The Problems of Economy

4-12

Authors: Grytsulenko S. I.

In the face of increased competition in the world market, the issue of assessing the factors of influence on the technological development of the world countries is actualized. To this end, the article measures the indicators of patent activity in the context of individual regions and countries of the world, together with technological areas, using the patent statistics databases. According to the results of the research, the following main conclusions are made: – a noteworthy feature of modernity is the dynamic growth of patent activity (+42% for 2012-2021) as a significant criterion for technological development of the world countries; – in particular, the active patent position of three Asian countries (China, Japan, South Korea: a combined share of 54.1% of PCT applications in 2021) provided them with leading positions in the international patenting of inventions, as well as control over large niches of the global market in the field of computer (31.4%) and digital (26.7%) technologies, as well as electrical machine-building (20.2%); – the first-rank status belongs to China, which in both computer (15.6%), and digital technologies (15.2%) is ahead of even the United States (12.4% and 9.7%, respectively), where these technologies de facto originated; – a significant sphere of U.S. interests in the global market are also medical technologies (10.8%), while for Germany it is energy (10.3%) and transport (9.6%); – however, Ukraine has no place on the world technological map, as indicated by almost zero share of patent activity (0.06% in 2012; 0.05% in 2021) and its negative dynamics (–17%). Taking into account the extremely negative assessments obtained for Ukraine, which is a contradiction with the global tendency, the need to raise patent activity appears a key task of technical and technological reconstruction of the economy.

22-31

Authors: Kornіvska V. O.

The article is aimed at characterizing the modern crisis caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war as part of the profound world transformation process, and theoretical-methodological substantiating of the financial mechanisms for stabilization and recovery of the Ukrainian economy. As a result of the carried out study, it is shown that the current crisis in Ukraine is a component of the global transformational transition against the background of the formation of the information and digital economy. On the surface of economic phenomena, this transition is presented as: destabilization as result of the conflict adaptation of the networked person and the social simplification of the classical market entity; the clash of the fading liberal model of the world order and the beginnings of a new digital society; the crisis of globalization and localization. The stages of the unfolding crisis of globalization and localization are the following: the global financial and economic collapse of 2007-2009, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021, the stage of maximum entropy during the Russian military aggression against Ukraine in 2022. In the context of the crisis of globalization and localization, the role of the State-owned institutions is growing, which absorb global fluctuations and take maximum responsibility for themselves, creating risks for the formation of authoritarian societies. Simultaneously, with the crisis uncertainty growing, this is the most likely option to ensure relative stability and consistency. Financial mechanisms for stabilization and recovery of the Ukrainian economy should be implemented on the basis of the use of digital technologies to ensure supply and demand through the introduction of digital currency, the institution of unconditional income, the development of programs for automatic assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises in the context of crisis, the creation of financial development institutions in the format of a digital bank. Digital technologies will increase the risks of final leveling of market principles of economic activity and cause excessive overregulation, so further research in this direction will be focused on minimizing the risks of totalitarianization of the financial space in the digital economy.

39-46

Authors: Dmytryshyn L. I., Romanchukevych M. Y.

The labor market is one of the main and most complex elements of a market economy. It is a system of organization of wage labor based on market laws, which includes employers who demand labor, employees who form the supply of labor in this market, as well as mechanisms and institutions to reconcile the interests of workers and employers. The purpose of the article is a statistical and expert analysis of the labor market in Ukraine and the formation of promising areas of its development in terms of postwar expectations and the impact of global processes. Statistical analysis of the main indicators of the labor market showed that the share of employees and the wage fund by type of economic activity are approximately the same. While the level of average wages in Ukraine differs significantly from them by type of economic activity. This is the reason for the formation of demand for the relevant professions. Based on expert analysis, it is established that the most popular in Ukraine are specialties in the field of services. There are significant differences in the expectations of employers and the wishes of job seekers. There is a shortage of staff and a gradual alleviation of the problem of ageism. Globalization processes have shifted the importance of the profession towards the acquired skills. On the one hand, the acceleration of automation and the growth of cyber risks have increased the interest of employers in such new specialties related to artificial intelligence. On the other hand, skills such as critical thinking, the ability to analyze, the ability to solve problems, the ability to learn, endurance, resilience to stress, flexibility become more relevant. Russia's military aggression has changed the list of professions that will be most in demand in the postwar period. The main professional directions for the reconstruction of the country's economy are analyzed. These include both highly intelligent (engineers, architects, doctors, lawyers, psychologists, programmers, managers and marketers) and working professions.

58-65

Authors: Matiichuk L. P.

The ways of implementing the main principles of functioning of the gas market in Ukraine according to the European scenario are outlined. It was determined that Ukraine currently applies such cooperation systems with the European Association of Gas Transmission System Operators EU – ENTSO-G and the European Association of Electric Network Operators EU – ENTSO-S. The challenges facing the gas industry have been clarified, including: gas distribution and gas supply companies have mainly carried out a formal separation of spheres of activity, remaining in fact the property of the same shareholders and vertically integrated enterprises; preferential pricing of natural gas for specific categories of consumers (population, heat supply companies, religious organizations) in combination with a special regime of guaranteed supply creates prerequisites for the accumulation of debts and manipulations at the level of gas distribution and gas supply companies; incompleteness of the process of establishing gas accounting systems and the existence of normative consumption volumes leaves opportunities for manipulations, abuses and debt formation between market participants, primarily gas distribution companies to the operator; instability in the natural gas market is one of the reasons that stand in the way of increasing domestic production and, accordingly, reducing dependence on imports; there is a constant threat of termination of the transit of Russian gas through the territory of Ukraine after the expiration of the current contracts between the Russian Gazprom and Naftogaz of Ukraine, which will bring significant changes to the operation of the gas transportation system. The structure of the gas sector, which covers the management of the corporation Naftogaz of Ukraine, is structurally connected with the state gas production company JSC "Ukrgazvydobuvannya" and the operator of gas storage facilities is studied. Several criteria have been allocated that will contribute to ensuring the appropriate level of security of the natural gas market in Ukraine, among which we can highlight the following: the low purchasing power of consumers. Several crises have been noted, consistently accompanied by the growth rates of prices and tariffs for energy resources. The direction of increasing own production of natural gas in Ukraine is provided for in the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030. The basis in this direction should be an exploration for finding and extracting shale gas deposits. It should be noted that the oil and gas mining industry is characterized by several differences, primarily in the analysis and evaluation of the efficiency of investment projects. The use of the systematicity of energy security criteria of the oil and gas segment will provide an opportunity for the subjects of these market structures to dynamize the relevant components to obtain an energy effect, with the subsequent activation of mechanisms for adapting the entire system to new operating conditions. In summary, it should be noted that a system is understood as a certain number of interconnected elements that interact with each other and form the integrity and expediency of their existence in terms of synergy. The application of systematicity allows solving the long-term strategy and sustainability of energy security with the possibility of consistency of goals, balanced energy policy, and institutional transformation of the system. The synergy of the system will take place under the condition of adequate assessment of the main components for their functional purpose. The use of the systematicity method involves a description of possible changes in the structure of the energy sector system of Ukraine, namely: a gradual change in the ownership of energy sector assets, an increase in the share of the private sector in the functioning of the country's energy sector.

76-82

Authors: Holovnia O. M., Potapov V. P.

The article discloses the importance of cross-border cooperation of Ukrainian rural areas in the context of convergence-integration processes in Ukraine in the context of the European vector of development of foreign economic relations. The regulatory framework and peculiarities of such cooperation are analyzed on the example of Zakarpatska Oblast. The means of increasing the efficiency of cooperation in order to deepen and develop the cross-border economic ties are proposed. Modern European countries are in a state of constant integration changes due to globalization and great interdependence, especially in the economic sense. Thus, cross-border cooperation is an important component of convergence processes, which largely shapes the agenda of European integration of our country. Ukraine has significant potential in the agricultural sector, cooperation with European neighbors in rural areas and agricultural districts deserves attention and a detailed study. In addition, a qualitatively new cross-border zone with the Member States of the European Union is being formed. Therefore, it is considered expedient to research the processes of interpenetration and integration of Ukrainian rural areas next to the State border. Recently, Ukraine has been distributing and implementing initiatives and projects aimed at strengthening Ukraine’s relations with neighboring countries, in particular with the European Union. To promote such cooperation in the border areas, the formation of appropriate infrastructure has begun, which is an important element for the successful implementation of the planned projects. The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union provides for a wide range of opportunities for the modernization of regional policy, the implementation of cross-border cooperation and the development of rural areas. At the same time, the integration and convergence of border rural areas is the key to strengthening trade, economic and other relations between the countries.

93-99

Authors: Kondratenko N. O., Сhechetova N. F., Obolentseva L. V., Krasnonosova O. M.

The article generalizes the theoretical and methodological bases of strategic planning for the development of regions of Ukraine and develops a mechanism for strategic planning (SP) for the development of territories. It is determined that strategic planning for the development of regions is a very important instrument of the State-based regulation, which helps to maintain all the necessary economic proportions, ensures the scheduled functioning of all parts of the economic system of society. For the Ukrainian economy, strategic planning is very relevant and important, as it allows predicting the processes of privatization and demonopolization, the formation of various forms of asset ownership, the consequences of technological renewal of production and much more. As the economy stabilizes, the possibilities of identifying trends and regularities of regional development spread, the degree of predictability of changes and behavior of various economic entities increases. It is noted that in modern regional management there is a shortage in scientific support of development conceptions, targeted planning of the regional economy. Insufficiently developed are technologies for the formation of scenarios for socioeconomic development, as well as instruments of public-private partnership. The issues of applied nature concerning the use in practice of strategic planning and the mechanism for forming a strategy for the socioeconomic development of the region require further theoretical and methodological development. It is concluded that the existing problems of increasing the efficiency of strategic planning for the development of Ukrainian regions can be solved on the basis of the introduction of an effective mechanism, which remains in its infancy today. The proposed mechanism of strategic planning for the development of territories will allow both in theory and in practice to improve the quality of life of the population, will affect the reduction of mortality rates, increase the level of ecological safety, promote the development of priority industries, and generally increase the competitiveness of regional economic systems.

108-116

Authors: Bondar-Pіdhurska O. V., Khomenko I. I.

The aim of the article is to study the scientific and methodological foundations of assessing the efficiency of the information security management process of small and medium-sized businesses and develop recommendations for improving its efficiency in the face of growing challenges and threats to cybersecurity and intellectual property. The main research methods were: analysis, synthesis, generalization, tabular, graphical, and integrated approach. The importance and necessity of timely assessment of the efficiency of the information security management process of small and medium-sized businesses due to the growing cyberthreats to their intellectual property as a basis for innovative development in a pandemic, war, digitalization was highlighted. The process of information security management for the protection of intellectual property (IPR) was substantiated as a reliable basis for innovative development of small and medium-sized businesses. Emphasis is placed on the growing importance, role and importance of cybersecurity for the functioning and development of small and medium-sized businesses in the face of new challenges and threats. A scientific and methodological approach to assessing the efficiency of the information security management process in the context of IPR protection of small and medium-sized enterprises in the conditions of a growing number of challenges and threats has been developed and proposed for use. Emphasis was placed on the expediency of a detailed study of directions for improving the regulatory framework for information security to protect the IPR of small and medium-sized businesses in the face of countering the cyber threats. Prospective directions of research on this issue were highlighted: development of information security strategy for IPR protection in the context of prevention of new challenges and threats; improving the organizational aspects of information security management for the protection of IPR; development of digital culture of small and medium-sized businesses as a factor in improving the efficiency of the information security management process in the face of digitalization challenges.

124-131

Authors: Yildirim O., Ilyash O. I., Khaustova V. Y., Celiksular A.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of employee’s emotional intelligence and work-related strain on anxiety and depression. In order to collect data, face-to-face questionnaires were administered to 210 healthcare workers who agreed to fill in the information required.The survey was conducted with the use of an easy sampling method. According to the findings: (1) the anxiety / depression (HAD) variable was positively affected by the work-related strain variable; (2) the HAD variable was negatively affected by emotional intelligence; (3)when HAD (a dependent variable) and two other variables (independent ones) were subjected to a stepwise multiple regression analysis, 45 % of the variance in the HAD variable was explained by the emotional intelligence and work-relatedstrain variables. The research was limited to 210 people working in health institutions operating in Istanbul region.

140-144

Authors: Doroshenko N. O., Kravchenko S. S.

The article examines the purpose, methods and tools of the monetary and credit policy of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is determined that the NBU is the main State-authorized institution in Ukraine, which is responsible for planning and implementing monetary and credit policy. Monetary and credit policy is a complex of measures in the field of money circulation and credit, which are intended to ensure the stability of the monetary unit of Ukraine due to the introduction of regulated by law funds and techniques. It is established that the financial sector is the key element of the national economy; its vital functions ensure the sustainable development of the economy, the creation and distribution of financial resources and services, the accumulation of investment capital, as well as the improvement of macroeconomic and monetary indicators. In today's harsh conditions such as: rising inflation, destruction of transport infrastructure, decline of business, reduction of sown areas, blockade of ports, devaluation of the UAH, growth of the budget deficit, issues of monetary regulation are becoming extremely important. The war projected on the country's economy, has become a difficult challenge for the National Bank in improving and adjusting the current monetary and credit policy, finding innovative mechanisms for its implementation. Carrying out an active foreign policy, attracting funds from the IMF, the World and European Banks, opening a special account to raise funds from individuals - these are some of the tools used by the NBU in wartime. On the other hand, the pressure on the world community is aimed at ending trade relations with the aggressor country, helping to minimize any attraction of funds into the Russian budget, thus depriving them of the opportunity to finance the war. Another important tool is the analysis of the world experience of countries in resolving the postwar crisis, and the adoption of their tools and mechanisms for economic recovery - all this is the purpose of this article.

163-174

Authors: Stoiko O. Y., Shubenko I. A.

The article is aimed at monitoring the main financial indicators of the activities of territorial communities and determining the directions for restoring their financial potential. The article specifies a positive dynamics of increasing the total revenues of local budgets of Ukraine for 2015-2021, except for 2020, which received the smallest amount of interbudgetary transfers to local budgets over the past five years. The tendency to increase the share of own revenues of local budgets (general fund without transfers) in GDP and revenues of the consolidated budget of Ukraine during 2015-2021 is identified, which indicates, on the one hand, the increase in the revenue base of local budgets, and on the other hand, a decrease in the concentration of financial resources at the central level. It is determined that the share of expenditures of local budgets in GDP and in the consolidated budget of Ukraine during 2015-2021 decreased, which indicates the dominant role of the State budget expenditures that provide funding for the national needs of socioeconomic development of our country. The revenues and expenditures of the general and special funds of local budgets of Ukraine for 2021 are analyzed, the excess of revenues over local budget expenditures this year has provided a surplus of these budgets. The structure of local budgets of Ukraine by types of revenues and by tax revenues is researched in the plane of regional budgets and budgets of territorial communities for January-December 2021. The proportion of own revenues and the general fund of oblasts in the total amount of revenues of local budgets in the plane of regions of Ukraine for January-November 2021 is analyzed. The dynamics of local budget revenues per capita in terms of regions of Ukraine for January-November 2020-2021 is examined, which indicates an increase in the financial potential of all regions of Ukraine for the specified period. The expenditures of local budgets (general and special funds) according to the functional classification for January-December 2021 are analyzed. The proportion of expenditures on the maintenance of local self-government bodies in the expenditures of the general fund of local budgets of Ukraine for January-November 2021 is analyzed. The carried out analysis of financial indicators for January-November 2021 showed the existence of a significant differentiation in the resource provision of regions and the ability to provide the necessary public services to the citizens in the relevant territories. It is determined that the main task of the State policy at the local level in the postwar period is to facilitate the restoration of the financial potential of the territories affected by hostilities and to provide their citizens with an adequate level of public services. The basic principles of restoration and development of Ukraine on the basis of the conception of sustainable development, the European Green Deal and taking into account the key role in this process of local self-government are distinguished.

184-191

Authors: Perehudova T. V.

Nowadays Ukrainian society is faced with a new problem of preserving social and economic capital, maintaining socioeconomic balance and forming strategies for the further postwar recovery of the country, which requires an assessment of the state of the national labor market with the development of proposals for supporting the employment of the population. Therefore, the article is aimed at evaluating the consequences of the war in Ukraine in terms of a decrease in the level of employment, determining the directions for preserving / creating jobs, taking into account the present conditions where Ukraine has to deal with military hostilities, taking into account the principles of forming a competitive economy. The article is concerned with outlining the main threats of war for the national labor market with the definition of the main directions of the employment support. The loss of labor potential is analyzed, which is one of the acute humanitarian problems. Based on the calculation of the coefficient of elasticity of employment, a forecast of a decrease in the level of employment in 2022 appears as a result of a decline in the economy because of military actions on the territory of Ukraine. The biggest drops in employment are possible with a 50% drop in GDP and an increased sensitivity between falling GDP and employment. Therefore, the State regulation of the labor market should take place taking into account the fact that during the recession it is necessary to reduce such sensitivity, and with the subsequent postwar recovery of the economy is important, on the contrary, to increase the sensitivity between GDP growth and employment to ensure maximum social and labor involvement of the population of Ukraine, which is quite possible with a large-scale reconstruction of the country and the development of the economy, which will be accompanied by an increase in demand for labor. Measures are proposed to support employment in accordance with the conditions of the national economy of wartime, which will contribute to an increase in the level of GDP and the level of income of the population. The role of non-standard forms of employment in coordinating the negative consequences of the economic crisis in Ukraine is determined. It is proposed to use such programs to protect wage recipients as «work-sharing», subsidization of wages, etc.