Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi

16-30

Authors: Samet DOYKUN

Many minstrels have been trained in the minstrelsy tradition since the 16th century. In their works, minstrels have dealt with almost every subject, especially love, in their works. One of these subjects was nature in which the outside world was treated. Nature, especially until the 19th century, was not included in works of art and literature and was considered "ugly". After the 19th century, it started to be included in the works of art and literature of many countries, especially in England. When it comes to Turkish literature, the elements of nature, which were first dealt with in classical literature, were used in abstract expressions and generally for the depiction of lovers. Subsequently, the elements of nature, which started to be used in minstrel poetry, were handled concretely rather than the aforementioned use. The minstrels utilised the elements of nature while describing the beloved in their works and then started to transfer and describe nature directly by making it the subject of poetry. Visually impaired minstrels, who have existed in the tradition of minstrelsy since the beginning of the tradition, have also dealt with nature in their works. It is quite remarkable that the visually impaired minstrels have given works about nature despite the fact that they have lost their eyesight at some point in their lives or are visually impaired from birth. In this study, it was tried to determine and evaluate how visually impaired minstrels perceive nature and how they describe it without seeing it through the poems compiled from minstrels and published works. As a result of this study, it is concluded that the visually impaired and blind.

41-66

Authors: Gülçin BİLGİN TURNA

The level of competition in the retail market is quite high, and in order to manage shopping malls effectively and attract visitors, it is essential to understand the main reasons for consumer visits. The aim of this study is to analyze the motivations behind mall visits and determine if they vary according to demographic characteristics. The dimensions “aesthetics, escape, flow, discovery, and convenience,” which were used in the questionnaire applied by Ahmed et al. (2007) for Malaysian consumers, were included. Additionally, the “socialization” dimension from the hedonic consumption scale developed by Arnold and Reynolds (2003) was added, making a total of six dimensions subject to this study. The link to the online survey form, prepared via Google Forms, was shared with individuals aged 18 and above living in the Central District of Rize, who had visited the Şimal Mall in Rize at least once, using non-random convenience sampling in March 2023. Based on the responses of 384 participants, the results revealed that the primary motivation behind Mall visits for residents of Rize is the “convenience” factor. Following this, the “social, escape, discovery, flow, and aesthetic” factors are observed as secondary motivations. Women are more influenced by “aesthetic” elements compared to men, while married individuals and consumers with higher education and income levels are more influenced by these factors compared to singles and other demographic groups, respectively. Singles are more likely to visit the mall for “socialization” purposes compared to married individuals, non-working individuals compared to working ones, and young consumers compared to other demographic groups. Furthermore, after the translation from English to Turkish and the validity and reliability analyses, the “Mall Visit Motivation Scale,” consisting of 6 dimensions and 17 statements, can be effectively used in future studies to measure the motivations of mall visitors in Türkiye.

85-101

Authors: Sıddık ÇALIK

After the Battle of Ankara, the Anatolian lands of the Ottoman Empire were shared among many principalities. Timur not only divided the Ottoman lands among Yıldırım's sons, but also allowed the Turkmen principalities to continue their reign by returning the lands they had taken from the Ottomans. In other words, Timur, instead of a strong political structure in the Ottoman geography, set up a disintegrated but subordinate principality to rule, and after staying in Anatolia for eleven months, he returned to his homeland, Turkistan. Thus, while Timur formed a political structure suitable for his own benefit, he also secured the eastern borders of his Khanate. In this study, rather than focusing on the political environment that took place after the Ankara War, it is aimed to examine the relations between the political forces of the period from a different perspective by considering the coins minted in Anatolia in this process. Although the coins minted by the states and principalities in Anatolia, which is a sign of loyalty to Timur after the Ankara War, are briefly emphasized, it will not constitute the basis of this research. After the Ankara War, in the process that Çelebi Mehmet re-established the Ottoman Empire, the policy of dominating the principalities in Anatolia did not emerge suddenly, although it was mostly the result of military actions. In the first quarter of the 15th century, in this period when the Timurid winds had not yet subsided, these principalities were first subject to the Ottoman Empire with vassaagel ties as of 1410, and after 1428 they were directly subordinated to the central administration. These political facts were intended to be documented with minted coins.

112-133

Authors: Ghadir GOLKARIAN, Zohreh HEIDARIBENI

The influence of some factors on human behavior is inevitable. In this context, the effect of geographical factors has been the research area of thinkers, sociocultural and socio-psychological researchers since ancient times. Living conditions, environment, nature, and other factors have influenced human actions and become the main source of many trends. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates and his followers postulated the influence of duality and geographical conditions on human habits, morals, and physiology. Iran, where four seasons are experienced, is also a multi-ethnic country. Therefore, the impact of climatic and geographical factors on the realization of political events, revolutionary tendencies and protests that have manifested themselves in Iran's political arena for about 2 centuries is remarkable. Considering its geographical structure, Iran is a complete crossroads. For this reason, it has become the center of attacks, military wars, and cultural encounters, has undergone both ethnic and religious changes over the years, and has been exposed to many external influences. Therefore, Iran is considered a multi-ethnic country with different demographics. Thus, the biological and geographical diversity that gave rise to social diversity gave different and unique identities to the communities in different geographical regions.

146-165

Authors: Ali Rıza SAVAŞ, Ahmet Hikmet ZABUN

The nationalism movement, which emerged with the French Revolution and affected a significant part of the world afterwards, also affected the Ottoman Empire. In the Republic of Turkey, which was established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the nationalism movement manifested itself as a nation-state consciousness. The emphasis on the concepts of "Turk" and "nation" appears as a nationalist indicator in this sense. In the Turkish political life of the Republican period, many parties were established and aspired to government. These parties emerged with the unification of certain social segments and were generally the representatives of an ideological movement. Political parties based on left, right, liberal, religion, and nationality have carried out political activities. In this study, the historical flow and comparisons regarding the parties that accepted Turkish nationalism as a starting point in multi-party democratic life or were positioned in the context of Turkish nationalism by social segments and the process of party formation are included. The first, discusses the emergence of the concept of nationalism, its definitions, and the theoretical framework for nationalist movements in Turkey. Various definitions of the concept are offered and there are different evaluations regarding its origins. In this context, the enrichment of nationalism in relation to concepts such as citizenship, patriotism, ethnicism, xenophobia, and chauvinism is emphasized, and the views that Germany, England or France is the cradle of nationalism are included. In this regard, after the historical development processes of CMKP, MHP, BBP, and İYİ Party are provided, analysis and comparisons are made. In the evaluation phase, comparisons and evaluations are made regarding the parties that stand out with an emphasis on nationalism in Turkey and the parties that are perceived as nationalist. It has been evaluated that nationalism has a significant vote potential and has the opportunity to be represented in the Turkish Grand National Assembly in every term and has a twenty percent vote potential.

183-192

Authors: Bahattin ÇELİK, Hatice TOSYAGÜLÜ ÇELİK

Kurt Tepesi / Kurtlar Tepesi (Kuça Gura) settlement, which belongs to the Neolithic Period, was built on a rocky hill and is located 45 km east of Şanlıurfa Province, 3 km south of Sumaklı Village. Kurt Tepesi was built on a hill overlooking the Çoban Deresi Boğazı, which serves as a passage between the Harran Plain and the Viranşehir region. In the research carried out around the Çoban Deresi Boğazı, other Neolithic settlements and hunting grounds used in different periods, other than Kurt Tepesi, were also identified. There are also castle and tower-like structures from the late periods in this region. Çoban Deresi Boğazı serves as a strait connecting the Harran Plain and the Viranşehir region and has played an important role in the passage of both people and wild animals from one region to another. For this reason, the region has maintained its importance in every period and has been an ideal location for establishing settlements or hunting areas. Even today, the Çoban Deresi Boğazı remains an important passage on the Şanlıurfa-Mardin highway. Thanks to the research conducted in Şanlıurfa Province, the number of settlements from the Neolithic Period is increasing day by day. Apart from the circular-plan civil settlements, Neolithic centers with "T" shaped pillars are also densely detected in the region and these settlements exhibit similar characteristics, which are qualities that are not found in other regions. Excavations of many pillars centers have now started in the region. In this way, it will be better understood why these centers were established. These centers, called Stone Hills; Göbekli Tepe, Nevali Çori, Sefer Tepe, Hamzan Tepe, Taşlı Tepe, Karahan Tepe, Yeni-Mahalle, Sayburç, Ayanlar Höyük, Harbetsuvan Tepesi and Kurt Tepesi. Around most of these centers, there are both Neolithic period centers with round-plan structures that are not pillars and hunting grounds. There are at least four hunting grounds and four Neolithic period settlements with round-planned structures identified around the Kurt Tepesi settlement. In this study, the settlements and hunting grounds in and around Kurt Tepesi will be mentioned.