Tekhné

5

Authors: Thais Dubii, Sherline Chirinos, Yenny Galindez

The concept of sustainable development tries to establish methods, strategies and resources studying environmental education through a process of knowledge transfer. All this leads to work in order to satisfy the needs of knowledge, especially in the study of social transformations from theories, histories and political, economic, environmental, cultural and social evolution in the construction of the development paradigm. The objective is to link through the transfer of knowledge as a bridge for environmental education to raise awareness among children with the theme of Sustainable Development. Under a methodology: qualitative and a documentary review according to the knowledge generated about sustainable development and the need to promote education for sustainability, it is about establishing methods, strategies and resources that facilitate training from the perspective of diagnosis, prevention and correction of needs. This is a basis for innovative organizations that are developing knowledge management as the main challenge to improve part of the quality of life of citizens, where they understand the interaction between the natural, social and economic, through the promotion of quality of the environment and establishes strategies that facilitate environmental education. In this context, it must be conceived as a process that involves the dissemination of new ideas, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. This is where environmental nurseries enter as places that favor the conservation of economically active areas, from schools to common social spaces for the enjoyment and dissemination of knowledge. Therefore, it is concluded that children need to know and learn everything related to Sustainable Development through Nurseries and identify the Importance in the Environment as they can plant and harvest food for daily consumption in their Institutions and Homes.

7

Authors: Arnoldo José Gabaldon

Policy and development, goes hand by hand. Development implies the enhancement of people through multiple dimensions, one which is ecological sustainability. Sustainable development is not possible without individual liberties, but facts had showed that are democratic governments the ones that assure a maximum amount of liberties. But not all democracies present equal qualities in its performances. The democratic systems in Latin America show a lot of faults, which impede a clear approximation to a sustainable development. The combat against climatic change needs more efficient global governance, and as a result the democratic systems world around, confronts a very serious challenge. For Venezuela to reach a sustainable development it is urgent to reestablish its democracy. In that context are necessary well planned political and institutional reforms. This includes a deep change of its economic model to abolish the petrostate.

9

Authors: Yazenia Frontado, Yuherqui Guaimaro, Maria Graciela Flores

Today's society demands coherent and sensitized professionals to the main problems presented by cities. In this sense, universities must link the educational process of the student with their environment through an active, integrated and constructive learning process, for which it is necessary to break the paradigms of traditional teaching. The Metropolitan University, through the execution of the Community Service projects, has empowered the students to learn by doing, using the methodology of Problem Based Learning or ABP. The objective of the study is to design proposals to improve the quality of life in favor of the creation of sustainable cities, detecting the main problems in certain communities and generating different technical and economically feasible solution alternatives. This is how the students, divided into multidisciplinary teams, managed to replicate their knowledge to the communities and carried out projects with proposals for social and technical improvements (engineering type) that were delivered to the communities and the corresponding authorities (City Halls and municipalities) for their execution. All this in hand, not only of the teacher guides, who facilitated the use of the student-centered learning method, which constituted a paradigm shift; but of urban actors that like the communities impacted by the projects or like the Non-Governmental Organizations that accompanied the process, offered the opportunity to structurally strengthen the relationship between university and city, which aimed towards the achievement of Objective 11 of the Sustainable Development on Cities and Sustainable Communities.

10

Authors: Rafael Muñíz

The increase in the economic benefit and the continuous growth that characterize the current capitalist model have required the incorporation of science and technology in the productive sphere. This type of knowledge is assimilated within guidelines imposed by the system itself and usually contributes to its stability. The logic of profit conditions contemporary technology, whose essential feature is to achieve a permanent innovation in scientific development with the purpose of achieving a continuous growth that is reflected in the GDP of the nations. Such technological paradigm persists despite its high economic, social, political and environmental costs that are evident in developing countries and also extends to developed countries where there is a very close relationship between economic growth and the level of inequality in society. Since the beginning of the 70s a new model of scientific practice has been proposed that persists up to the present, based on a determined rationality and that offers an attractive perspective to promote the autonomous and appropriate development of third world societies. The proposal of Appropriate Technology appears as a response to the crisis of current societies by proposing a profound change at the level of technologies, their process of creation and their social use and is focused on providing an answer to the problems of current industrial societies through the creation of freer societies in harmony with their environment. The present work shows several examples of application of this type of technologies and proposes a methodology that includes criteria and design procedures for possible products and services that serve as a seedbed of projects to stimulate the development of small businesses in low-income communities resources in harmony with their environment.

11

Authors: Heriberto Echezuría

The importance of the scaling phase in the research process is highlighted attending the case of the US Patent 6491100, which maximizes the volume injected in a clay profile. During the scaling phase of such patent it was found that there existed several unexpected engineering conditions which limited the complete achievement of the already mentioned objective. It was verified in this phase that the behavior of the soil mass was similar to that of an anchor located at the same depth. It was also established that the minimum viscosity which allows maximizing the bulb within the soil mass is different than that which allows the formation of the bulb. Similarly, given that the process is a no mass compensation one, it was possible to determine the correlation between ground heave, depth of bulb and injected volume. This allows planning depth of injection to minimize disturbance in ground surface. All these findings allowed differentiating this process from others existing in the literature, which allowed the patent conferral.

14

Authors: Iselen Trujillo, Orquídea Pérez, Adriana Silvia, M Perdomo, F Rojas

The instructional modules are instructional materials that facilitate the teaching and learning process, which contain elements necessary for the acquisition of competences at the participant's pace, without the continuous face-to-face element of the facilitator. The objective of this work was the elaboration of instructional modules that allow the strengthening of capacities in the different actors of rural communities, through the exchange and socialization of knowledge related to the environment. For the design of the instructional material, several stages were considered, so as to make it as accessible as possible to the whole learning community, including: a) Expansion and search of information; b) Participatory construction of instructional design; c) Collective construction of instructional modules structured on information sheets and teamwork on various aspects related to the environment and d) Process of validation of the material with different actors of communities, technicians and researchers. As a result, instructional materials have been obtained titled: "Organic farming as an agro-ecological alternative in school gardens"; "Integral management of solid waste in Galipán"; "At IDECYT we take advantage of our waste"; "Climate change has arrived! Future options", which constitute a series of materials derived from master's thesis and research projects, aimed at communities in the areas where they were developed, which have favored the consolidation of their training in topics related to the topics mentioned. The validation of the material was carried out by representatives of the different communities where this alternative was used, which were involved in the different research projects carried out, in addition to the one carried out by experts and technicians, which allowed to evaluate the congruence, adequacy and consistency of the contents for the approach of diverse subjects related to the environment. All the research where this resource was used as an alternative of learning, yielded successful results for the management of environmental education in the learning communities where the research was developed.