IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences

1-6

Authors: Sangeeta Das & Jatin Kalita

Scelionid wasps are considered as idiobionts that attacks and consumes spider eggs. This group of parasitic hymenopteran insects parasitize the egg sacs of spiders, thereby playing a significant role in controlling the spider population. Wasps of Baeini tribe, due to their unique morphology have succeeded in parasitizing eggs of a number of spider families. Though a number of reports confirm spiders as the host of Baeus sp. But, identification of host species of this group of wasp still remains lacking. The present paper reports the incidence of egg parasitism in Argiopepulchella Thorell, 1881 by Baeus sp. for the first time from India.

15-26

Authors: Shanta Kumari

The study was conducted in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh in India to assess farmers’ awareness of pesticide usage, productivity, change in climate and adopted strategies used by the farmers to minimize adverse impact of pesticide usage on biodiversity and soil. The collection of primary data was done from the farmers who were using the agro-chemicals for growing the vegetable and apple crops. Awareness about the impact of pesticide use was more on large farms than small farms. While awareness for immediate treatment practices for pesticide poisoning and precautionary measures against the exposure of pesticides was slightly more on small farms in comparison to large farms. The farmers’ response on the perception of decrease in productivity was more on large farms and for increase in cost of production was almost similar on both farms. The farmers of both farms responded that climate was the main factor to decrease in productivity followed by disease and pest and lack of pollination. There is a variation in the perception of farmers of small and large farm for the change in temperature and rainfall. Whereas, similar perception was reported by the farmers of both farms for decrease in humidity and snowfall. The temperature fluctuation and hail storm were the main prevailing problems of the study area which are affecting the productivity of apple particularly on both farms. A few farmers were using the anti hail net against the hail storm on both farms. Due to its more cost, farmers were not using to protect their apple orchards. Therefore, there is a need to provide awareness by the extension workers for growing resistant varieties of crops to tolerate fluctuation in temperature and government should give anti hail net on subsidized rate for the farmers. It will be helpful to reduce the cost of production to some extent. Also, the government should pay attention to strengthen extension facilities, the promotion of use of agro-chemicals in a scientific way and for the use of organic agro-chemicals. This could be very useful to minimize the adverse impact on biodiversity, soil and human health. It will play a vital role to save the livelihood of the farmers and our ecosystem.

33-46

Authors: Isis Fawzy Zaki, Nehad Ezz-Eldin Fekr & Magda Abd El-Hamed

Performance Appraisal helps to improve the organizational health; viability and growth through optimal utilization of the nursing staff in the interest of the organization. The ultimate goal of performance appraisal is to ensure safe, effective patient care. Therefore, performance appraisal is a required process in healthcare organizations to ensure that the quality of care is met. This study was an attempt to develop a performance appraisal system (PAS) for staff nurses. The objectives of this research were: (1) assess the current performance appraisal system for staff nurses at selected (MOH) hospitals in El-Minya governorate; (2) designing a system for appraising performance of staff nurses and (3) validation of the developed performance appraisal system and appraisal form. This study employed a Descriptive, Methodological design. The participants were purposively selected from staff nurses and nurse administrators, actors all of the hospital units in a five main (MOH) hospitals in El-Minya governorate in Egypt 2014. Data were collected using two tools, the first tool “an Effective Characteristics of Performance Appraisal System Questionnaire” to assess the performance appraisal system for staff nurses used currently at selected hospitals, the second tool “an assessment of developing a performance appraisal system for staff nurse questionnaire” to assess the validation of the developed performance appraisal system and the performance appraisal form by the jury group. The numbers of participants were 141 staff nurses and 55 nurse administrators. The study results indicated that the nursing staff in general disagreement with the statements of all dimensions of effective characteristics of performance appraisal system. The findings of this study revealed that the PAS used currently at selected hospital ineffective and needed to develop new PAS for staff nurses at these hospitals. Depending on these findings the investigator developed a performance appraisal system for staff nurses. The developed performance appraisal system is composed of five parts: (1) manual performance appraisal system instructions; (2) performance plan form; (3) performance appraisal form (appraisal period & time, critical elements and standards; summary performance levels; the summary rating); (4) performance improvement plan. (5) Explanation criteria for performance standards. The investigator recommends a proposal for the researchers to adopt the results of this study and applied widely in the field of nursing and various nursing specialties.

53-58

Authors: Niru Sharan

Sustainable Development means an integration of developmental and Environmental imperatives. To be sustainable, development must possess both economical and ecological sustainability. Care has to be taken, the way in which developmental planning should be approached. Both the environment as well as the development means not end in themselves. The environment and development are for people and not vice versa. Sustainable development is essentially a policy and strategy for continued social and economic development. It should not be detrimental to the environment and natural resources, on the quality of which further development depends. My article has a comprehensive approach to sustainability. It includes details on our approaches, commitments, performance insights and our efforts in the direction of Sustainable Development. Climate is changing at a fast pace, and so are the developmental activities. To strike a workable balance between the two is the need of the hour. Based on empirical evaluations of the findings, this article offers solutions as well as recommendations, that could be of some help in solving the issue of the amalgamation of economics and ecology in our future planning.

1-8

Authors: Omar Rashid Sadeq & Maher M.A Jarbawi

Indomethacin is used to treat moderate to severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute gouty arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, tendinitis, diabetes insipidus and for closing of patent ductus arteriousus (PDA). Indomethacin is unique among NSAIDs in that it is the drug of choice for management of gouty arthritis, indomethacin is a very ulcerogenic medication that can cause fatal ulcer bleeding, it causes more fluid retention compared to ibuprofen, frequent frontal headache, pancreatitis, heart attack and stroke are specific unwanted effects of indomethacin, it shouldn’t be used as other NSAIDs if one have had recently or will be having bypass heart surgery, as well as pregnant women more than 29 weeks of gestation. Indomethacin is not recommended for pediatric patients 14 years of age and under, because there have been cases of hepatotoxicity reported in pediatric patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, including fatalities. Indomethacin is provided in much trade formulation namely indocin and indolin, it is available in multiple dose variations, depending on pathologic conditions, to reduce the possibility of peptic ulcers, indomethacin should be prescribed at the lowest dosage needed to achieve a therapeutic effect, usually between 50–200 mg/day. It should always be taken with food, for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis typically as indomethacin 25, 50 mg orally b.i.d. or t.i.d., its dosage for gouty arthritis is 50 mg orally or rectally 3 times a day, the dose may be increased (2-4 days). The aim of recent study is to evaluate the effect of indomethacin on carbohydrate metabolism, as most of NSAIDs are all thought to increase risk of hypoglycemia, about 35 patients with gouty arthritis, (GA), osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were investigated for about 2 weeks, patients were treated by indomethacin, WBCs count, Creactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and blood glucose levels are examined before during and after treatment. The main finding of this research study is that indomethacin produces a strong anti-inflammatory effect which may be similar to diclofenac and methotrexate in treating early stages of OA and GA respectively; in addition indomethacin causes evident reversible hypoglycemia in elderly patients older than 50 years of age, in all 3 investigated groups.

19-26

Authors: Adya Tiwari & Rajkumari Jain

Present study was aimed at assessing the effect of mercerization under tension on physical properties (drapability and tensile strength) of gray cotton khadi fabric. Different parameters of mercerization treatment such as conc. of sodium hydroxide palates and time duration of the treatment were optimized. Two methods of the treatment were given (slack mercerization and mercerization under tension) at 40°C with different concentrations (5%, 15% and 25%) for different time periods (10min, 20min and 30min). The treated cotton khadi fabric was evaluated in terms of tensile strength and drapability of cotton khadi fabric. Mercerization under tension gave the best results with 25% concentration of NaOH for 30min at 40°C followed by the fabric, with different time (10min and 20min) duration of the treatment. The results showed that as the time and concentrations were increased, the tensile strength was also increased of mercerization under tension as compare to the controlled and slack mercerization samples. Some properties were decreased after mercerization treatment for example %drape co-efficient was decreased and drape area also decreased means andanother mode of subjective expression of drapability i.e. higher the no. of nodes betters the drape quality. Thus the Drapability was increased.

33-38

Authors: PINKI RANI, C. K. SINGH & B. DHANDA

Caste plays an important role in children’s adaptive behaviour development. The present investigation was carried out in Hisar district of Haryana state. From Hisar district two areas were selected i.e, urban and rural. The sample consist 100 girls between the age group of 7-8 years and their parents (both mother and father). 50 girls and their parents were selected randomly from Hisar city and 50 girls and their parents were selected randomly from rural area. A total of 50 boys between the age group of 7 to 8 years with both of their parents were selected randomly from each location. Hence, the total sample was 300 including (100 children and 200 their parents). Caste was taken as independent variable and adaptive behaviour was taken as dependent variable. Vineland adaptive behaviour scale by Sparrow et al., 1984 used to measure the adaptive behaviour of children. Result revealed that caste is significantly associated with communication domain, social skills domain and adaptive behaviour of the children’s adaptive behaviour.

43-48

Authors: SUJAYASREE O. J & FASLUDEEN N. S

Radiation processing of food involves the controlled application of energy from ionizing radiations such as gamma rays, electrons and X-rays for food preservation. Gamma rays and X-rays are short wavelength radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible and ultra violet light. Gamma rays are emitted by radioisotopes such as Cobalt-60 and Caesium-137 while electrons and X-rays are generated by machines using electricity. It is a cold process and can be used to pasteurize and sterilize foods without causing changes in freshness and texture of food unlike heat. Unlike chemical fumigants, irradiation does not leave any harmful toxic residues in food and is more effective. It is efficient and can be used to treat prepacked commodities. Radiation technology can complement and supplement existing technologies to ensure food security and safety. It provides effective alternative to fumigants that are being phased out due to their adverse effects on environment and human health

55-62

Authors: OYETORO JOHN OYEWOLE, ADEWUMI IDOWU ISREAL & SOTOLA ABIODUN EMMANUEL

The study focused on the accessibility of cassava processors to mass media channels’ information on cassava processing innovations in the Saki Agricultural Zone of Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 190 cassava processors in the zone. Structured and validated interview schedule and participant observation technique were used to obtain primary data from cassava processors in the study area. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distributions, percentages and means as descriptive statistical tools. Inferential statistics used was paired t- test analysis. Findings from the study revealed that the majority of the cassava processors were female and married. The mean age and years of experience of cassava processors were 43.9years and 11.3years respectively. Radio was the most accessible mass media channel followed by television while extension publications were less accessible in the study area. Finally, the study recommended that bridging information gap between the source and clientele should be through relating simple, short, repeated, useful and timely extension information and encouraging feedback on mass media channels.

77-82

Authors: ZAINAB REHMAN JASSIM AL- MALIKSHAH

An experiment was conducted in a private orchard at AL-Abbasyia, Najaf Governorate during the growing season of 2016 on fig CV. Kadota. The trees were sprayed with two concentrations of Wilt-Pruf (2 and 4 %), Grofalcs and benzyl adenine at concentration 300 mg/ L each other in single way or in combination with Wilt-Pruf at 15 march and on 15 June. In 15-8 -2016 take 2kg fruits from trees. The fruits of these treatments were stored at 5C0 and 80-85% R.H. for 10 days. Results showed that spraying trees with Wilt-Pruf, Grofalcs and BA treatments and their interactions caused a significant decrease percentage disease of Aspergillus Niger, Alternaria tenuis, Penicillium explosion Souring, Alternaria Fiji, Fusarium solani, Ulocladium atrum, total decay, percentage of weight loss and increase total soluble solids, vitamin C and degree of taste in the end of the storage compared to control treatment. There was a significant effect between treatment. Treatment of spraying Wilt-Pruf 4% + Grofalcs and BA in concentrate 300 mg / L gave a significant effect and the best results for the year of the experiment.

1-8

Authors: Cheraku Radha Srivalli & Manjeet Singh

ABSTRACT In this study, the morphometric parameters of selected watershed have been calculated. The study area was classified in to 10 sub basins and linear, aerial and relief aspects, for each sub basin were found to understand the hydrology of the watershed. Satellite imagery from Cartosat, along with survey of India toposheet was used to delineate watershed boundary, with Arc GIS 10.3. The results revealed that, the study area is a sixth order drainage basin with total stream length of 1422.05 km. The mean bifurcation ratio varies between 3.06 and 5.50, which shows that the region is subjected to less structural control, by which there is no distortion of drainage pattern. Drainage density value of 3.38 Km/Km2 shows that, there is a mountainous relief with fine drainage texture in the study area. The shape parameters such as form factor, elongation ratio and circulatory ratio calculated indicates that, the basin is elongated in shape in which, flow can be managed efficiently.

15-34

Authors: Ehsan S. Morad, Magda A. Fawaz, Hanan F, Azzm & Nyros A. Mohamed

ABSTRACT Background: Good oral health during pregnancy can not only improve the quality of life of the pregnant mother, but also potentially reduce complications during pregnancy Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effect of dental care information support on the level of oral health knowledge, practice, and gingival condition during pregnancy. Subjects and Methods: Quasi-experimental (pre-post-test) research design was utilized in this study. A purposive sample of 100 pregnant women was recruited in this study based on certain inclusion criteria. Two groups 50 each, a study group who received dental care information, support and control groups who received the routine care from two MCH centers at El- Fayoum Governorate were randomly assigned. Seven tools were used to collect the needed data. The results: Findings of this study reveal that no statistical significant differences were found between the two groups regarding to demographic characteristics (p = > 0.05). Improvement in mean knowledge score among study group of 35.52 ± 9.08 to 57.94 ± 4.87 (pre-post-test) with a highly statistically significant difference (p = 0.00). Moreover, improvements in the mean practice score from 6.66 ± 4.05 of pre-test for 20.78 ± 2.13. Post-test ((p = 0.000,). Also, the mean of bleeding on probing (BOP) decreased since 11.27 ± 3.22 to 4.38±1.69 as well as, the mean plaque index (PI) decreased since 85.49 ± 9.5 to 47.02 ± 9.09 respectively as indicators of improvement in gingival conditions. In conclusion providing information support for pregnant women about oral health care improvement their knowledge and practice as well as improvement in the degree of gingival inflammation associated with pregnancy. Integration of oral health screening through routine antenatal check-up and developing programs to educate mothers about the importance of oral and dental health care during and before planning for pregnancy were needed.

41-66

Authors: Dereje Negussie

ABSTRACT In this paper we will focus on the numerical methods involved in solving nonlinear equation in one variable and systems of nonlinear equations. First we will study the fixed point iteration and Newton’s method in one variable for solving nonlinear equation and their convergence. Second we will examine these two methods in for solving of multivariable nonlinear equations which involves the Jacobean matrix and finally we also give an application of Newton’s methods.

87-92

Authors: V. Sujatha, T Supraja & S.Suchiritha Devi

ABSTRACT Good nutrition is critical during the teenage years to ensure healthy growth and development. A healthy diet must meet the changing nutritional needs of a growing teenager. The diet of adolescents particularly college going students is typically high in calories, fat, sugar, sodium and often fails to meet the daily recommended amounts of fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods. The frequent consumption of unhealthy diets in combination with the lack of physical activity is leads to poor nutritional status. The present study was conducted on university students to study the behavioral changes in dietary habits and lifestyle using experimental intervention design. Significant and beneficial changes in dietary habits have been found in university students with nutrition specialization. Study revealed that mean scores for nutrition knowledge in pro-test was significantly different. After the intervention of nutrition course ninety percent of nutrition students in the intervention group appeared to have formed positive behavior towards adoption of healthy eating habits. The intervention group became conscious in selection of food specially meal timings having breakfast without fail. Nutrition specialization students included fruits, milk, low salt & sugar, germinated legumes and showed control behavior in consumption of fast foods, while controlled group shown status quo. Hence nutrition education could be incorporated at degree level as curriculum irrespective of their specialization to help students make decisions about their dietary intake.

105-110

Authors: Lovely B.& Vijayaraghava Kumar

ABSTRACT A research program was carried out, at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani with the objective of assessing the genetic variability, present in a population of twenty-five ash gourd genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences, for almost all the characters studied. Yield per plant showed strong positive genotype correlation, with mean fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth, flesh thickness and seeds per fruit. The discriminant function technique was adopted, for the selection of construction index for yield using characters, which showed a relatively stronger association with yield. The genotypes BH 2 and BH 3, ranked the first with high index values.

121-128

Authors: Faten Salama Abdelaziz & Laila Mohamed Abdo

ABSTRACT Nurse Managers are promoted to their managerial positions with little or no preparation. They learn through following traditional management practices of others, trial and errors, and word of mouth. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of management training program on the nurse managers' knowledge and performance. The quasiexperimental design was utilized to attain the aim of the study. The study sample consisted of 20 nurse managers working at the selected hospital. Three tools developed by the researcher were used for data collection: need assessment checklist, knowledge test, observational checklist, & program assessment tool. The study results indicated that the program showed significant improvement in the participants' management knowledge and performance. The participants expressed their satisfaction with the program. The total performance in immediate and follow up program implementation period is positively correlated with the participants' age& experience. The study recommended that: Investing resources into the ongoing development of the leadership and management skills of the nurse managers will improve their performance and can provide significant contribution to staff and health care organizations. Nurse educators in health training institutions in consultation with other stakeholders should revise the curricula for training nurse managers in order to develop courses that will adequately prepare the nurses for the management roles in the health care organizations.

137-142

Authors: B. Sundar, R.S. Chouhan, N. Khandwe & J. Venkateshwar

ABSTRACT The experimental work was conducted in the field No. 11 at the Research Farm of R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh under, All India Coordinated Research Project on soybean financed by ICAR, New Delhi. Four replications (2treated + 2 untreated), treatments 50 Soybean genotypes/varieties. The grain yield range from 456.25 to 2375.00 kg/ha and 437.50 to 2263.00 kg/ha, in treated and untreated varieties, respectively. The grain yield loss % ranged from 0.67 to 17.71 percent in different varieties. These varieties were further grouped in four categories, based on the maximum - minimax method. Ten varieties were resistant, high yielding (R-HY), sixteen were resistant, low yielding (RLY), Twenty three varieties were susceptible low yielding (S-LY) and one variety was susceptible high yielding (S-HY).

147-154

Authors: Khalil Ibrahim Al-Samarrai, Abdussalam M. Bahron & Abdussalam M. Al-Fituri

ABSTRACT The characteristic that all objects emit a certain amount of black body radiation as a function of their temperatures was used in tracing the distribution of temperature in that black body. Generally speaking, the higher an object's temperature, the more infrared radiation is emitted as black-body radiation. A special camera can detect this radiation in a way similar to the way an ordinary camera detects visible light. It works even in total darkness because the ambient light level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in wells. The area where the idea is applied located at the Al Giran site west of Tripoli the capital of Libya. Al Green subjected to an oil leakage took place along the W10 Al Zawya-Tripoli pipeline. Taking the advantage of the difference between the temperature of the water and oil with their ambient, thermal scanning executing on the polluted site in order to measure the thickness and areal extent of the oil plume polluting the groundwater. The temperature of the fluids (Oil and Water) measured along the selected depth of the 25 drilled wells. The measured temperatures showed variation along the depth from ambient temperature, as well as aurally. This variation in oil and water temperatures enabled detecting the water, oil contact and its areal distribution on the polluted site subjected to remediation. Comparing the time and cost of the technique applied to sampling groundwater technique appeared to be faster and cheaper, besides giving more informative data.

1-6

Authors: Anju Duhan

ABSTRACT Conventional strength of India in agriculture has enlarged manifold on account of the hard work done by the farmers and improvements in technology. We need to continue to improve, agricultural production as well as the actual returns that farmers get from their produce. For coping with different adversities in farming crop insurance is an effective tool which is an innovation in rural areas. Knowledge is very essential need for any development process. Perception is the process of recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli. To protect farmers from the risks in agriculture, government has launched a number of schemes such as National Agricultural Insurance Scheme and weather index based crop insurance schemes, MNAIS etc. But due to lack of full information their coverage seems to be limited among the farmers. The present study has reported the results of a survey of 567 farmers conducted to assess their knowledge and perception about various facets of crop insurance schemes. The results of the study revealed that most of the farmers perceive premium very high that they are paying for their crop insurance. Therefore near about ninety percent farmers said that crop insurance should not be compulsory for all the farmers

13-18

Authors: Indumathi.J & S.P.Arun

ABSTRACT The study was undertaken to evaluate the quality of randomly collected beef samples (n=50) intended for feeding to the carnivores from S.V Zoological Park, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India and were examined in terms of physical chemistry and microbiological parameters. Results revealed that, the mean values observed for all the physical, chemical parameters like WHC, pH, 2-TBARS, ERV, and FFA were within the normal level, even though some samples had got some slight variation. The slight variation in values in some samples might be due to contamination during handling. As per results obtained in bacterial counts, this study revealed that some of the beef samples were often contaminated with microorganisms. It was found that the microbiological quality of some of the beef samples was inadequate. This might be due to contamination due to either improper handling or delay in transportation of beef from production point to the Zoo.

27-34

Authors: Rajesh Kumar MD

ABSTRACT Violence against women is not a new phenomenon; it is a primitive practice that has always been treated as a part and participle of socio cultural milieu and domestic violence against women is a worldwide phenomenon in different forms such as physical, emotional, religious, economic and mostly sexual abuse. According to the United Nations Declaration (1993), violence against women includes “any act of gender – based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life. Domestic violence negatively affects victim’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health and may increase vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The impact of domestic violence against women on family may include child maltreatment, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes accepting of violence and gender inequality and also It may lead to socio – economic difficulties such as – a limited ability to take care of themselves or their children, an inability to work and to sustain wages and isolation due to domestic violence, which leads to a lack of participation in social and regular activities.

43-50

Authors: A.K. Makwana& M. D. Gurjar

ABSTRACT Development of any sector needs the support of government policies and technically strong manpower in the sector. The beginning of formal education in the discipline of dairy science can be traced back to the year 1923 when the “Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying” at Bangalore, which was later re-christened as the “National Dairy Research Institute” and shifted to Karnal, Haryana. Subsequently, several State Agricultural Universities established their constituent “Dairy Science” faculties having the responsibility of imparting Dairy Science education. The present study sought to estimate the growth in supply of dairy professionals in the country. Data were collected using questionnaires as well as from secondary sources. After analyzing the collected data it could be, it can be concluded that It can be concluded that - There are 20 Dairy Science Colleges in the country which offer Graduation, Post-Graduation and Doctorate level courses in the field of dairy science and their total intake capacity for the year 2015-16 for B. Tech (D.T.) course was 754 seats, for Post-Graduation 154 seats and for PhD. It was 21 seats. The intake capacity of the B. Tech. (DT) course for different colleges present in different zones of the country increased from 604 in the year 2011-2012 to 754 in 2015-2016 respectively representing the growth rate of 5.70% p.a. The highest growth rate in intake capacity was for south region (8.92%) and the lowest growth rate in the North region (0.61%). The number of colleges in the East is only 2 but it has 13 states and similarly Number of colleges in North is only 4 but it includes 9 states. The number of colleges is relatively much more in the West and South regions. Further, there is no Dairy Science College in North East states. Also for the next 5 year period, the supply of dairy graduates is expected to grow by 2.13% per annum during the given period. However, there is no growth in the supply of dairy post graduates and PhDs, which has been assumed by taking a conservative approach.

59-62

Authors: K Pandey, N Chandra, D K Tamta & N.D. Kandpal

ABSTRACT The viscosity
and density ρ have been measured for the oxalic acid in aqueous sulfuric acid of different concentration at 298K. Viscosity has been measured using uplobe Viscometer (Infusil). From the experimental data viscosity parameters, viz viscosity B- coefficient, B and Staudinger coefficient, kn are calculated. B-coefficient decreases with the increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid. The presence of ion-solvent interaction was formed in the system. The results have been discussed on the basis of interaction parameters.

71-74

Authors: M. Milcah Paul & P. Radha Rani

ABSTRACT Gender differences are a common phenomenon in the rural areas of India. Due to the patriarchal society in the country, women are facing a lot of discrimination and inequality. Resources are an important requirement for any individual to survive. Due to the gender inequality and discrimination, women have a lesser access and control over resources. This study was taken up to study the availability of resources(Income, Food, clothing, household appliances and Animal resources) in the selected rural households. The gender differences existing in the households with regard to access and control over the selected resources was also studied. The study displayed some positive and also negative results. The results were favouring women in the case of income, food and clothing resources; whereas the results were in the favour of men in the household appliance category and income.