trade and craft contingent in the kalmyk lands were the lease and issuance of trade certificates for the implementation of trade activities.The trade and craft population, despite its small number, made a significant contribution to the creation of stationary settlements of Kalmykia, the development of trade and crafts, the establishment of international communications.

1078-1085

Authors: Lydia A. Kryzhko, Petr I. Pashkovsky, Evgenia I. Davydova, Pavel I. Shipilin

The article considers the problem of the political of the British Russophobia in the first half of the XIX century. It is established that in this period the imperative of the foreign policy strategy of Great Britain, which was the leading world power, was to maintain the balance of power in an effort to preserve and, if possible, increase global domination. Strengthening the military-political power and the international influence of the Russian Empire stimulated the British elites to develop methods to counter the imbalance. The clash of the geopolitical interests of London and Petersburg, in particular with regard to Poland and the Eastern Question, intensified the British anti-Russian information campaign, which was aimed at shaping Russophobic attitudes in British society and in the international arena. Based on the analysis of a broad source base and numerous studies, it is revealed that in the period under review, the genesis and spread of Russophobic sentiments among the political elite of Great Britain and their projection regarding the foreign policy aspirations of the Russian empire. Indicators of the birth of British Russophobia were the publication in 1817 of the mentioned work of R. Wilson, who by that time was already known for his anti-Russian views, and the public’s reaction to it, which was manifested in a number of reviews in the local media. Against the background of the prevailing critical perception of R. Wilson’s Russophobic statements, the reviews of his work contained reflections on the growing «Russian threat» and the possibility of Russia's aggressive actions. This contributed to the spread of anti-Russian views in Britain, a manifestation of which was the publication in 1828 of the book by G. Evans, which initiated the heated debate of a frankly Russophobic orientation.

1096-1105

Authors: Gulnar T. Mominova, Gulzada O. Charginova, Mustafa Giritlioglu, Akbota A.Kasymova

The article on the basis of archival materials covers the reasons and prerequisites of history of accession of the Senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire. In the early 20-ies of the XIX century on the territory of the Senior Zhuz there was no unified power. Under these conditions, the rulers of the Kazakhs of Semirechye and southern Kazakhstan for many reasons began to accept Russian citizenship. The process of joining the territory of the Senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire lasted for more than a century. The first documentary sources, evidence of the facts of the address Khan Julbaris and influential persons of the Senior Zhuz to the Imperial government with the request to take them under Russian protection, recorded at the end of the first third of the XVIII century However, once the invasion of Dzungarian troops in the southern Kazakh steppe and the murder of Khan Julbaris have slowed the process for many decades. In the second half of the XVIII century Kazakh Khan Abylay managed to unite under his command numerous tribal groups of Middle and Senior zhuzes. After his death, the tribal associations of the Senior Zhuz, who roamed in the territory of Semirechye, pass under the control of his sons, the sultans Adil and Suyuk. Soon, subject to Sultan Adil kind of tribe Dulat, proclaim his Khan. In 1814, Khan Adil was forced to recognize the protectorate of the more powerful Kokand ruler Omar Khan. The next stage in the history of the acceptance by Kazakhs of the great juz the protection of Russia was an appeal to the Imperial authorities of the Sultan Sujuka Ablaihanova. January 18, 1819 the Russian government officially recognized the subservient Sultan Suyuk genera zhalayyr, uysun and part of the tribal group’s shapyrashty Russian subjects. In 1824, 14 sultans, descendants of Abylay Khan, joined the Russian citizenship. At the same time, the process of registration of the Zhetysu region within the Russian Empire took place in the conditions of military and political confrontation of the tsarist authorities with the Kokand khanate and the Qing Empire.

1115-1124

Authors: Tatiana S. Minaeva, Daniil S. Zaozerskiy, Maksim Yu. Zadorin

The article examines the process of improving the technical aspect of the mammal hunting in the Russian North in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries based on the concept of catch-up modernization. The sources for the publication are the documents of the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region, the publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee and the regional periodical press of the XIXth – early XXth centuries, as well as scientific publications on relevant topics.The authors consider the qualitative change in mammal hunting and determine the reasons for these changes. The paper substantiates the provision on the continuous process of modernization of the mammal hunting as a result of growing competition in the development of natural resources. The pace of modernization in the study period did not remain the same and depended on external and internal factors. The theoretical and practical significance of this work is in the possibility of using its results in preparing a prospective study that would systematize the Russian experience in Russian Arctic exploration in the XIX – early XX centuries, as well as in the development of the theoretical courses on the history of the exploration of the North-West sector of the Russian Arctic.

1134-1143

Authors: Lyudmila V. Shkvarya

The article is devoted to the relationship between the two empires at the turn of the centuries: Russian and Chinese, as well as the history of the construction of the Chinese-Eastern railway as a kind of culmination of these relations. The work gives a general description of Russian-Chinese diplomatic relations since the beginning of diplomatic interaction between the two states, describes in detail the mutual relations of the parties in the second half of the XIX century, their goals when concluding the secret Moscow Treaty of 1896 (generally accepted historical name of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Alliance of Russia and China against Japan), as well as the possibility of realization of their objectives. The problems of the Russian-Chinese Convention of 1898, the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the construction of a naval base in Port Arthur are also directly discussed.

1153-1166

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya (Bannikova), Yuliya O. Kurenkova

The purpose of the study in this article is to analyze the data related to prostitution in the cities of the Orenburg Governorate in the post-reform period. As a result of the reforms in the 1860s and 1870s, modernization and urbanization accelerated, setting a huge mass of the population in motion, tearing them away from their familiar social environment, their families and relatives. In these circumstances, cities became centers of attraction not only for men looking for a better life, but also for women providing sexual services. In the second half of the 19th century, prostitution gradually evolved from a crime against public morals into a state-regulated trade with its own working conditions, labor relations, working hours, professional rules and competencies. This article, based on the data of official statistics and various narrative sources, provide a study of townswomen of Orenburg Governorate working in the field of sexual services, analyze their quantity, age, national and class composition, marital status, their age when they became involved in prostitution and for how long they were sex workers, as well as distinguishing features of this field of informal employment of women in the remote southeastern province of the Russian Empire. Data on prostitution within the studied region, the neighboring Samara and remote Smolensk Governorates shows that there are certain differences that are connected with the transformation of the Orenburg province into a region of mass migration.

1178-1186

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina

The spheres of activity of business national circles – Russians and Germans, Jews, Armenians, Tatars, representing the trade and industrial potential of Tsaritsyn/on the Volga are considered. The national composition of the local merchant Corporation is analyzed as well as problems of obtaining permission to reside in the city by the Jewish merchants from the township of settling. The ethnic composition of Tsaritsyn inhabitants is determined, in addition to the directions and preferences of commercial activity of representatives of entrepreneurial groups of national communities. On the basis of documentary sources the brightest and most influential entrepreneurs are identified, who contributed both to the development of their communities and economy and socio-cultural life of the city. The factor of creative potential in a certain sense contributed to the successful integration of "non-Russian" merchants into the business and socio-cultural environment of Russian city, that made them a part of its historical heritage.

1201-1210

Authors: Assel S. Kereibayeva, Arafat M. Mamyrbekov, Тatyana P. Levchenko, Meirambek Ziyadin

The merchantry of the Steppe region of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, which began to extend actively after the completion of the accession of the Kazakh khanate to the Russian Empire. The accession of the steppe regions and the development of capitalist relations led to the penetration of West Siberian trade and industrial flow in the Steppe region.Fair trade established intermediary functions between settled agricultural and pastoral areas, satisfying the growing needs for food and industrial goods of the population of Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. The state developed a whole system of measures to support trade relations between entrepreneurs and the formation of a single Siberian-Asian trade network. On the territory of the Steppe region, favorable conditions for the expansion of fair trade of the merchantry were created after carrying out administrative and territorial reforms of 1867–1868 by the Tsar’s administration.Special attention has been paid to large merchants who made a significant contribution to the opening of large fairs, the establishment and development of trade and economic relations with neighboring regions and states. The role of merchants in the management of large and small fairs in the territory of the region and the role of a new class of rich people (bai) have been shown, which were directly related to the market.So, in conclusion, it should be noted that the existence of fairs and appearance in the region of fair management shows the professionalism and maturity of the fair merchants who made a significant contribution to the establishment of interregional economic relations and the spread of market relations in the region. Fairs became the prevailing trade form in the Steppe region, further development of which made huge changes in the organization of the trading network of the Steppe regions.

1221-1231

Authors: Igor V. Kryuchkov

The article deals with main directions of the development of economic relations of Russia with the Anatolian Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire at the turn of XIX–XX centuries. Anatolia was a perspective market for Russia. The factors slowing down the development of Russian export to Anatolia and the influence of competition with other European states on this process are considered in the article. A broad range of sources including diplomatic documents, materials of the daily press, statistical materials and memoirs was used in the process of working. The author comes to the conclusion that it was difficult for Russia to compete with Great Britain, France and Austria-Hungary despite strengthening of trade relations of Russia with Anatolia. Russian entrepreneurs knew badly the specificity of local market, they didn't have their offices in Anatolian cities and they didn't get sufficient assistance from the state in comparison with competitors. At the same time at the beginning of XX century Russia achieved significant results in export of sugar, kerosene and a range of other commodities to Anatolia. At the beginning of XX century Russia needed to make serious efforts for the development of trade with the Ottoman Empire in order to strengthen its political position there. In this regard Russian diplomats and experts called for learning from European countries.

1243-1255

Authors: Sergei F. Fominykh, Aleksei O. Stepnov, Olga V. Natolochnaya

The article deals with the letters of one of the Siberian regionalism founders N.M. Yadrintsev to V.M. Florinsky (known as the organizer of the Tomsk University), written during the period from 1876 to 1882. At this time the question of choosing a city for the first SiberianUniversity was solving. The Omsk city Duma has proposed their city as a University in 1876. N.M. Yadrintsev, who was serving as an official in Omsk during this period, in several letters presented a bleak panorama of the climatic, architectural, infrastructural, criminogenic condition of this city. N.M. Jadrintsev and V.M. Florinsky acted as associates in the question of the choosing of Tomsk as a city for the first University in the macro-region, as well as in total devotion to the idea of the SiberianUniversity. At the same time we meet not the most flattering opinions in memoirs of Florinsky about his correspondent. The authors find the implications of this "unity of contradictions" in the features political, national-identical word usage of this period. This is done on the materials of office documentation, sources of personal origin, periodical press. Both heroes of the study, inspired by the idea of the Siberian University, appealed to such concepts as "patriotism", "homeland", "country" and a number of other categories of national self-determination. At the same time the analysis of the semantic contents, that Florinsky and Yadrintsev put into these words, in the context of the evolution of their national-political opinions leads us to the conclusion about the conceptual transgression, heterogeneity of their political vocabulary and, as a consequence, about the deep contradiction in the views of the two heroes, and more widely – two currents of social and political thought of Russia in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The combination of these contradictions has led to the impossibility of coexistence in the first SiberianUniversity "mental" space of Florinsky as a conservative statesman and Yadrintsev as a regionalist. Hence there was the alienation of the representatives of the Siberian regionalism, in particular N.M. Yadrintsev, from the ImperialTomskUniversity.

1263-1271

Authors: Mikhail V. Gribovskiy

The article is devoted to determining the content and specifics of the professional activity of a university lecturer at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The objectives of the study are to determine the actual academic load of lecturers, the ratio of the number of lecturers and students, and identify the features of the educational process that are characteristic of a pre-revolutionary University. To carry out the study normative acts, records documentation, sources of personal origin were involved. Most of the sources were extracted by the author from Russian (Russian State Historical Archive, National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, Central State Archive of Moscow) and foreign (State Archive in Warsaw, State Archive of Odessa Region) archives. It is emphasized that in the XIX – early XX in the educational process as the basis of professional activity of university lecturers was not very thoroughly controlled in quantitative terms, but it was decorated with various administrative regulations. It is indicated that, in comparison with the beginning of the XXI century, the volume of the academic load of the pre-revolutionary professorship was somewhat smaller. The special features of the time include the low prevalence of the combination job phenomenon, the practice of conducting classes and taking exams not only in the university buildings, but also in the homes of professors.

1281-1291

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Aleksandra S. Kuzmenko, Natalya V. Pahomova

The article discusses the features of the material and everyday status of Tomsk students in the pre-revolutionary period. On the basis of a detailed analysis of archival documents, the regulatory framework, sources of personal origin and periodicals, it was found that in the pre-revolutionary period, the everyday life of students was rather difficult. This was especially manifested in the lives of students who had to pay rent for living in the flats on their own. Due to unfavorable living conditions and inconsistencies of sanitary and hygienic standards in the flats, students were often sick. On the other hand, the students' dormitory at the Imperial Tomsk University had quite comfortable living conditions. As for the question of material support for students, only students of the Imperial Tomsk University and the Tomsk Institute of Technology could receive state scholarships. The Institute of private scholarships assisted the poorest students and female students. The rest students had to look for options for additional income. It was revealed that students and female students had to work hard because it helped them to support themselves and continue their studies in highereducation.

1301-1309

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Svetlana L. Bautina, Alexander F. Mitrofanov, Yurii N. Makarov

Izhevsk pond in the XIX – first half of the XX centuries was an important transport artery for the operation of Izhevsk plants, primarily for the connection of the plant with Volozhka and Koltoma. To reduce the cost and speed up the traffic in the mid-1890-s on Izhevsk pond, the first state-owned steamer "Izh" appeared on the Izhevsk pond. Earlier, based on the analysis of river registers, we discovered the fact of construction of steamboats at the turn of the century in Izhevsk, and there was hypothesized that it had a merchant I.I. Bodalev. The information of the meeting’s journals of the Economic Committee of Izhevsk Plants (the highest center of economic management of Izhevsk Plants) in 1892–1900, there was analyzed concerning the ships of merchant I.I. Bodalev on Izhevsk pond. It was established that in the period under review, Bodalev had at least two steamboats on the pond (“Pchelka” and “Izhevsk”). In addition, Izhevsk plants, apparently, pursued a deliberate policy of "squeezing" competitors from the pond. So the Economic Committee in 1895 refused the request of V.F. Telnov and Yu.G. Semenov deliver his ship to Izhevsk. But at the same time, there was on the pound the first steamboat of I.I. Bodalev. Its appearance occurred with the tacit consent of Izhevsk plants, since Bodalev was one of the main delivery contractors for firewood plants. Therefore, on the one hand, the plants established extremely favorable terms for the lease of the state-owned steamer “Izh”, and on the other hand, for example, refused to offer to provide the state-owned steamer when the Bodalev’s ship broke down in fulfilling the government contract. As a result, two steamships Bodalev took to Kama (“Izhevsk” and “Maria”), and another one in 1915 sold them to Izhevsk plants (“Pchelka”), after which they became monopolists in transportation along Izhevsk pond. The fact of the construction of a steamboat steam engine at the order of Bodalev at the Izhevsk plants was discovered.

1318-1332

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The figure of the Minister of War of the Russian Empire A.N. Kuropatkin is still causing controversy among scientists. Some consider him incompetent military, not consistent with his position, and others consider him victim of circumstances and propaganda of political opponents. On the other hand, the relationship between Russian Ministers of War and Cossack Hosts is still poorly understood, and the number of works on this topic in contemporary historiography is extremely small. Therefore, this article attempts to analyze the figure of A.N. Kuropatkin from an unexpected point of view, having considered his activity as the actual leader of the Cossack Hosts of the Russian Empire. The author shows that A.N. Kuropatkin was primarily interested in the economic problems of the Cossack Hosts. Shortly after taking office as Minister of War, in 1898, he recognized the development of the economic crisis in the Don Host and its approach in other Cossack Hosts. However, the extremely peculiar and intricate economic views of the Minister of War did not allow him to develop feasible program for solving the economic problems of the Cossack Hosts. The program developed by the commission of General N.A. Maslakovets, also did not satisfy A.N. Kuropatkin. Having failed to provide adequate financial support for the proposed reforms, the Minister of War actually abandoned most of the originally planned measures, limiting himself to introducing a subsidy to serving Cossacks. The article concluded that this development of events was largely due to the peculiarities of the personality of A.N. Kuropatkin. Having correctly set the initial goals, the Minister of War did not have the determination or the abilities necessary to achieve them. However, even a partial realization of the ideas of A.N. Kuropatkin markedly improved the economic situation of the Cossacks.

1342-1364

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

A series of articles is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armoured) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and Japanese squadrons during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905 before the start of hostilities, coverage of tactical and technical characteristics of armoured ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. In work an attempt is also made to assess the chances of a victory for the 1st Pacific Squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of a war in terms of a general battle. This article analyzes the tactical and technical elements of the main force of the fleet – battleships of the japanese fleet: the squadron battleships "Mikasa", "Asahi", "type Shikishima/Hatsuse", type "Fuji/Ashima" and their ability to confront the russian ships of the same class.

1373-1382

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the reports of the special instructions officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs L. Naumov, prepared by him on the basis of a trip to the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire in 1910. During the trip L. Naumov had to find out the scale of propaganda work of Turkish emissaries in the region, the degree of penetration of the ideas of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism in the minds of the indigenous Muslim population. From the information presented in the reports it follows that after the young Turk revolution of 1908, in the Turkestan Governor-General, Bukhara Emirate and Khiva khanate, the work of Turkish residents, aimed at promoting Russophobia, pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, was significantly intensified. Turkey also actively involved Afghans in the work in the region, using traditional contacts with the Afghan Emirate and considering it the sphere of its geopolitical interests. In his reports L. Naumov cites facts indicating the formation among the Muslim population of the Russian Turkestan adherents propagandized by Turkey ideas, which was expressed in the birth of the Islamic reform movement and the newfangled Muslim education, the refusal to follow all the instructions of the Koran. However, according to the information collected by the official, the traditional Muslim clergy continued to occupy a leading position in the spiritual and religious life of the indigenous population. The negative attitude of the Muslim leaders of Bukhara, Kokand and a number of other cities of Turkestan to the ideas of pan-Islamism, suggesting a spiritual Union of Sunnis and Shiites, allowed L.Naumov to draw conclusions about the futility of the work of Turkish residents in the region and the absence of threats to the territorial integrity of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian suburbs.

1394-1403

Authors: Tatiana A. Kattsina, Natalya V. Pashina, Ludmila E. Mezit, Ekaterina V. Potapova

The experience of the implementation of the organizational and pedagogical conditions of the sociocultural adaptation of the children of the First World War refugees in one of the migrant regions of the Russian Empire, the Yenisei province (now the Krasnoyarsk Territory), is summarized. The analysis is limited to the imperial period of the First World War, July 1914 – February 1917, within the framework of which the main directions in the organization of training and education of refugees aged 7–14 years were determined. Based on the achievements of modern historiography, a complex of historical sources (regulations, office materials, periodicals), methods of general scientific and historical research revealed regional specifics of real educational and adaptation practices in relation to juvenile refugees during the First World War. The conclusion is made about the contribution of regional public organizations to the provision of opportunities to receive and continue education, to overcome the psychological and behavioral problems of minor refugees. Along with this, it was noted that unfavorable trends were manifested with the staffing of educational institutions. Economic difficulties of wartime and disagreements with the provincial and city administrations on organizational and financial issues had a negative impact on the sustainability of the work of public organizations that were forced to reduce or completely cease their activities. The insignificant scale of improvements in the situation of refugee children does not make it possible to assess these trends as sustainable, but at the same time represents the first experience in addressing the urgent material and spiritual needs of refugees.