Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique

14-23

Authors: Ruslan Hryshchuk, Olga Hryshchuk

The problem of cyber security in the era of the creation of quantum computers is of particular relevance. Specifically, the data are at risk which are confidential or whose value depends on their integrity. In order to find a way out of the situation which happened in the article, a thorough comprehensive analysis of the current state of the known cryptosystems was carried out, based on a systematic approach. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of models of cryptosystems which were created on the basis of cognitive cryptography are stated, the theory of dynamic chaos, constructive, quantum and post-quantum cryptography. The issue of cryptosystem models based on DNA algorithms is also raised, proxy cryptosystem models, attribute cryptosystems, packet and non-commutative cryptography. As a result of the research, it was found out that the greatest interest in terms of security today is integral cryptography. The lack of scientifically justified models of cryptosystems based on integrated cryptography has led to the development of one of these models. The model is developed on the basis of the proposed concept, which is based on the main principals of integral cryptography. As a result of the research, a generalized model of the cryptosystem was developed, which in the future is proposed to be called the cryptosystem of Fredholm. It is shown that the essence of the encryption and decryption procedures is reduced to solving the direct and inverse problem, which is described by the integral equation of Fredholm of the first-order. The article emphasizes in particular that compared to the known models of cryptosystems, the proposed model has a number of significant advantages. The first advantage is the guaranteed theoretical and practical cryptostability, which is due to the incorrectness of the inverse decryption problem. The second advantage of the proposed model is the absence of effective algorithms for cryptanalysis due to the lack of prevalence of integral cryptography in modern cyber security systems. The developed model serves the theoretical basis for the further development of appropriate cryptographic algorithms and research of their security parameters.

32-43

Authors: Mykhailo Tyhanskyi, Andrii Partyka, Rostyslaw Krysko

Using of traditional logic elements in digital electronics has ensured the development of a wide range of electronic devices for many years. In parallel, research and development of logical elements are carried out on the basis of other non-traditional physical phenomena or effects, in particular logic elements based on the phenomenon of superconductivity, the prospect of which is the use of very small energy consumption and ultrahigh performance. For superconducting logic elements, using various Josephson cryoelectronic structures, known as Josephson cryotrons, based on the stationary and non-stationary effects of Josephson. On the basis of the Josephson cryotrons, one can create Josephson elements of computer memory, and Josephson elements of digital logic. The main requirements for the Josephson cryotrons are a stable operating mode and high speed or short switching time. Information about the mode of operation and the speed give us the transition characteristics of the cryotrons - the time dependence of the voltage on the cryotron while changing its logical state, which can be obtained either experimentally, or theoretically. This work aims at a search for new ways of increasing the switching rate of digital logical operators by employing physical structures other than the traditional semiconductor-based schemes. We propose the principles of designing digital logical operators based on Josephson cryotrons, whose operation utilizes the stationary and dynamical Josephson effects, and describe the operational principles of the logical elements “AND” and “OR” bases on tunneling Josephson junctions “superconductor-insulator-superconductor”. Our proposed mathematical models for the commutation processes in such logical elements allowed us to calculate their transition characteristics during the switching and to determine the main parameters in such models. It was shown that the logical elements “AND” and “OR” can be implemented on individual cryotrons and that their logical state can be controlled by input signals in a form of current pulses. Such logical elements meet all the requirements for digital logical elements and have switching time of about 2-3 ps, which indicates their significantly increased switching rate

54-61

Authors: Andrii Bondarchuk, Zoreslava Brzhevska, Nadiia Dovzhenko, Anatoliy Makarenko, Valentin Sobchuk

Sensor networks are one of the most relevant and promising technologies for wide application in various spheres of human life. Relatively inexpensive components, namely, sensor nodes are combined into one network. Due to the use of a significant number of nodes, in addition to the overall impact on functionality, this also leads to a decrease in the reliability of the network. Wireless connectivity has a number of limitations when it comes to the direct connection to the public communications network or the next-generation networks with optical components. For example, the relatively small distance to send information between constituent components. It follows next idea -sooner or later there will be the denial of nodes, which will lead to the isolation of other sensors. To avoid this, or at least to ensure the network connectivity during a failover, more nodes on a separate site need to be used. Also, due to the presence of connectivity between touch nodes, there are a number of general features that should be taken into account when designing such a network and deploying it in real-world conditions. One of these tasks is to ensure the accuracy of packets of information’s transfer between the sensor nodes, as violations of its integrity, quality, reliability and safety can lead to serious consequences. Due to insignificant volumes of memory, sensor nodes are not able to capture data about all nodes, their physical addresses, metrics for the fastest transmission of information packets. In view of this, the number of requests for the same node may exceed the critical rate at a certain time. However, there may also be a situation where a node that has not been earlier tested can be connected to the network. In this case, the question of the authenticity of the data that will circulate in the network from a similar, hidden node to others is sharply raised. Therefore, it is necessary to study the existing and the introduction of new algorithms for the transmission of information in the presence of hidden nodes in wireless sensory networks at the present stage of development.

72-84

Authors: Mariya Nazarkevych, Yaroslav Voznyi, Oksana Troyan

Image filtering attempts to achieve greater resolution. There is a large number of filters that allows you to bring images with clear borders. In addition, noise is present when digitizing images. One of the most common types of filtering is the Gabor filter. It allows you to restore the image with the contour allocation at a certain frequency. Its core looks like elements of the Fourier basis, which is multiplied by Gaussian. The widespread use of Gabor filters for filtration is due to the fact that it gives a strong response at those points of the image where there is a component with local features of frequency in space and orientation. It is proposed to use the Ateb-Gabor filter, which greatly expands the well-known Gabor filter. The Ateb-Gabor filter combines all the properties of a harmonic function, which is multiplied by Gaussian. As a harmonic function, it is proposed to use the Ateb-functions that greatly extend the trigonometric effect. The developed filter is applied to the images. The Ateb-Gabor filter depends on the frequency and directions of the quasiperiodic structure of the image. Usually, to simplify the task, the average image frequency is calculated. It is unchanged at every point. Filtration of images is based on the generalized Ateb-Gabor filter. Influence of filtering parameters on images is investigated. The properties of periodic Ateb-functions are investigated. The value of the period from which the filtering results depend on is calculated. Ateb-Gabor filtering allowed for wider results than the classic Gabor filter. The one-dimensional Gabor filter based on the Ateb-functions gives the possibility to obtain more lenient or more convex forms of function at the maximum described in this study. In this way, filtration with a large spectrum of curves can be realized. This provides quick identification, since a more versatile kind of filtering has been developed.

90-103

Authors: Volodymyr Astapenya, Volodymyr Sokolov, Mahyar TajDini

The widespread use of wireless technologies leads to an ever-increasing number of users and permanently functioning devices. However, the growth of the number of wireless users in a limited space and a limited frequency range leads to an increase in their mutual influence, which ultimately affects the throughput of wireless channels and even the performance of the system as a whole. The article presents the statistics and tendencies of the distribution of wireless networks of the IEEE 802.11 standard systems, as well as analyzes the main problems that arise during the expansion of their use. Substantiation and choice of ways to overcome these difficulties largely depends on the objective control of radiation parameters of access points and subscriber funds in a particular environment. The review of the state control facilities provided by the developers of the equipment is presented, and author's variants of experimental measuring complexes are offered, allowing to control signal and information parameters of Wi-Fi systems. The experimental results obtained with the use of the indicated means, obtained using the accelerating metal-plate lens as an additional autonomous element for focusing the field, including for MIMO systems, the effect of the accelerating metal-plate lens on the spatial distribution of the field, on the spectral structure of the signal are presented. In addition, polarization effects were investigated. Possible ways to further increase the availability, integrity of information and energy efficiency of wireless access systems are discussed. The authors propose simpler and less costly options for increasing the direction of radiation on the basis of an accelerating metal-plate lens, experimentally tested, as well as the use of zone zoning on the path of the computer.