Scientific Horizons

7-14

Authors: V. Gamayunova, A. Panfilova

The researches results of top spring barley growth depending on varietal characteristics and nutrition are showed. Experimental studies were conducted during 2013–2017 yrs. on the experimental field of the Mykolaiv NAU. Studies have shown that the processes of accumulation of raw aboveground mass by plants of spring barley depended on the fertilizer variant and increased intensively from the phase of plant emergence into the tube before earing. In the Aeneas variety, in the earing phase, an increase in the studied indicator was observed compared to the previous phase of plant development by 726–923 g/m2 or by 34.8–35.9 % depending on the way of nutrition. The accumulation of raw biomass by plants of the variety Aeneas, on average over the years of research, was greater than that of plants of other studied varieties. On average, over they ears of research, in the control of raw biomass of plants variety Aeneas in the phase of plants’ yield in the plant stooling has accumulated 896 g/m2, the earing phase – 1692 g/m2, and phase of full grainy grain – 976 g/m2, which is 5,4–6,4; 0,9–1,7 and 1,1–2,2 % which is more compared to the raw mass of plants of the Stalker and Aeneas varieties. The same trend was observed in other variants of the experiment. The largest amount of raw top mass of Aeneas variety was in the variant of fertilization with N30P30 and the biological preparation Escort-bio - 1543–2695 g/m2 depending on the phase of growth and development of plants. The process of accumulation of dry mass in the planting phase was slow. However, al ready from the phase of the plants’ we considered in the tube a significant difference depending on the nutrition of plants and the variety at 40.6–59.8; 43.3–62.2 and 35.4–55.5 %, with the advantage of the option N30P30 + Escort-bio.

15-21

Authors: N. Hrytsiuk, N. Plotnytska, T. Tymoshchuk, L. Dovbysh, L. Bondareva

A considerable limiting factor in growing high yields of winter wheat is the level of crops weediness. The system of prime tillage based on the crop biological peculiarities and segetal vegetation, preceding crops, as well as weather conditions plays a significant role in controlling the weediness of agrophytocenoses. The research was aimed at studying the quantitative and species composition of weed synusia of winter wheat depending on the main tillage. A long-term stationary experiment investigated into the influence of the main tillage on the weediness of the agrophytocenosis depending on stages of the development of winter wheat on BBCH scale. Over the years of the study, the largest number of weeds in the agrophytocenosis of winter wheat (52.7–81.4 pcs/m2) was observed in the main sprout phase, depending on the method of tillage. Ripping with a blade cultivator as well as disc plowing lead to an increase in weediness of agrophytocenosis of winter wheat by 30.2–40.6 %, respectively, compared to ploughing. With a not uniform depth ploughing, the amount of segetal vegetation in winter wheat crops increases by 54.4% compared to the soil cultivation by means of different ploughs. The change in the species composition of the segetal component of the agrophytocenosis of winter wheat in the main sprout phase (BBCH 31–39) depending on the method of basic tillage has been observed. Nine species of annual weeds identified were represented by four biological groups: early spring weeds – Chenopodium album L.; late spring weeds – Setaria glauca L., Amaranthus retroflexus L.; wintering – Centaurea cyanus L., Matricaria perforata Merat.; winter – Bromus secalinus L. and Apera spic-aventi L. Among the perennial weeds, root species such as Convolvulus arvensis L. and Sonchus arvensis L. were widespread. The dominant species in the structure of the weed group were Bromus secalinus L. (20–22 %) and Apera spic-aventi L (40–47 %).

29-35

Authors: U. Karbivska

The most optimal sowing period was determined in one of the experiments with winter barley for the conditions of the southern Steppe zone of Ukraine, such as the 2nd decade of October. At the same time, during sowing in the 1st decade of October, the average grain yield over the years of cultivation, for varieties and preparations from pre – sowing seed treatment increased by 13.7 %, for sowing in the 2nd decade it Legume-cereal grass mixtures cause alkalization of sod-podzolic soils by slow recovering of soil microorganism activity by root excreta and plant residues. Research purpose was to study the influence of legume-cereal grass mixtures composition and fertilizers on accumulation of root mass and symbiotic nitrogen in sod-podzolic surface-gleyed soil during 2015–2018. Analysis of research results showed that in variants without fertilizers yield capacity of legume-cereal grass mixtures was fluctuated in the range of 7.23–7.54 t/ha of dry mass. Accumulation of roots in 0–20 cm layer of soil was 7.43 t/ha, which indicates the formation of strong turf upon the years of research. Introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (Р60К60) helps to increase the yield capacity of legume-cereal mixtures up to 2 %. Accumulation of root mass increased upon the years of research irrespectively from fertilizer application and composition of legumes and grass mixtures. The highest amount of root mass was in variant with Lotus corniculatus-cereal grass mixture and applying of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (P60K60) – 7.77 t/ha. Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Galega orientalis showed significantly less root mass accumulation. Nutrient content of root mass in 0–20 cm layer of the soil averaged over the years of research was nitrogen – 1.00-1.54 %, phosphorus – 0.19–0.22 %, potassium – 0.85–0.87 %. Formation of symbiotic apparatus in legume crops highly dependent on: fertilizer application, biological features of plant growth and development. These features also have an influence on symbiotic nitrogen accumulation over the years of their cultivation. Received experimental data demonstrate expediency of fertilizer application upon the cultivation of legume-cereal grass mixtures on Precarpathian sod-podzolic soils and importance of further research to improve the technology of their cultivation.

41-49

Authors: A. Melnyk, M. Tereshchenko, O. Sharapaniuk

Effective growing of horticultural products is achieved by the protection against extreme factors, such as hail and sunburn, which becomes especially relevant in the face of climate change. The article highlights the effect of the black anti-hail net on the yield and quality of the fruit in the irrigated apple orchard on the dwarf rootstock. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of hail protection and to improve the quality of apples by a rational soil management system in the inter-rows and the strips in the tree rows. The studies were conducted in a fruitful orchard with a 4×1 m planting scheme and the formation of trees by a slender spindle type. The soil management system in the inter-rows was the following: a grass mowed stripe, herbicide fallow in the inter-rows, spring mulching with a two-layer agro-cloth of 30+50 g/m2 density (a white side up) and a light-reflective film in the tree-strips one meter wide spread one month before harvesting. After flowering, a black anti-hail net with 0.3×0.3 cm cells and a density of 0.08 kg/m2 was deployed above the tree crowns at a height of 3.4 m. It has been found out that a black anti-hail net has a negligible effect on the productivity of irrigated apple-tree orchards of cv. Jonagold (Wilmuta) on M.9 T337 rootstock, but the total yield of trees under the net was 4.1 % lower. Among the studied methods of soil retention, it was 5.8 % higher in the plots with grass mowed inter-rows as compared with black fallow, but regularities in high-yield seasons were not established. In the first year, 64.8 % were more productive areas with grass mowed inter-rows, and in the next year – on the contrary - steam-planted plantations were a third more productive. Crop capacity does not depend much on the mulching of the strips in the tree rows with agro-cloth or light-reflective films. In general, under black fallow or grass-mowed alleys and herbicide fallow in the tree rows, the yield amounts to 41.7–42.7 t/ha with or without the anti-hail net. The apple-fruit weight under the net is lower by 1.4 % and it does not depend much on the inter-row management, but apples are larger under mulching of the around-trunk stripes. The output of the marketable fruit under the net is lower by 1.8–2.2 %, the marketability is higher by 4.7–10 % under black fallow in the around-trunk stripes.

59-64

Authors: O. Vasylyshуna

Cherry fruits are appreciated because they contain vitamins, a unique blend of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. However, term of their consumption is limited by the period of their maturation, so today we are looking for new storage technologies. The purpose of the research conducted during 2016−2019 years on the basis of L.P. Simirenko Pomology Experimental Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, was to determine the effect of pre-treatment with chitosan solutions (1 %) and with chitosan(1 %) with salicylic acid (100 mg/l) to change the content of ascorbic acid, tannins and coloring matter, and antioxidant activity of the cherry fruit Alpha and Artemenko Pamiat varieties during storage. As a result of research was identified, that during the storage of fruits cherries the content of ascorbic acid decreases to 41 and 47,4 %; tannins and coloring matter - to 14,1−14,9 % and antioxidant activity to 39−41 %. Using the pre-treatment of the cherry fruit by a solution of chitosan, the loss of ascorbic acid content are reduced to 36,1−33,3 %; tannins and coloring matter to 9,4−12,2 %; and antioxidant activity 28−30 %. The lowest losses were observed for cherry fruits treated by solution of chitosan with salicylic acid, in the content of ascorbic acid to 18,3−19,8 %, tannins and coloring matter to 8,2−9,5 %, and antioxidant activity 25−26 %. Between cherry fruit antioxidant activity and the content of tannins and coloring matter as well ascorbic acid were founded strong correlations with correlation coefficients r=0,93 r=0,98. The perspective of further research is studying the effect of pre-treatment by solution of chitosan with salicylic acid for the cherry fruits during storage and change their antioxidant composition.

73-81

Authors: Yu. Siruk, R. Zinkevich

The mobile application "RELASCOPE+" was developed and tested in order to automate and expedite the determination of the stand density index in the forest to make decisions on the purpose of a series of forestry activities. To determine the need for sanitary felling on the basis of measurements on relascopic sample plots was the main problem. The fundamental difference between the operation of the mobile application, unlike the foreign counterparts, was not the simple calculation of basal area of trees on sample plots, but with the simultaneous distribution of accounting trees by species and sanitary conditions categories. Therefore, it was decided to use the smartphone directly as a counter. To clarify the correctness of the determination of the composition, stand density index and volume, 4 sample plots of rectangular shape were specially laid, where a complete enumeration was made and measurements were additionally made on 16 relascopic sections. In addition, a complete enumeration of trees with sanitary conditions categories was carried out on one site, after which measurements were made on relascopic sample plots using the "RELASCOPE+" application. It was possible to complete the field works almost five times faster without any camera work, when determining the basal area by the method of relascope measurement, using relascope coefficient (BAF) = 1 and the mobile application "RELASCOPE+". A certain decrease of the stand density index was observed in comparison with the complete enumeration method from 4 to 20 %, when applying the method of relascope measurement. The express method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy in determining the sanitary condition. We believe that this express method should be further introduced into production as an alternative way of determining needs for the appointment of an appropriate type of sanitary felling, considering that the use of the proposed method of determining the of basal area and volume per 1 ha in the categories of tree sanitary condition, is capable of reducing labor and time consumption. In the process of carrying out by relascope measurement using a smartphone, it was decided to refine the model of relascope by changing the method of attachment and distance to the eyes. A prospect for further studies is to justify the use of the relascope coefficient, depending on the mean diameter and the stand density index.

89-96

Authors: M. Pelekhaty, V. Kobernuk, M. Osypenko

The Holstein cow breed is one of the best breeds for dairy farming. However, the effective use of this breed has not been studied, especially the economically useful features of cows. The purpose of the study was to investigate the parameters of dairy productivity of the first-born cows at different ages of fertile insemination and live weight. The article examines the parameters of dairy productivity and reproductive capacity of the first–born cows of Holstein breed. The research found that first–born cows are generally characterized by high milk productivity and specific (typical) Holstein breed ability. The analysis of dairy productivity of the first–born cows according to the age of their fertile insemination showed that for the parameters of dairy productivity and reproductive capacity of three groups (early age: up to 15 months, optimal age: 15– 19 months, late age: older than 19 months) preferred are animals with optimal fertility age of 15–19 months. For 10 traits of 19, the difference between their maximum and minimum values is significant (P<0.05–0.001). The study conducted the analysis of economically useful traits of the first–born cows of three mass categories (insufficient: up to 375 kg, average: 375–450 kg, high: more than 450 kg) in fertile insemination. When comparing the parameters of the three groups, a great advantage of animals weighing more than 450 kg in fertile insemination was significant, they were dominated by peers in case of milk yield, milk fat and protein content, relative milk yield, lactation value, and the rate of lactation constancy at a highly significant difference (td =2.67–14.77, Р <0.05–0.001), but were slightly inferior in reproduction ability. Further studies will focus on the study of the morphological properties of udders and the duration of economic use of modern dairy cows.

105-110

Authors: F. Markov, E. Galev, A. Pitsil, M. Shvets

The area of Zhytomyr is 6083 hectares and the area in the urban system is 4229.8, which is about 69.5 % of the total area of the city. The system of urban green areas of Zhytomyr includes three groups of plantations: green areas for public use, restricted use, and special purpose. These plantations have not been inventoried for more than 35 years. Currently, almost all elements of the green zone of the city have indicators below the norm, especially in terms of beautification. Only 135.0 ha, 40.3 % of public use green areas, have a proper level of beautification. The authors recommend to include in the city master plan the inclusion of coastal stripes, partially water protection zones of all rivers in the structure of separate objects of landscape architecture, mainly landscape parks, improve the location of such facilities throughout the city because most of the residential areas in the center of the city do not have enough recreational areas (parks, squares). Zhytomyr is located in the Polissya climatic zone, the area under forest is 29 %. For the existing population of 270.9 thousand people, 44.7 thousand hectares of green area forests are needed, of which the municipal forests will be 5.4 thousand hectares. The territory of most industrial enterprises has 20 % of green areas, institutions and organizations of defense have 40 %. Of the requirements for urban green areas, the highest priority should be given to the regulatory level of landscaping both within urban areas and beyond. The level of the green area of the territory of most schools, kindergartens, public institutions, hospitals meets the normative indicators. There are 62.0 hectares of forest plantation within the railroad drainage area, about 2.0 hectares of open land with herbaceous vegetation. The authors noted that plantations along the railway are of great importance for the formation and contemplation of landscapes, so plantations and dendrological composition should take into account these circumstances. The composition of herbaceous vegetation should be regulated by the necessary care, the harmful weed species, especially the quarantine species, should not be allowed to reproduce. At present, there are no sanitary protection zones of enterprises, about 15 % of the area of 1–2-storey buildings are located in the contamination zones of harmful emissions of enterprises, which must be taken into account when creating green spaces, constructions of these plantations and selection of the necessary range of trees, shrubs, lawns.