Bylye Gody

15-28

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The paper examines the history of the Cherkasov family from Kereti during the period of the Muscovite Kingdom. The attention is given to the first five generations in the history of the family, who lived in the period from 1570 to 1725. The source base of our research is based on archival materials from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow, Russian Federation), as well as the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation). In conclusion, the author states that the history of the Cherkasovs from Kereti today has 17 generations, which fell on the period from 1570 to the present. At the same time, the family history of the period of the Moscow Kingdom is only the first five generations (1570–1725): the initial chronological point is associated with the birth in 1570 in the Zaporozhian Sich (territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) of a Cossack named David (1st generation), and the final one with the death in 1725 of a representative of the 5th generation Prokopii Antonovich Cherkasov. With the death of Prokopii Antonovich, an entire epoch came to an end – an epoch in which a representative from the 2nd generation of the Cherkas Davydov family, the son, stays from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to the territory of the Moscow Kingdom, serves in its military formations and settles in Kereti. Cherkas's sons, who continued their father's work, also receive excellent military training. Cherkas' grandson Anton participates in the defense of the Solovetsky Monastery, and his great-grandchildren serve in the Streltsy army and take part in hostilities. During this era, all four generations of Cherkasovs from Kereti (2nd – 5th generations) were directly related to military service in the Muscovite Kingdom either as part of military men or as part of the Streletsky army. This allows us to talk about the Cherkasovs from Kereti as a family of sovereign servants of the period of the Moscow Kingdom.

40-47

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Evhenii M. Osadchyi

The publication analyzes a little-known Liubech plan described by Abraham van Westerveld in his report on Janusz Radziwiłł’s march to Kyiv in 1651. The latter was a Lithuanian hetman. The article concerns topographic drawings and geodetic tools used in that time. Modern topographic plans and early modern ones are compared (including respective mistakes). The drawing meets the West European cartographic school: orthogonal projection without decoration and description. It combines fortifications, separate buildings, infrastructure objects, etc. The plan is provided with a scale and English cardinal points. Such a draft was drawn by a skilled cartographer. The above-mentioned can determine the land survey, its methods and tools. The survey was conducted after the Liubech seizure by Janusz Radziwiłł. The geodesist could get acquainted with the object and determine the stages of plan creation. The work was completed properly. There was only one deviation on the plan: the corner tower orientation shift. Besides, several surveying techniques were applied to the plan, which confirms high skills of the geodesist. The plan is almost centered. No pasting or wall direction changing are detected. Such techniques are usable for surveying unknown objects. However, plan errors themselves are typical for surveying tools and methods of the 17th century. Unfortunately, such a plan was created in a single copy. Therefore, we cannot make any assumptions about its authors.

58-65

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky

The article examines the spread of French-language literature in the Russian Empire during the XVIII century, from Peter I to Paul I. The spread of French literature is characterized as an integral part of Gallomania, which spread throughout Europe (including the Russian Empire) during the period under study. The process of spreading and penetrating into the consciousness of both privileged and, later, wider segments of the population of the French language and French culture as an integral part of the Enlightenment is considered. This confirms the historiographical idea that the assimilation of the French language was an important component of a cultured, enlightened person of the era. It is indicated that contacts with booksellers and the possibility of independent selection of publications by agents contributed to the successful search for the best scientific and fiction literature from the numerous European "assortment" of book products. The activity of the St. Petersburg and Moscow academic shops is characterized as an important element of the distribution of printed publications not only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also in provincial cities of the Russian Empire. It was found that decisions on the transformation of the forms of sale of books (in particular, the decision to close the Moscow academic bookstore in 1760) did not lead to the cessation of the distribution of books; well-established links for the supply of literature continued to operate. It is shown that French–language works contributed to the popularization of enlightenment norms, the importance of education and – what was important for the transformation of educated Russians - humanistic values. The conclusion is made about the widespread and sustained interest of Russians in the French book in the post-Soviet era.

78-83

Authors: Natal'ya A. Shevchenko, Yulia V. Kapitanets, Galina M. Zinchuk, Lyudmila N. Tatarinova

This work is devoted to the biography of the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Cossack Army, Major General, as well as the outstanding writer Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko (1799–1862). The publication is timed to the 225th anniversary of his birth. As a source, we used information from the pre-revolutionary “Military Encyclopedia”, as well as materials about the ancestral home of ataman Yakov Kukharenko. In conclusion, the authors state that among the atamans of the Black Sea (Kuban) Cossack army, Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko was a special person who combined not only military and administrative talents, but also creative ones. Coming from a Cossack officer family, he joined the Black Sea Cossack Army at the age of 15 and took an active part in the Caucasian War (1801–1864), the Russian-Turkish War (1828–1829) and the Crimean Company (1853–1856) for the first 25 years of his service. According to historians, he took part in 44 battles and military affairs. In 1852–1856, he reached the peak of his military career – he received the rank of major General and became the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Cossack army. However, Major General Y.G. Kukharenko is known not only for this, but also for his creative activity. From his pen came a number of works that had important ethnographic significance for the study of the life of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, the first settlers to the Kuban Plain in the late XVIII century. This was Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko – a brilliant officer and a talented writer.

95-107

Authors: Tatiana N. Goncharova

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828–1829, which became the final stage of the Eastern crisis provoked by the Greek struggle for independence, the imperial cabinet perceived France as a potential support against the hostility of England and Austria. Appointed ambassador to Russia, general Casimir de Mortemart, was instructed to join emperor Nicholas I on the Balkan front in May 1828. He remained there five months and wrote 32 dispatches, hardly considered by historians to this day. Mortemart did not limit himself to mere observation, but also comments as an officer upon the miscalculations of the high command, which in the end deceived the hopes of the French government for a quick Russian victory over Turkey. He misses Napoleonic audacity in the conduct of operations. Moreover, he came to doubt the real forces and resources of the “northern colossus”, and warned his government against too many illusions. As a diplomat he takes a stronger view than his own government on the opportunity to support Russia against the British claim of a separation between the Balkan issue and the Greek one. Such an ambassador, who appears both as a would-be general-in-chief of the Russian army and would-be French minister of foreign affairs cannot but provide a specially interesting testimony.

115-128

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is dedicated to a well-known yet not specifically studied event, the arrest of Khivan subjects in the Russian Empire in 1836. Different authors offer diametrically opposed interpretations of this event: thus, the Russian researcherR.Yu. Pochekaev views it as an act of self-defense caused by the Khiva-inspired attacks on the Russian subjects, but the British researcher A. Morrison considers it the first step towards the escalation of a conflict which ended with the Khivan campaign. We will consider this event from the point of view of microhistory rather than the history of states and regions, concentrating the attention on the individual strategies and fates of different people connected with the arrest of Kvivans, and in doing so we will rely on archive materials, predominantly the documentation of the Orenburg Border Commission. In the second part of the article, the author comes to four main conclusions. First, the attitude of the Orenburg authorities towards the arrested Khivans was extremely negative, and the Orenburg Military Governor V.A. Perovsky was demonstrating blatant xenophobia, as a result of which even the mistakenly arrested Bukharians and “Kirgiztsy” (an erroneous term used by Russian officials of the time to call various native ethnicities of the region) were not released from Russian captivity. The Khivans were kept in a specially designated building and on extremely small funds, their visits with families were limited, and as a result, 43 of the arrested in Orenburg did not survive Russian captivity. Second, such an attitude towards the arrested Khivans was not universal for the Russian Empire: much better conditions were created for them in Astrakhan, first of all, by allowing them to live in appartements and by allocating them times more funds for daily expanses. Third, the arrest of Khivans didn’t give the results in terms of fighting the slave trade which G.F. Gens had hoped for: for the first two years, before Khiva learned about the impending military expedition against her, only 30 Russian subjects were released from Khivan captivity. And, finally, fourth, the Russian authorities were able to achieve success fighting Khivan slave trade in Middle Asia in 1820–1830s only by extremely brutal methods, the number of victims of which is comparable to the number of victims of said slave trade: in the case of the arrest of Khivans they, to free 30 Russian subjects, had to take no less than 400 hostages, of whom more than 40 died in captivity, and the military campaign to Khiva that allowed to free almost 500 slaves from there had cost, by various estimations, 1 000-3 000 dead Russian soldiers.

137-147

Authors: Alexander V. Golovinov, Egor A. Kulikov, Irina A. Anisimova

This work is aimed at studying the problems of the criminal-executive (penitentiary) policy of tsarism in the assessments of pre-revolutionary writers – the Siberian regionalist N.M. Yadrintsev and the great Russian novelist F.M. Dostoevsky. Thus, the purpose of the article is to explicate narratives about the essence, content and problems of implementing the penal policy of the Russian Empire in the literary and journalistic heritage of N.M. Yadrintsev and F.M. Dostoevsky. The research is carried out on the basis of an interdisciplinary methodology that organically combines the tools of the “new intellectual history”, hermeneutic content analysis and the paradigm of the “new social history”. This research approach is aimed at explicating a system of views and concepts on a specific social problem, taking into account the context of the era. The source base for the work was published sources: the corpus of artistic, literary and journalistic texts by N.M. Yadrintsev and F.M. Dostoevsky, dedicated to the problems of prison and hard labor in the history of the Russian Empire. The authors show that the journalism of the classics of regional thought includes a large component in the field of exile as a form and type of punishment, the fate of exiled settlers, their colonization significance, and extensive problems in the field of prison studies. It is also noted that F.M. Dostoevsky formulated an important idea for penitentiary studies: for work in prison to have the character of not only punishment, but also to have a corrective effect, it must be meaningful and useful. In general, the authors found that as a means of correction F.M. Dostoevsky understood labor, collective interaction and collective organization, taking into account the rules of community life inherent in this organization, as well as reading, education and training. Level of reflection N.M. Yadrintsev about the state and prospects of imperial penal policy was of a practice-oriented nature.

159-168

Authors: Mariya A. Sosnina, Tatyana V. Vorotilina, Julia V. Nikolaeva, Olga A. Lavrishcheva

The article analyzes the issues of legal regulation of the institution of family divisions among the peasants of the Arkhangelsk province in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries: namely, the role of legal custom and legislative regulation in the field of marital and family relations in the peasant community of the Russian North is studied. The authors focused not only on the materials of pre-revolutionary historiography on this issue, but also on archival documents found in the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk region, which contain reliable information about the activities of volost courts during this period. From the point of view of the formal legal method, this article analyzes the normative legal acts concerning family divisions among peasants. Due to the already published and for the first time introduced archival documents into scientific circulation, the problem of the relationship between law and legal custom in regulating family divisions and their consequences expressed not only in the disintegration of a large peasant family but also in the division of property based on the principles of consentient labour and family ownership, is understood. In addition, the authors identify the subjective and objective causes of the processes taking place, its specifics in the Russian North, where there was no private feudal dependence of the majority of peasants. The research materials demonstrate reliable results concerning the period under study in the field of regulating family divisions among peasants, who mainly relied on local custom in solving this issue, at the same time experiencing a governmental reaction in the form of the adoption of normative legal acts restraining the process of disintegration of the peasant community and contradicting peasant customary law.

178-188

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Diana I. Makembaeva, Nikita S. Grudinin, Denis A. Shiryov

The materials and publications of the periodical press are the most important historical and legal source of information on the customary law of the Permian peoples in the 19th century. In the period under review, the Zyryans, Votyaks, and Permyaks assigned a significant role to customary law in traditional social relations that existed in ethno-local societies. It recorded the centuries-old experience of ancestors, the peculiarities of the ethno-normative culture of the peoples in question, the rules for conducting economic and economic activities, the ways of proper behavior in the family and in society. Customary legal norms were widespread in civil law, marriage and family, criminal law, trade, and ethno-justice. They were reflected in the legal and cultural traditions of the studied peoples. In this regard, the materials of the periodical press of the 19th century are the most valuable historical and legal source of information about the customary legal life of the Perm peoples. Moreover, a huge number of periodicals containing relevant materials can be divided into publications of the central and local periodicals. Despite the fact that the pages of the central periodicals revealed the process of influence of the current state legislation on the norms of customary law, as well as commented on some court decisions and contained various aspects of the customary legal world of the Perm peoples, however, a significant amount of historical, ethnographic and customary legal material is contained in the works of researchers published in such editions of the local periodical press as Vologda Provincial Gazette, Vyatka Gubernskie Gazette, and Perm Diocesan Gazette.

199-209

Authors: Andrii Lebid, Oleg Tulyakov

This article is an attempt to analyze the main milestones in the formation and development of the system of higher education in Ukraine in those territories that were part of the Russian Empire. In this context, the organizational features and functioning of three Russian imperial universities on the territory of Ukraine are considered: the Imperial Kharkov University, St. Vladimir's University in Kiev, and the Imperial Novorossiysk University. From the point of view of observing the principle of objectivity and completeness these phenomena and phenomena were investigated in the context of the all-Russian imperial process of ensuring and implementing the state policy in the sphere of higher education. The scientific review of the stated problem was made with reference to the main legislative initiatives and norms of the government of the Russian Empire, which established the principles and priorities of state policy and reforming the sphere of higher education. Significant differences in the norms of the university charters of 1863 and 1884 were noted, in particular, concerning not only academic freedoms, but also organizational features of educational and scientific activities in Russian imperial universities. In general, summarizing these differences, it is necessary to note the fact of increased governmental and ministerial control in the system of higher education. These phenomena in the history of university education can be conceptualized as counter-reformist. By analyzing the content, formal, as well as contextual characteristics of government documents: rules, regulations, circulars, orders, etc., it is possible to trace the evolution of changes in the sphere of higher education, in particular those concerning the organizational features of teaching and learning in Russian imperial universities in the second half of the 19th century.

219-231

Authors: Oksana O. Zavyalova

In a publication based on an analysis of articles, letters and notes sent by local correspondents to the newspaper “Vilna Bulletin” in 1865–1867 the views of the pro-Russian oriented public of the North-Western Territory on current issues of the development of the Russian Empire and the region are revealed, and the features of the socio-political position of its individual representatives are revealed. Based on the application of a communicative approach, newspaper materials are considered as a form of expression of political loyalty and a single “communicative flow”, within the framework of which value judgments and assessments were developed that are significant both for the regional administration and for the local public. Local correspondents of the Vilna Vestnik, in the context of overcoming the socio-political crisis in the North-Western region in the second half of the 1860s, acted as participants in the official imperial discourse aimed at developing the ideological foundations of the integrative course implemented by the Russian authorities. It is concluded that in 1865–1867 Vilna Vestnik correspondents from the northwestern provinces, following the newspaper’s editorial policy, supported the task of “moral conquest of the region” and actively participated in the process of forming the concept of Russian nationalism, both in its religious-ethnic and political dimensions. Representatives of the local educated society, loyal to the Russian authorities, sent their materials to the Vilna Bulletin, contributed to the formation of the image of Emperor Alexander II as a “renovator tsar”, “a new organizer of the whole of Russia” and insisted on the need for further reforms under the auspices of autocratic power. Representatives of the local public, who supported the policies of the Russian government, proposed a set of measures that, in their opinion, would make it possible not only to oust the Polish element hostile to Russian government principles from the region, but also to deepen the integration vector of the government course aimed at forming an all-Russian identity among the residents of the Northwestern Territory.

238-248

Authors: Anna A. Omelik, Anastasia V. Kistova, Natalya А. Sergeeva, Tikhon K. Ermakov

In this article, the conceptual theory of art criticism of fine art by V.I. Zhukovsky, D.V. Pivovarov, N.P. Koptseva is used as a methodological basis for analyzing the materials of the architectural and art-educational journal “Zodchii”. The first part of the work is devoted to the theoretical understanding of the concept of “Russian style” in art. The second part of the article presents an analysis of articles of the monthly architectural and artistic-technological journal “Zodchii” from 1872 to 1875 as research material and, in the third part, articles from 1893 to 1897 are considered in order to identify the truly national characteristics of Russian culture and “Russian style”. Of particular interest were the articles by L.V. Dahl devoted to issues of style – these are issues of national identity and self-knowledge. The study in question can be called basic, both for the author himself and for his contemporaries. In the future, L.V. Russian Russian architecture Dahl will devote a large number of articles to a more detailed and thorough examination of individual monuments and signs of the “Russian style” in Russian architecture. Also, the works of such authors as I.I. Gornostaev, G.G. Gagarin and E.N. Sokolovsky, A. Dmitriev and others are considered. Russian Russian researchers identify the influence of cultural traditions, such as the Byzantine cultural tradition; the traditions of Lombard, Hungarian, Mongolian and Italian art, which were reinterpreted by Russian architects and formed the features of the “Russian style” in Russia of the XIX century. It should be noted that the monthly architectural and art-technical journal is an invaluable source of materials for art historians and researchers of Russian culture and art of the XIX century. The articles devoted to Russian architecture are filled with knowledgeable data and are of research interest.

258-267

Authors: Orazgul Kh. Mukhatova, Shamek B. Tleubayev, Svetlana G. Belous, Arailym N. Konkabayeva

On September 1, 1876, the local tsarist authorities opened the Verny men's gymnasium to enable the children of the indigenous nomadic population to receive a secondary education and continue their studies at the universities of the Russian Empire. Those who graduated from the gymnasium worked as translators in the center and districts of the Zhetysu region. In 1883‒1911, future representatives of the Alash movement in Zhetysu were educated in this secondary educational institution. The purpose of the article is to study the first stage in the formation of Alash figures in Zhetysu – education at the Verny men's gymnasium; to consider the opening of this gymnasium and the rules for enrolling students, its potential, teaching staff, student apartment, conditions for admission to a boarding school;to analyze, on the basis of conduit sheets of students, academic performance, discipline, passing tests, reasons for the departure of Kazakh children; to reveal the essence and significance of the historical trace left by the men’s gymnasium on the Zhetysu Alash figures and their life path. The article studies Alash figures in Zhetysu who studied at the Verny men's gymnasium in the late 19th – early 20th centuries (on the basis of archival sources). In the gymnasium, the children lived in a boarding house, studied Russian and French, Latin, algebra, geometry, history, geography, and took tests. They learned to live in a state-owned house, obey order, be true friends and reliable associates. They developed the skills of reading books, knowledge of languages and philosophical thinking, the ability to express their opinion. The childhood of the future leaders of the Alash movement in Zhetysu, who aspired to get an education, passed within the walls of the Verny men’s gymnasium. Studying at the gymnasium predetermined their appointment to the civil service, receiving higher education and becoming qualified specialists in their field. Some of them occupied the administrative positions and became influential people in the region, while others were drawn into the national liberation struggle at the beginning of the 20th century.

278-289

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev а , *,Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev a,d, Dmitry V. Rakhinskya,b ,c, Oleg I. Savin

This research based on the previously obtained results of studying the social care of disabled and elderly people in Siberia in the XIX – early XX centuries, it used previously unpublished archival materials. This study deals with the process of expulsion of disabled citizens from charitable institutions. Historiographic analysis shows that this aspect of the daily life of the poorhouse has been fragmentarily considered by historians of public charity, who believe that the exception was a rather rare and exceptional fact. While agreeing with their position in principle, it should be noted that each case of expulsion was unique and required a detailed investigation. Microhistoric analysis combined with a historical and anthropological approach, which are used to study the internal processes in the poorhouse, make it possible to consider the grounds for dismissal of those under consideration and the exclusion procedure itself, as well as to identify different types of objective and subjective reasons why disabled and elderly people left the institution. The conducted research suggests that those admitted to the poorhouse did not realize the degree of their own material wellbeing and security in conditions when society could not offer other forms of social assistance, easily parting with the received place in it. At the same time, the expulsion from the poorhouse became a serious life test for those who inadvertently left the institution itself, or were dismissed by the administration of the almshouse by the decision of the Board of Trustees, since there were very few opportunities to return to the almshouse, which doomed a disabled person or an elderly person to a beggarly existence.

302-311

Authors: Ilya I. Aminov

Dedicated to Guljamal Khan (um), a representative of the Turkmen tribe of Tekin, who played an important role in the socio–economic and political development of this part of Central Asia (the southern region of modern Turkmenistan) in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The article states that in the most difficult times for the Tekin tribe – the period of the military conquest of the Akhal (1881) and the annexation of the Merv (1884) oases by Russia, Guljamal, despite the traditional role of a silent housewife for a Turkmen woman who had no political rights, contributed to the decision of the council of tribal elders on the peaceful settlement and the establishment of Russian control in The Merv oasis.As a result, the long wars, economic and political instability on the Merv and then on the entire Turkmen land were put to an end. In the long-standing confrontation between the Russian Empire and Great Britain, Russia won for Central Asia and the Middle East. The study of the humanistic role of Guljamal was also able to reveal new gender facets of the First World War.Using the example of an empathetic reading of her messages (appeals) to the highest authorities of the Russian government, an attempt was made to reconstruct the attitude of the militant and courageous Tekin people to the Supreme Decree of June 25, 1916 on the mobilization of the foreign population of Central Asia for works on the construction of defensive structures in the area of the active army, the motives of the political and humanistic position of Guljamal, defended, as in the years the annexation of Merv to Russia, the ideals of goodness and justice, the right of its people to national and cultural identity, honor and dignity.

325-331

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The article considers the system of public education on the territory of Kharkiv province during the imperial period. This part of work examines the period from 1881 to 1917. The source base of the study is represented by documents of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) as well as the annual publications of the Kharkov Provincial Statistical Committee: “Khar'kovskie kalendari” published in the period 1893–1903 and annual “Obzory Khar'kovskoi gubernii”, which were appendices to the most recent reports of the governor of the Kharkov province. The work uses “Obzory” for 1880–1916. The authors conclude that in the period from 1880 to 1916, the public education system on the territory of the Kharkiv province went through a period of significant growth. The number of higher educational institutions increased 3 times and reached 6. Almost the same growth was given by secondary educational institutions in 1916, reaching 66, as well as lower educational institutions – reaching 1,599 schools together with higher primary educational institutions. As a result, by January 1, 1916, about 200 thousand students were at their desks in the province. However, despite significant successes in the field of public education, it was still far from victorious relations, since, according to officials of the Ministry of Public Education, about 100 thousand more school-age children (8-11 years old) were not enrolled in the Russian Public School.

343-352

Authors: Altynai Zhurasova, Gulnara Esseeva, Raushan Serik, Lyazzat Alkhamova

The formation of the Russian population in the national structure of Western Kazakhstan is directly related to the historical processes that took place in the region, as well as the territory of border Russia. Western Kazakhstan has always been an important area of interethnic relations between representatives of various nationalities, including Russians and Kazakhs. The formation of the Russian ethnic group in the population structure of Western Kazakhstan had deep historical roots and took place within the framework of various components. The three main constituent elements in the structure of the Russian ethnic group in the pre-revolutionary period should include Cossacks, nonresidents and immigrants. This article examines the issues of formation, settlement and other demographic characteristics of the Russian ethnic group in Western Kazakhstan during the period under consideration. This is the period when the process of integration of the Russian ethnic group acquires the most intense and large-scale character. The study also analyses the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the Russian population of the region. Special attention is paid to the characterisation of the main trends in the socio-demographic development of the Russian ethnos in the period under consideration. The materials of the article are based on the use of archival materials, statistical sources, scientific research of various periods. In addition, the materials of the general population census of the Russian Empire in 1897, which gives a rich layer of data on the number, distribution, sex and social structure of the Russian ethnos in the pre-revolutionary period, are analysed in the materials of the article. Due to the fact that this work belongs to the category of historical and demographic, statistical methods of analysis, systematisation, criticism and mutual verification of sources were applied in the study.

366-373

Authors: Tatуana A. Kattsina, Ksenia A. Tishkina

The article is devoted to an important and little-explored topic – charity in wartime conditions. It contains material on private charitable donations from the Siberian population to the Russian Red Cross Society during the military campaign in China (1900–1901). The authors rely on a wide range of written sources and achievements of modern historiography, guided by an interdisciplinary approach. The directions of work of the Russian Red Cross Society are demonstrated, the dynamics of donations for 1900, as well as the structure and state of the capitals of the Yenisei local government are shown. The channels for receiving donations and the contribution of individual citizens are indicated. According to the authors, the center of gravity in the organization of assistance to the Russian Red Cross Society has been significantly shifted towards the public. Even a fragmentary examination of the phenomenon of charity in Siberian society shows that it has a deep moral and humanistic meaning.

383-394

Authors: Dmitry N. Belyanin, Viktor N. Razgon, Anton V. Razgon

The article, based on the analysis of materials from a statistical survey of settlement farms conducted by the Resettlement Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire in 1903, examines the crafts of migrant peasants who settled in various geographical zones of Siberia during the period of the Siberian Railway Committee. The relationship between the level of involvement of migrants in crafts and hiring for agricultural work and the duration of their residence in the Siberia is also studied. Non-agricultural economic activities were of the greatest importance for the migrant peasants who settled in the taiga zone of Siberia, which was determined by the availability of natural resources and difficulties in farming in this geographical zone. A comparative analysis of the economic occupations of migrant groups that differ in the time of settlement in Siberia shows that the proportion of households and their members engaged in crafts and employed in agricultural work tends to increase from early settlement groups to later ones. The majority of migrant peasants engaged in crafts combined them with farming, however, the professionalization of crafts was more pronounced among the "older" migrants in terms of settlement time, who adapted to a greater extent to the natural, climatic and social environment and were more deeply integrated into the economy of the Siberian region.

407-415

Authors: Timur A. Apendiyev, Gaukhar B. Batyrbekkyzy, Dinashieva L. Sarsembekkyzy, Botabek B.Tokishkadirov

At the beginning of the XX century, the local elite of the Steppe Governor-General, whose main population consisted of Kazakhs, began to actively participate in the political system of the empire. The tsarist administration showed great interest in the implementation of this process. The tsarist government decided to create political mechanisms linking society and power. As a result, the State Duma was convened. The State Duma paved the way for the establishment of an effective dialogue between the authorities and the population. Deputies elected from the Steppe Governor-General played their role in the functioning of the new political system. They have contributed to the solution of social and domestic issues of local Kazakhs in the highest authorities. Deputies were considered bright representatives of society in the power structure. The national composition of the deputies elected from the Steppe Governor-General was different. Among them were Russians, Kazakhs and Cossacks. This change made it possible to consistently solve individual issues of various ethnic groups inhabiting the administrative region. The main composition of the deputies consisted of the Kazakh elite. The local elite was properly aware of the main problems with which they lived in society. The overwhelming majority of deputies of the State Duma were persons who previously held various positions in the tsarist administration. For this reason, they managed to find optimal solutions to any state issues. This article provides a historical analysis of the activities of the deputies of the State Duma elected from the Kazakhs of the Steppe Governorate-General. In addition, a scientific assessment of the political role of deputies in establishing an effective dialogue between society and the authorities is given. The parliamentary elections caused the appearance of new historical figures on the Historical scene.

428-438

Authors: Samat Zhumatay, Gyulnar K. Mukanova, Ainagul M. Yespenbetova, Dzhanargul Mutalova

The purpose of this study was to identify the features of popularization of the idea of theater and drama in the Kazakh community, through the first periodicals in their native language at the beginning of the twentieth century. The events of the first decade of the twentieth century (the Russo-Japanese war, 1905, elections to the State Duma, etc.), as it turned out, stirred up not only the political, but also the cultural life of communities in the eastern regions within the Russian Empire. The awakening of consciousness was reflected in the preference for visual means of communication, which at that time included theatrical productions, circus and musical evenings. The periodical press of the Russian East, in this case Central Asia, actively participated in the coverage of this process. It is curious that graduates of Jadidi educational institutions have made a certain contribution to the popularization of the idea of the national theater and drama. This social process is comparable in terms of goal-setting with a larger-scale all-Russian cultural and educational process known as “Peredvizhniki”. The tendency to bring cultural achievements to the masses in the last third of the nineteenth century found a response, which is important, in remote regions of Russia: Magazines and newspapers in Tatar and Kazakh languages were published about the events of the theatrical life of foreigners. The materials of the study were the press, published by the Arabic headset in a common alphabet understandable to a number of Turkic–speaking peoples – the newspaper “Kazakh” and others. The popularization of musical and dramatic works and stage art among the masses in the eastern regions of the empire certainly had specific features. As a result, interest in theater and drama among the Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia was accompanied by intercultural exchange, referred to in the special literature as the “import” of popular plays by Russian classics, with their subsequent processing (adaptation) to ethnocultural features. The “theatrical” theme was used for the purpose of education and formation of civic consciousness by the nascent Kazakh political parties; the genre of theater criticism was emerging.

446-453

Authors: Pavel S. Seleznev, Vadim V. Zubov

As part of the presented research, the issue of representation of the topic of quality of life in the public rhetoric of the leaders of the Imperial People's Party during the First World War will be studied. The source base of the work was formed by attracting unpublished archival materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Historical Archive and personal sources. The methodological basis of the work is built on the basis of a combination of structural and comparative analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that, within the framework of public rhetoric, the leaders and ideologists of the Imperial People's Party actively defended the need to implement a large-scale set of government programs to improve the quality of life of large sections of the population. Due to this, it was planned to ensure the long-term consolidation of the nation and maintain its viability in the conditions of widespread socio-economic transformations. The system of measures proposed by the party leaders included the intensification of resettlement policy, an increase in public investment in collective economic infrastructure, the creation of financial instruments to support the intensification of agricultural production of small and medium-sized owners, measures to strengthen trade unions and the creation of state insurance programs, limiting the length of the working day, and the transition to universal primary education (mainly technical), reforming tax policy in favor of the most widespread social strata and a number of measures aimed at combating alcoholism and supporting family and motherhood. At the same time, the party delegated a significant part of the initiatives (primarily those related to improving the quality of life of workers) to other political forces, which naturally neutralized the effectiveness of its leaders’ attempts to expand the program of measures they presented to resolve the “labor issue.” At the same time, the range of proposals designed to alleviate the financial situation of peasants was quite limited. The proposals of members of the Imperial People's Party to improve the quality of life of the population in many aspects duplicated the initiatives of other parties, but also contained a number of significant original elements, including in terms of reforming tax, educational and family policies.

465-471

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Alexander Y. Epifanov, Ivan N. Kuksin

The paper considers the coverage of the Brusilov breakthrough of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front on the pages of the newspaper Soldatsky Vestnik. The attention is paid to the coverage of the second month of this offensive operation, namely June 23 – July 22, 1916. The source base of the study is represented by the issues of the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik”, published by the headquarters of the 6th Russian Army. To cover the Brusilov breakthrough, all issues of the newspaper for the period from June 23 to July 22, 1916 were involved, namely: 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185. The authors conclude that in the second month of the offensive operation of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front (commander General A.A. Brusilov) in the period from June 23 to July 22, 1916, materials on the total number of enemy losses for the entire period of fighting ceased to be published in the periodical press. Now materials about prisoners and the number of captured trophies are published in the context of a specific military operation. Despite the fact that the effect of surprise no longer existed, the Russian army continued to conduct private offensive operations in various places and achieved some success in a number of places. At this time, with references to foreign sources (usually allied media), the narrative begins to be introduced that the Russian offensive managed to penetrate the enemy's echeloned defenses, the enemy was left without reserves and the question of the final defeat of the enemy is only a matter of time. In addition, during the second month of offensive fighting, materials on effective interaction began to be published in the media.

480-491

Authors: Manara Ch. Kalybekova, Nadezhda A. Kubik, Ziyabek E. Kabuldinov

The article discusses with the issues of household management, labor use and adaptation of repatriates from the People's Republic of China during the campaign for the development of fallow and virgin lands in Kazakhstan. The campaign itself became a major socio-political event, the main goal of which was to resolve the food issue. It expressed in the development of grain production in Kazakhstan, in which D.A. Kunaev played an important role as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, then as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (1960–1962). From the moment of its inception, the Soviet economic system was focused on strengthening the position of the state and solved modernization problems exclusively using emergency methods. The state tried to solve the economic problems of the 1950s and 1960s through an industrial breakthrough and a policy of developing virgin and fallow lands carried out using administrative management methods, which led to an increase in the workforce in all areas of production in the republic. The replenishment of the labor force for work in state farms and collective farms of the republic was supposed to be carried out through planned resettlement from different regions of the USSR, as well as the reception of immigrants from China. The leadership of Kazakhstan was forced to solve problems associated with the distribution of the population throughout the republic, based on the priorities of geopolitics and solving economic problems of developing virgin lands, filling industrial facilities with labor and minimizing ethno-demographic risks. Since the population arriving in Kazakhstan had a variegated ethnic and social composition, in general, the migration of the Kazakh population and other ethnic groups from China to the republic was very difficult. To ensure reliability and completeness, the topic covered in the article is considered on the basis of documents from the state archives of Kazakhstan.

1596-1611

Authors: Ernar M. Uzhkenov, Galiya A. Shotanova, Malika T. Moryakova, Andrey A. Korablev

This article reveals one of the key problems of domestic and foreign medieval studies, namely the role and importance of small settled agricultural centers that developed in the Golden Horde period throughout the territory of the Ulus of Jochi, including in Western Kazakhstan. The purpose and objectives of the research are based on the analysis of written sources and reports of archaeological expeditions, to identify the genesis of settled centers in Western Kazakhstan and reveal their role and significance, reconstructing the life of medieval inhabitants as far as possible. The source base of the studied problem is mainly represented by material, written and phonic sources. The source base of the studied problem is mainly represented by material, written and phonic sources. The archaeological material is presented in the form of monuments of material culture discovered during excavations on the territory of the settlements of Saraychik, Aktobe, Zhaiyk. The discovered rich material, presented in the form of mass remnants of ceramic dishes, indicates their narrow specialization. A unique feature of the monuments of sedentary culture is the fact that these settlements practically did not fall into the field of view of travelers, and therefore, when studying the history of these sedentary centers, it is necessary to rely on a sufficiently rich cartographic material. Some elements of the history of these centers were reflected in the diaries of travelers, such as information about the Shed preserved in the notes of Ibn Battut. In addition, there are testimonies of Italian merchants and missionaries – the Pegolletti brothers, the monk Brother Paschal, etc. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: historical-system, historical-comparative and cartographic methods. In addition, the article analyzes the results of natural science research, where the object of analysis was the natural and climatic conditions and the transgressions of the Caspian Sea that affected them, which often led to catastrophic consequences of various cultures and states in this region. The appearance of oases of settled agricultural culture in a steppe, arid region is a phenomenon, the disclosure of the causes of which will help reconstruct the history of the medieval world. The foundation of the settled centers became possible not only due to objective factors in the form of climatic optimum, but also due to the traditional policy of the nomadic rulers of the patronage of the settled culture, which received the maximum scope precisely during the history of the Golden Horde. In the XIV century there were the most positive conditions for the emergence of centers of settled culture in the steppe zone. Thanks to a well-thought-out supply system and the establishment of monetary trade and in-kind exchange, the settled centers were able to establish their own life support system and create an appropriate infrastructure, which was largely brought from Transoxiana, although with features that develop due to certain local climatic conditions. When writing the article, those settlements were also indicated that could not establish a proper way of life and their development was interrupted.

1621-1629

Authors: Vladimir T. Tepkeev, Narma A. Kamandzhaev

The article details a review of the written heritage of the Kalmyk khan Ayuki, which has survived to this day, and also publishes the text of the translation of his two new letters. Recently, historiography has seen an increasing interest in the personality of the Kalmyk khan Ayuki and his written heritage, to which a number of publications are devoted. The purpose of the work is to introduce into scientific circulation two new written testimonies of Khan Ayuki. The main source base for this work was the materials of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, where unique documents concerning the correspondence of the Kalmyk Khan with the Russian Tsar Peter Alekseevich were deposited. The publication of this correspondence will make a serious contribution to the study of Russian-Kalmyk relations of the XVII–XVIII centuries. In the documents we find rather interesting information about the military-political situation in the southern and southeastern regions of the Russian state. The epistolary written heritage of the Kalmyk khan Ayuki is an invaluable historical source, which will allow modern researchers to fully study the era of the formation and formation of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 18th century.

1643-1651

Authors: GoranRajović, SergeiN. Bratanovskii

The article considers the system of public education on the territory of Kharkiv province during the imperial period. This part of work examines the period from 1732 to 1880. The source base of the study is represented by the annual publications of the Kharkiv Provincial Statistical Committee: “Commemorative books of the Kharkiv province” and “Kharkiv calendars”, published in the period of 1862–1882. The authors conclude that in the period of 1732–1880 the system of public education on the territory of the Kharkiv province was actively developing. So, in 1732 there were 46 (primary) parochial schools in the region. Already in 1804–1805 years, the higher and secondary educational institutions for boys were opened in the provincial center (the city of Kharkov), and in 1812 the first secondary educational institution for girls was also opened there. By 1880, there were already 515 educational institutions on the territory of the province with the number of students – 31898 people. Higher education in the provincial center has also become available for women (students of the midwifery institute). The network of secondary educational institutions extended to large county towns, which made secondary education available not only in Kharkiv, but also in the regions. Lower education was represented by 13 educational institutions for boys, and primary education was represented by 475 primary educational institutions of different departments.

1663-1673

Authors: Zhanerke N. Shaygozova, Kanat Z. Uskenbay, Almira B. Naurzbayeva, Aman I. Ibragimov

The article analyses the role and contribution of Russian adventurers and researchers to the study of Kazakh traditional crafts in the imperial period, which was particularly active and productive at the turn of the 18th–20th centuries. The researchers collected and described a huge factual material consisting of written and visual sources, as well as samples of handicrafts exhibited in the leading academic museums of the Russian Federation, specifically in the Russian Museum of Ethnography (REM) and Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (MAE RAS). Today, the documents and artefacts analysed in the given article represent not only the richest source material for the study of the development and genesis of traditional Kazakh crafts, but also for the reconstruction of some lost authentic technologies of manufacturing various craft products. It is necessary to state the fact that today many types of Kazakh crafts and handicraft technologies that qualified by specialists as the most important element of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), and threatened with extinction. The study mainly relies on historical-comparative and historical-descriptive methods, as well as on-site study of the holdings of the Kazakh collections of the REM and MAE RAS in 2018 and 2021. The results of the research are the conclusion of the authors of this study that the analysed sources carry important information that allows us to assess the state of Kazakh handicrafts in the pre-revolutionary period, the level of their development and trace their genesis and typology. As of the current date, the scientific description of some authentic technologies of handicrafts production are the most relevant and in high-demand, for their renaissance in modern practice as one of the efficient measures for safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the country, obliging Kazakhstan to undertake them since the ratification of the Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH (2003 Convention) in 2011.

1683-1694

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The article examines the demographic and scientific potential of the educational districts of the Russian Empire. The attention is paid to the composition of urban residents and gender balance among the population, the number of higher educational institutions and pedagogical periodicals published in the imperial period. The research source is based on specialized reference literature. Thus, to analyze the demographic situation in the Russian Empire, the author used the materials of the First General population census, namely, “The population of the Empire according to the census of January 28, 1897. By counties”. To analyze the pedagogical periodicals of the imperial period, the works of N.N. Ablov, L.N. Belyaeva and other reference works were used. In conclusion, the author states that in general, there was a gender balance between men and women on the territory of the Russian Empire (63253131 males and 63158605 females). However, when detailing by school districts, we see that in the regions of the European part of Russia the number of women slightly exceeded the number of men, and in the Caucasus and Asian regions there was a significant quantitative predominance of males over females. By the beginning of the XX century, almost all densely populated educational districts of the Russian Empire had their own higher educational institutions, the only exception here was the Orenburg Educational District. As for the pedagogical periodicals, almost half of the publications (114 titles) were published in St. Petersburg (first place), another 43 journals were published in Moscow at various times (second place), and Kiev was on the third place with 16 journals.

1706-1716

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Vladislav A. Chernov, Makhach M. Vagabov, Narkiza A. Moroz

The authors consider the structure and concept of teaching Russian literature by the outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1820–1908). The works of a scientist on history and archeology are known in historiography, while the historian's views on Russian literature and its teaching are being considered for the first time. For modern teachers, the appeal to the "Course of Russian Literature", which is stored in the archive of the scientist, allows them to understand the civic essence of teaching literature, the authors introduce archival materials into scientific circulation, uses the diary entries of the scientist and the memories of his students. The pedagogical activity of I.E. Zabelin falls on the years 1853–1869, when the concept of teaching literature was just being developed. The scientist worked at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute and the School of Topographers in an era of heated discussions about the future of the Russian education system. Documents show that I.E. Zabelin stood outside the political forces of that time, but his pedagogical views were clearly progressive, echoed the ideas of the founder of Russian pedagogy K.D. Ushinsky (1823–1871). Zabelin taught to love and understand the ideas and aspirations of his people, and for him the concept of "nationality" permeates the entire course. The teacher aimed to educate students in love with the Russian word, instilled a culture of thinking and expressing their thoughts. The attention of the scientist to reading, the real anthem of which contains a course of literature, the awareness of the need for a sober assessment of the political situation sounds relevant today. I.E. Zabelin applied advanced scientific methods, used progressive textbooks and anthologies. He interpreted only recently discovered literary monuments, was aware of the latest achievements in literary studies. The depth and value of his course is given by scientists' understanding of the unity of historical and literary knowledge, attention to the theoretical foundations of both sciences, philosophy of knowledge in general. I.E. Zabelin developed the author's "Course of Russian Literature" based on literary sources, realized the need for a teacher's conversation with students, which would awaken thought, involve the whole class in work, form a civic position among students. Both historical disciplines and literature I.E. Zabelin taught in a fascinating and emotional way, his lectures were remembered by students for many years. The personality of I.E. Zabelin, who brilliantly combined the traits of both a scientist and a teacher, who saw the need not only to teach the subject, but also to educate the younger generation, is a worthy example for our contemporaries.

1726-1735

Authors: Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Ivan A. Pfanenshtil, Semen V. Kozhevnikov

The object of the research is the political exile to Siberia in the 19th century, which, in the context of studying this problem, is considered a social and political phenomenon that played a significant role in the formation of the social and cultural space of the region. The article provides a brief review of the history of political exile, analyzes its composition and number. The exile began to acquire a mass character after the defeat of the Decembrist revolt. With the beginning of the Narodnik movement, the share of nobles in the political exile decreased due to an increase in the number of commoners. Political exiles had a significant impact on the formation of the political beliefs of the ideologists of Siberian regionalism. The high educational level of the exiles and their possession of various professional skills made them in demand in various spheres of the economic and cultural life of Siberia. Educational, scientific, medical, and economic activities were the main activities of the exiles, which allowed them to solve material problems and meet their spiritual needs. The local administration had a mixed attitude toward the exiles. Due to the virtual absence of their own intellectuals, progressive-minded government officials allowed the exiles to engage in activities that were officially prohibited for them. Other government officials, conservative and jealously complying with all the instructions of the central government, on the contrary, subjected them to cruel punishments and persecution. Political exiles made a significant contribution to the establishment of local schools, libraries, and museums. The sources analyzed in the article convincingly show the great impact of political exiles on the worldview and consciousness of Siberians, which in turn led to a change in the social and cultural space of the region as a whole.

1748-1765

Authors: Oleksandr P. Trygub, Sergey I. Degtyarev

The work examines the system of maritime education on the territory of the Kherson province in the period 1834–1917 through the prism of the teaching staff of maritime educational institutions. The history of maritime education in the Kherson province of the Russian Empire indicates that the personnel composition of these vocational educational institutions has undergone significant changes. Its quantitative and qualitative composition depended on the following circumstances: the level of the educational institution, which established its funding from the state or local authorities; tasks that were set for the educational institution; the number of students, which determined the number of teaching hours, amounts of money received from students; additional sources (scholarships from patrons of the institution, public organizations that supported students and the institution, donations, etc.). Teachers of vocational and technical educational institutions of a nautical (maritime) profile were people with different levels of education, degrees of professionalism and experience in teaching. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the state set a goal to reform the maritime education system. This included increasing demands on teachers and combating staff turnover. It was planned to provide teachers with the rights and benefits of civil service, departmental housing, and increase salaries with increasing teaching experience.

1780-1796

Authors: Grigorii Yu. Afanasiev

The industrial revolution, associated with the active construction of railways, the spread of steam-powered ships and vessels, the introduction of new propulsion systems in the factory and urban economy, the emergence and introduction of electric energy exponentially expanded the fuel needs of the emerging technological infrastructure of the Russian Empire. Unlike many developed countries of Western Europe and America, the historical center of Russia had significant reserves of boreal forests, traditionally used as fuel. However, the depletion of traditional logging sites in the European part of the country, which began in the 1840th, made it difficult to meet the growing demand for combustible materials. From 1860–1870th the public and representatives of the administration state the impossibility of the potential preservation of the country's forest resources without the transition of transport, industry, municipal urban needs for combustible materials to mineral fuel sources. The relevance of the study lies in the review of the process of transition to mineral fuel in the context of the development of the industry with a parallel study of the manifestations of environmental problems, the features of the scientific, public and administrative response to these problems until the moment of complete, but not final transition in the transport, factory sectors, as well as infrastructure of large cities of the empire on the eve of the First World War. Current dynamic and factor processes are considered in the context of the Anthropocene concept – the formation of an overwhelming impact on the environment of human activity.

1809-1817

Authors: Natalia А. Koblova, Olga V. Kolpakova, Olga A. Sukhova

The article analyzes the phenomenon of spiritual and moral asceticism in the Russian province in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries by the example of an outstanding Penza philanthropist, state councilor Maria Mikhailovna Kiseleva. The general structure of the patterns of Orthodox ministry and its reflection in the perception and practices of the behavior of contemporaries are considered. The authors concluded that for the Penza community, Maria Mikhailovna Kiseleva's charitable work was a reference model that was ahead of its time and determined the general direction of the formation of new social standards. The purpose of such practices is interpreted broadly, covering the spheres of social assistance and partnership, as well as the formation of emotional culture and social responsibility, the general idea of spiritual and moral improvement, uniting the local, national and global levels of Orthodox identity. In the realities of the post-reform era, this manifested itself in the willingness to donate to the creation of social welfare institutions, educational organizations, temples and monasteries, to commemorate the dead and support the crippled soldiers, to preserve the historical memory and sacred design of Russian Palestine.

1824-1834

Authors: Ildar R. Hamzin, Rustam T. Ganiev, Anton V. Kochnev

The article studies the activities of Russian entrepreneurs in the Chinese port of Hankou as part of the purchase of tea for the Russian market. Baikhovi tea was a product under which Russian pre-revolutionary literature, source base and statistics understood the most expensive varieties of Chinese tea, grown and processed on Chinese plantations and factories and sent for sale to foreigners in the port of Hankou. This aspect is a particular issue of Russian-Chinese trade in the second half of the 19th century, but it seems important for a more in-depth study of this topic and expanding scientific knowledge about Russian-Chinese relations in general. The article discusses the features of the production and transportation of baikhovi tea to the Hankou market, issues of tea pricing, the buying and selling process, factors influencing the trade of baikhovi tea in Hankou, aspects of competition between the tea trade of Hankou and Shanghai and the competition of foreign trading houses for the purchase of this product and shipment it to the Russian market. The conclusions of the work summarize the main results of the study and show the significance of the participation of Russian entrepreneurs in the tea trade for Russian-Chinese relations at the time under review.

1844-1851

Authors: Ivan S. Denisov, Raul' S. Dzhindzholiya, Kairat K. Atabekov, Ivan N. Kuksin

This article is devoted to the study of the significance of the agricultural course proposed by P.A. Stolypin. The authors of the article conducted a comprehensive analysis of land reform, examining its causes, key stages, historical significance and results. As reasons for pursuing a new agrarian course, the author examined the main shortcomings of the peasant community, as well as the significance of the first revolution of 1905. The author also studied the career path of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, who eventually took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire. In the course of this work, the author studied a number of legal acts, including those regulating peasant-land legal relations, as well as their key innovations, such as: the Highest Manifesto of October 17, 1905 “On the Improvement of State Order”, the Personal Highest Decree “ On supplementing certain regulations of the current law relating to peasant land ownership and land use”, as well as the Law of December 14, 1893 “On certain measures to prevent the alienation of peasant allotment lands”. The author formulated the key stages of P. A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform: preparatory, rule-making, accompanying and resettlement. As part of the consideration of the resettlement stage, its key stages were also analyzed. This work also presents statistical data that clearly characterizes the impact of Stolypin’s new agrarian course on the economic development of the state. Particular attention in this study is paid to assessing the significance of the land reform of 1906 by identifying its key strengths and weaknesses.

1869-1878

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

The public charity of the disabled population in the almshousein the second half of the XIX – first decades of the XX centuries was designed to help those who could not continue to work, who had no relatives and did not have sufficient funds of subsistence. However, at the same time, the practice of taking care of a charitable institution at their own expense was widespread, including those disabled and elderly people who had relatives who were ready to contribute the required amount. The analysis of historiography shows that earlier this aspect of the formation of social assistance in the imperial period of Russian history was not the subject of special research, so scientists became interested in the issues of the self-status of individual representatives of society not so long ago. On the basis of previously unpublished archival materials that reflect individual life stories, the presented research examines: the rules for the admission of self-interested people; various options under which this was possible; subjects of assistance who were willing to take over the maintenance of an incapacitated person in an almshouse; reasons why petitioners, their relatives or benefactors who had sufficient funds could be denied charity at their own expense. The analysis showed how normal it was for the practice of public charity to support the disabled and elderly at their own expense, whether such charity was a special form of social assistance.

1889-1899

Authors: Natalya N. Pimenova, Julia S. Zamaraeva, Natalya N. Seredkina, Nаtalya P. Koptseva

The materials for this study are the journal “Drevnyaya i Novaya Rossiya”(“Ancient and New Russia”), published from 1875 to 1881. Namely, the issues of this magazine for 1875 and the “Essays on Eastern Siberia” published in them, written by Pavel Apollonovich Rovinsky, a Russian historian, ethnographer and folklorist, publicist. These essays are the result of a long expedition by P.A. Rovinsky with the support of the St. Petersburg Department of the Geographical Society. The essays record significant features of the history and specific development of the Siberian territory. They outline the details of the improvement of district and provincial cities, the specifics of the influence of geographical and climatic conditions on the life, way of life and relationships of residents of villages and uluses. The article systematizes the specifics of the development and settlement of the Siberian Plain, the features of the mutual influence of cultural traditions of ethnocultural groups living in these territories and the preservation of the originality of traditions. The population of Siberia is one of the key subjects of scientific interest of the author of the essays, who pays special attention to the processes of acculturation and assimilation of ethnic groups – both Russian Siberians and indigenous peoples. Analysis of the essays allows us to highlight the features of the image of each of the peoples, the features of people’s lives in Eastern Siberia.

1909-1924

Authors: Tikhon K. Ermakov, Anastasia V. Kistova, Natalya А. Sergeeva, Anna A. Omelik

This study was carried out based on materials from the printed publication “Vestnik Izyashchnykh Iskusstv”, which was published in the period from 1883 to 1890 in the Russian Empire. During the research, articles by Alexander Ivanovich Somov, editor-in-chief of the “Vestnik Izyashchnykh Iskusstv”, historian and museum figure, and articles by Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, Russian art and music critic, art historian and public figure, were studied. Contribution of A.I. Somov and V.V. Stasov's work in art history is not limited to the time frame of the 19th century but continues to be relevant at the present time. During the existence of the magazine, articles by these two creative figures were devoted to the history of Russian and foreign art, aesthetics, art criticism and coverage of modern artistic technologies and trends. Using the articles of these authors, as well as biographical information, a model of a professional art critic was identified, which manifested itself in the activities of Somov and Stasov. In addition, their contribution to art history from a historical point of view is noted. The conceptual framework of this study was the theory of art of Vladimir Ilyich Zhukovsky – philosopher, art critic, artist, Doctor of Philosophy, and Natalya Petrovna Koptseva – Doctor of Philosophy, professor, head of the department of cultural studies and art history of the Siberian Federal University. This theory is formed on the basis of philosophical research in the field of visual thinking, theory of culture and theory of religion. In the context of this study, the model of a professional art critic presented in theory as a synthesis of three key manifestations is taken as a basis: an art critic-connoisseur, an art critic-researcher and an art critic-maieutic.

1936-1947

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The work is based on the archival materials, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, examines the main milestones in the life of a Russian official, a native of a peasant family Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov (1883–1931). The main sources of the work were archival documents, namely a temporary form list of service (undated) and a form list of service for 1910 of Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov from the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk region (Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation). The materials from the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) were also involved. In conclusion, the author states that in the history of the Russian Empire, a representative of any class of pre-revolutionary society had the right to move to a more prestigious class. Such an example for the Cherkasov family from Keret was Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov, who at the age of 17, left without a father, went to work as a watchman in the Keret postal and telegraph office, and upon reaching the age of 21 in 1906, despite the lack of education, made his way as a postman of the Kandalaksha postal and telegraph office and became an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During the First World War, he was transferred as an official of the 5th category to the Keret post and telegraph office, and in 1917 he reached the maximum in his career and became an official of the 6th category – the head of the Olang post office. In 1919, after the closure of the post office in the village of Olanga, he was transferred back to Keret and in December of this year entered the National Militia of the Northern Region, which was part of the Northern White Guard Army of General Miller. The service in the militia was short-lived, since in February 1920 the entire territory of the Northern Region was captured by the Bolsheviks. Since 1920, Pavel Ivanovich began to have health problems, nevertheless, he continued to serve in Kereti until his death in 1931. Thus, despite the lack of education (Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov did not even complete the full course of the parish school), with his hard work, dedication and dedication, Pavel Ivanovich managed to get out of the peasant class into the state, becoming a full member of the Russian bureaucracy.

1960-1969

Authors: Evgenii A. Avdeev, Aleksey M. Erokhin, Sergej M. Vorobev

In the second half of the 19th century, the process of formation of Russian state institutions continued in the North Caucasus, state control over Muslims was strengthened and the quality of governance was improving. The article discusses the features of government administration of the mountainous Muslim peoples of the Caucasus. The main approaches to Islam that had developed by the mid-19th century in the imperial authorities, government policies and specific management decisions of the Caucasian administration are analyzed. The authors draw on a wide range of research and archival materials. Despite the lack of a unified approach to confessional policy and the refusal to form a separate religious organization of North Caucasian Muslims, a relatively effective system of public administration is emerging in the region. The administration’s actions are based primarily on the principle of religious tolerance and the incorporation of Muslim clergy into the Russian elite; measures are being taken to ensure and respect the religious rights of Muslims and counteract destabilizing foreign influence. Among the mountain elites, the desire for integration and loyalty to the empire is increasing, which is manifested in increased interest in Russian education, culture, military and civil service.

1982-1997

Authors: Sergey V. Ryazantsev, Alexey V. Smirnov, Nikita S. Ryazantsev

Astrakhan, due to its location, was always considered to be a gateway of cholera to the Russian Empire. The aim of the following studyis to assess demographic, social, and economic aftermath of the cholera epidemic, occured in Astrakhan in 1892, maintaining historical and demographic methods of press analysis as a source, with an assessment of the demographic aftermath provided by the eyewitnesses of that accident. The sources for the study were materials from pre-revolutionary sources. Contact analysis of the press to reveal the demographic estimations of eyewitnesses of the incident, i.e. experts of that time (medical workers, town governors, civil servants, military officers) in relation to the peculiarities of the epidemic development, as well as their subjective estimation of the demographic, social, and economic aftermath of the cholera epidemic were used. The 5th cholera epidemic in Russia lasted within 1892–1894. The 1st wave was the deadliest. In 1892, mainly from May to November, more than 620 thsd people were infected and 300 thsd of them died. In 1893, there were infected 103 thsd people and 43 thsd people died. In 1894, the epidemic occured on a smaller scale. By 1892, cholera caused 13 epidemics in Astrakhan. In 1892, cholera, causing an outbreak of morbidity in the Transcaspian region, ended up in Baku. The deterioration of the epidemiological situation in Astrakhan was facilitated by the mass departure of Baku residents on overcrowded ships, despite the denial by the authorities of the city of Baku of the presence of cholera. After the introduction of quarantine measures in Astrakhan, rumors arose among the population that in cholera hospitals, living people are put in coffins, sprinkled with lime, and buried. During the riots, medical personnel were killed, a cholera hospital was burned, and the infected were sent home. After the riots, there was a sharp increase in morbidity. From the 14th of June to the 20th of September, 1892, in Astrakhan, more than 3 per cent of the city's population died from cholera, and for 10 thsd residents there were 480 cases and 316 deaths. This was the demographic maximum for the cholera epidemic of 1892. The assessment of excess mortality showed an increase in mortality by 278 per cent in June and by 555 per cent in July compared to these months in 1888–1894. Of all those admitted to the hospital in Astrakhan, about 73 per cent were laborers who were living in hostels (shelters); about 5 per cent were workers on ships, steamships, and barges; 12 per cent are artisans. The social composition by estates was the following: 1983 peasants, 316 soldiers, 262 burghers, 12 Cossacks (kazaks), 8 nobles, and 5 church servants. Natives of Astrakhan and the province accounted for about 11 per cent of cases, 89 per cent were seasonal migrants. Due to supermortality, many children were orphaned. The budget expenditures of Astrakhan to combat the epidemic amounted to 142 thsd rubles, including 33 thsd rubles went to the maintenance of troops who arrived to suppress the cholera riot. The cholera epidemic had a positive sanitary condition of cities, formed new habits of the population in terms of personal hygiene.

2004-2013

Authors: Evgenii V. Bogomolov, Yulia A. Mamaeva

Based on the synthesis of historical and institutional approaches, the article examines the role of “hodachestvo” (scouting) in the Russian Empire. Hodachestvo became a consequence of the processes of resettlement and colonization of sparsely populated territories of Siberia and the Far East, and from an economic point of view was a tool to reduce transaction cost or cost incurred by economic entities due to insufficient information. The stages of the formation of hodachestvo are considered, starting from the middle of the XIX century and ending in 1914, when hodachestvo ceased due to the First World War. It is determined that the formalization of the institution of hodachestvo takes place in 1896 and in the future there is a process of legislative improvement of this phenomenon. Hodachestvo reaches its greatest activity during the period of P.A. Stolypin's agrarian reform, starting in 1904, when the obligation to send scouts (walkers) was established. The phenomenon of hodachestvo is one of the examples of principal-agent relations with their characteristic opportunistic behavior of agents, which were scouts (walkers). The experience of hodachestvo at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries can be used in modern Russia, as far as the problem of migration and development of Siberia and the Far East is still relevant.

2025-2035

Authors: Ekaterina A. Sertakova, Natalia M. Leshchinskaia, Maria A. Kolesnik, Aleksandra A. Sitnikova

The relevance of this study is associated with the eternal return of Russian art to the question of its national identity – trending either towards the development of Western styles, artistic techniques and trends, or towards the revival of ancient Russian types of art, subjects and patterns, artists are constantly in search of a middle way. At the beginning of the 21st century, we are again witnessing the search for characteristic Russian national imagery in art – a similar path was followed by artists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, which is documented in detail on the pages of the journal “Mir iskusstva”, which united the work of such outstanding philosophers, artists, critics as S. Diaghilev, A. Benois, D. Filosofov, I. Grabar, V. Rozanov and others, therefore, turning to the study of the concepts of national Russian art on the pages of this journal allows us to borrow the experience of the past in understanding the present. The research method was qualitative content analysis. Since the journal “World of Art” sought to synthesize different types of arts, its pages equally examine the processes occurring in all types of creative activity. In accordance with this, the results of the study are presented by type of art: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, decorative and applied arts. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the specifics of presenting the history of Russian national art on the pages of the journal “Mir iskusstva”.

2045-2056

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Anna A. Shpak, Yulia N. Menzhurenko, Kseniya A. Degtyarenko

“Zhurnal dlya vsekh” (“Journal for Everyone”) is an illustrated popular science, literary and artistic publication that operated in St. Petersburg from 1895 to 1906 monthly. The periodical “Mir Bozhii” (“World of God”) was chosen as data for a comparative analysis of the main internal political events in Russia and current topics of the Russian public of that time. The journal “Mir Bozhii” was published monthly in St. Petersburg in 1892–1906 and was a popular science and literary publication whose primary task was to promote self-education through the popularization of science and history. The choice of the journal is based on similar parameters, publication period, content and the presence of sections devoted to the study of socio-political, socio-economic processes of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to study political history in periodicals, highlighting the principles of covering the main events of the early 20th century. The headings “Internal Review” of the “Zhurnal dlya vsekh” and “Miscellaneous Differences” of the journal “Mir Bozhii” are analyzed. The content of the periodicals includes 12 issues and topics from different spheres of people's lives, which helps to interpret events in the context of forming the image of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century and understanding the main directions of development of the Russian state. The attention is focused on the reconstruction of the internal political picture of the world of this period. Materials from a comparative study of the journals “Zhurnal dlya vsekh”and “Mir Bozhii” will allow us to develop and supplement the provisions of historical science about the Russian Empire of the early 20th century. In addition, the results of the analysis make it possible to comprehend the socio-political experience of the country in modern realities, determine the historical patterns of domestic politics and predict the further development of the socio-political life of Russia.

2066-2074

Authors: Vladimir P. Trut, Sergey G. Voskoboynikov

The article characterizes the participation of the Don Cossack units-the 4th Don Cossack Division and the 3rd Don Cossack Artillery Division in the Russian-Japanese war. The features of the composition and formation of this non-combatant priority, but preferential (reserve) Cossack division and its dispatch to the front are revealed. The participation of the Don units in the battles and battles of this war is shown, especially in raids into the enemy rear. The successful and unsuccessful military actions of the latter during the war are analyzed, as well as the reasons for the unsatisfactory use of the Cossack cavalry by the command of the Russian army during military operations. When describing the shortcomings of the actions of the Don Cossack units, both objective and particularly subjective reasons for this circumstance are comprehensively revealed. The article draws attention to the consideration of controversial issues present in historiography regarding the general assessment and particular examples of the actions of the Don Cossack units and subunits in various episodes of their combat participation. The conclusions about the combat contribution of the Don Cossacks to the general military actions of the Russian army during this war, the heroism, courage and military valor shown by the Cossacks, the level of their military training, the causes, content and consequences of the shortcomings, mistakes and miscalculations of the command of the army and tactical levels, directly Cossack officers are substantiated. Data on losses and the number of awarded Cossacks of these units during the war are given.

2096-2106

Authors: Olesya M. Dolidovich, Ivan Y. Makarchuk, Oleg G. Alekseev, Mikhail A. Petrov

The authors investigated the activities of city authorities on the accommodation, maintenance and use of prisoners of war labor during the First World War (on the materials of the city of Kansk from Yenisei province). The process of interaction of the city government with the military and civil administration, local population in solving various problems of material and domestic support of prisoners, conditions and efficiency of their labor are analyzed. The arrival of prisoners of war put the authorities and the local population in a difficult situation due to the extremely backward state of the urban economy and infrastructure (lack of free housing, lack of water supply and sewerage, baths and laundries, etc.). Prisoner of war labor was used mainly in such areas as public works and road repair, but on a limited scale due to the shortage of city finances (prisoners had to be transported to the place of work, fed and provided with clothes and shoes in season, tools, guards, returned unsuitable for work, etc.). In general, labor was unproductive and did not contribute to the solution of any important economic or defense tasks due to the lack of large-scale industrial production in the city.

2118-2127

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Alexander Y. Epifanov, Milena S. Bratanovskaya

The paper considers the coverage of the Brusilov's breakthrough of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front on the pages of the newspaper “Soldatskii vestnik”. The attention is paid to the coverage of the first month of this offensive operation, namely, May 22 – June 22, 1916. In conclusion, the authors state that the offensive operation of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front (Commander General A.A. Brusilov) began on May 22, 1916. Already on the first day of the offensive, Russian troops managed to break through the enemy's defenses and capture about 13 thousand prisoners. In total, during the first month (May 22 – June 22, 1916) of the offensive of the Russian troops, about 250 thousand enemy soldiers and officers were captured, or 8.3 thousand people per day. The first week was especially effective, when about 115 thousand people were captured from May 22 to May 30. In the subsequent period, the intensity of the enemy's resistance increased. Despite the fact that the enemy often launched counterattacks and used asphyxiating gases, the Russian troops, overcoming this resistance, still continued their offensive, albeit at a slower pace. As for the coverage of the Brusilov's breakthrough on the pages of the army newspaper “Soldatskii vestnik”, at the time considered by the authors, the main source of information was the reports of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. When there was not enough information from the reports, the newspaper published materials of newspaper employees telling about the successes of the South-Western Front, as well as speeches by officials.

2136-2144

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon, Dmitry N. Belyanin, Anton V. Razgon

Analysis of the information contained in the database, formed on the basis of information extracted from the household questionnaires of 1917 All-Russian agricultural census, showed that in both compared settlement groups of the Altai peasantry, consumer leases of land prevailed over entrepreneurial leases, however, it became more widespread among the migrants due to the lower quality of allotment lands allocated to them and the presence a significant number of unauthorized migrants, who had no legal grounds for obtaining land plots. The wider spread among old-timers of the lease of land for animal husbandry, and among migrants – arable land is explained by the specialization of their farms, the level of adaptation to the natural and social environment, the degree of involvement in market relations. Both in the village of old-timers and in the village of settlers, internal land lease prevailed. The external lease, represented by the lease of land from the tsar's Cabinet, became more widespread among old-timers, since it included the lease of plots from their land use transferred to the Cabinet's land fund during the demarcation of peasant and Cabinet lands carried out in 1899–1915. In the absence of landowners in the Altai okrug, unlike many regions of the European part of the country, in-kind payment of land rent has not received any wide distribution. With the general predominance of short-term leases characteristic of old-timers and immigrants, the lease of land on a long-term basis, which included rent for business purposes, became more widespread among old-timers, which was determined by their greater integration into the structures of regional and аll-Russian markets.

2152-2160

Authors: Daniil S. Zaozerskiy, Oleg V. Minchuk

In this article one of the earliest propositions of conceding the right of mammal hunting to the Norwegians at the territory of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is reviewed. This proposition was formulated in “The navigating officers Corpus staff captain Tyagin’s report to the Arkhangelsk Governor” (the 4th of November, 1879). It was offered long before the beginning of the RSFSR-USSR concession policy. Authors of this article study the reasons why this proposition was not supported. The Tyagin’s proposition is deeply connected with the following activities of the Arkhangelsk governors and the USSR concession policy. Such connections were examined by the authors of the article respectively. Thus, the Arkhangelsk governors’ activities were directed to gain a foothold on the Novaya Zemlya. And in 1923 the waters of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago were provided for two Norwegian concession firms due to the USSR concession policy. It’s worth noting that such Norwegian concessions were anticipated by E.A. Tyagin. The sources for the publication are legislative acts, materials of the regional periodical press, office documents, business correspondence, travel notes and reports of the Arkhangelsk province officials.

1064-1077

Authors: Evgeniya V. Sokolova

The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation of the rural settlement network of the Middle Irtysh region in the 16th – early 20th centuries. The author focuses on the analysis of the factors that caused this process: the state policy in the field of development and settlement of Western Siberia in general and the Middle Irtysh region in particular and free peasant colonization. The paper identifies key points in the process of forming a rural settlement network – the foundation of the Tara and Omsk fortresses, the construction of fortification lines, the construction of the Moscow-Siberian highway, the abolition of serfdom, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Stolypin agrarian reform – and the influence of the indicated factors on each of the selected points. During the analysis of a wide range of local history material, the dates of the founding of rural settlements were established, the geographical, natural-climatic and social conditions for the emergence of settlements were analyzed, and vectors for the settlement of the territory were established. The author comes to the conclusion about the organic combination of state policy and free peasant colonization during the late 16th – early 20th centuries, which resulted in the established network of rural settlements on the territory of the Omsk region. Throughout the entire period of settlement of the territory, each of the identified factors determined its vector of movement of migrants and the type of settlements founded (settlement, farm, and others). Within the framework of free colonization, the author pays considerable attention to internal peasant migration and shows its role in the formation of a network of rural settlements. The combination of internal and external colonization was determined by the characteristics of the territory, such as the combination of taiga, forest-steppe and steppe regions, the historical pattern of the settlement of the indigenous population (the first Russian settlers, Kazakhs, Siberian Tatars), the presence of large water arteries (the rivers Irtysh, Tara, Om, Osh, large lakes), the construction of a tract and a railway.

1091-1102

Authors: Konstantin V. Samokhin

The paper analyzes the economic processes in Russia in the 17th–18th centuries taking into account the main provisions of the modernization theory. The mentioned theory is the foundation of the methodological apparatus in this research, and regarding the indicated period it is interpreted in its classical formulation as a transition from a traditional (agrarian) society to a modern (industrial) one. Particular attention is paid to such features of the Russian modernization model as ‘catching up’ nature, as well as determination of the starting point, factor and mechanism of modernization processes in the national history. The correlation of the economic development of the Russian state and the main trends of transition from tradition to modernity is carried out on the basis of transformation of the key features inherent in the traditional economy into characteristics that are present in the market/mixed system. At the same time, the emphasis is made on such changes as transition of the priority position of agriculture to industry; presence of basic signs of industrial revolution; establishment of pluralism of ownership forms instead of the predominance of the collective-community; elimination of tendencies that distinguish natural economy; formation of basic principles of state regulation of economic relations; widespread functioning of the laws of value, supply and demand, as well as the competition mechanism; introducing freedom of the producer and consumer’s actions into mass practice. Based on these criteria, it is concluded that the Russian society of the 17th century should be characterized as a traditional society. The shifts that have emerged in the economy of the Russian Empire of the 18th century allow speaking only of protomodernization, since the industrial revolution was identified in a series of economic realities of the historical development of Russia not earlier than the 30s of the 19th century.

1110-1121

Authors: Agila Nurgaliyeva, Zhaskairat Yernazarov, Zhanabek Zhaksygaliyev, Samat Kurmanalin

In methodological terms, the provisions and conclusions of the article correlate with the subject field of the concept of “lived religion”, aimed at transmitting the specifics of the manifestation of religion in people's daily lives. Considering the religious beliefs of the Kazakhs from the standpoint of this concept allows, in our opinion, to go beyond the “either-or” dichotomy: Islam/pre-Islamic beliefs, official Islam /popular Islam values. The purpose of the work is to show that publications of different origin of the XIX – early XX centuries can serve as a basis for determining the nature of the religious beliefs of the Kazakhs of this period. Despite the presence of polemical discourses focused on different values in modern historiography, the authors of the research do not deny the existence of a synthesis of pre-Islamic and Islamic cultures, even those who stand on the positions of the long-standing historical tradition of Islam on the territory of Kazakhstan. Results. The publications of the XVIII – early XX centuries, which we took as the basis of the analysis, we divided into five groups. Most of them were created by outside observers. Of particular importance are the works of Kazakh authors, who can be called ethnic, linguistic and religious insiders who had the opportunity to see hidden social connections that are not obvious to an outside observer. It is shown that the publications of contemporaries help to form a complete picture on the issue of the peculiarities of the religious beliefs of the Kazakhs. They allow us to talk about the syncretism of the religious views of the Kazakhs. It was a harmonious synthesis of the traditional complex of ideas about the world with Islam, because for all its inconsistency with orthodox requirements, it was present in the national consciousness of the Kazakhs. Everyday practices, habits and models of social life of Kazakhs were determined by both Islam and pre-Islamic views, and they can be defined by the term “lived religion”.

1132-1141

Authors: Maksim M. Batmaev

The article is devoted to a problem little studied in modern oriental studies – the status of the Kalmyk zaisangs, especially its economic and administrative role in the historical life of the Kalmyk people in the Khan period. The work is based on archival materials, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In the course of their analysis, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-systemic methods were used. The zaisang estate played an important role in the history of the Kalmyk people. Occupying a middle position in the class hierarchy of the Kalmyks, they were the link between the upper and lower classes of the entire people. Zaisangs were the mainstay and closest assistants of their owners (noyans), could be used for special assignments or as advisers. In case of serious difficulties, the owners could turn to their zaisangs. At the same time, the zaisangs were completely at the mercy of their noyan, who could take away the aimag entrusted to him or even kill him under certain circumstances. However, the zaisangs could act against noyan as a cohesive group and succeed, especially when he violated established laws and generally accepted customs. In relation to the commoners, the zaisangs had broad powers, especially in matters of tax collection and distribution of public duties, including military mobilizations. Historical circumstances led to the situation that in the zaisang realm there was a large percentage of people from the realm of commoners. At the same time, in some aimags, the position of zaisang becomes hereditary. In general, as a class, the zaisangs had great potential and had effective leverage to manage the Kalmyk society in the direction it needed.

1150-1158

Authors: Arman A. Umarov, Baurzhan N. Abdrakhmanov, Anara E. Karimova, Ziyat Sh. Aitkenov

This scientific article presents a study of the process of formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe in the XIX century. The Kazakh aristocracy, which previously acted as intermediaries between Kazakh society and Russia, subsequently became direct representatives of the Russian government. The article highlights the role of Kazakh representatives in the structure of the Russian Empire and their function as intermediaries between the Russian authorities and the local population. The article analyzes the important influence of Kazakh intermediaries on the establishment of contacts and cooperation between different cultures, which in turn contributed to the preservation of traditional Kazakh culture in the conditions of Russian domination. The article deeply examines the challenges and difficulties faced by Kazakh representatives, including the impact of the new management system on their lifestyle and traditional power structures.Special attention is paid to the mechanisms and factors that contributed to the formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe. The article analyzes the role of education, culture and social mobility in the formation of Kazakh leaders, intellectuals and cultural figures during this period. The contribution of the Russian Empire to the training and retraining of personnel, the development of education, the construction of schools, as well as the policy of the Empire to preserve the cultural traditions of the local population in the Kazakh steppe is considered.

1170-1178

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Natalia A. Prodanova, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Elmira R. Ibragimova

The authors examine the pedagogical views of the outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1820–1908). The historical and archaeological concepts of the scientist attracted the attention of contemporaries and followers, while the pedagogical views of I.E. Zabelin are being considered for the first time. Turning to the history of Russian pedagogical thought is especially relevant in the Year of the Teacher and Mentor, as it allows you to learn from the examples of the past to see the civic essence of teaching history and literature, especially in the situation of information warfare. The authors introduce archival materials into scientific circulation, uses the diary entries of the scientist and the memories of his students. I.E. Zabelin's pedagogical activity unfolded in 1853–1869 at the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying Institute and the School of Land Surveying Topographers in the era of acute discussions about the future of the Russian education system. I.E. Zabelin stood outside the political forces of that time, but his pedagogical views were clearly progressive, echoed the ideas of the father of Russian pedagogy, K. D. Ushinsky (1823–1871). I.E. Zabelin was outside the political forces of that time, but his pedagogical views were clearly progressive, echoed the ideas of the father of Russian pedagogy, K. D. Ushinsky (1823–1871). I.E. Zabelin taught his students to love and understand the ideas and aspirations of his people, educated them into worthy citizens and patriots of his country, instilled a culture of thinking and expressing his thoughts. The scientist's attention to reading, to students' understanding of historical facts and a sober assessment of the political situation sounds relevant today. I.E. Zabelin applied advanced scientific methods, used progressive educational publications, developed author's courses based on historical sources, realized the need for the principle of clarity in teaching. The pedagogical community and the management of educational institutions highly appreciated the efforts of the historian. He read his subject in a fascinating and emotional way, his lectures were remembered by students for many years. The personality of I.E. Zabelin, who brilliantly combined the traits of both a scientist and a teacher, who saw the need not only to teach the subject, but also to educate the younger generation, is a worthy example for our contemporaries.

1187-1196

Authors: Irina I. Leyman

The article considers the influence of merchants on the development of female education in the Russian province during the second third of the 19th century (based on the materials of Vologda province). Women’s education started being differentiated from the common school system in 1800–1820. It became possible due to the adoption of such educational documents as “Statute of educational institutions subordinated to universities” and “Statute of gymnasiums and schools of district and parish” that were released in 1804 and 1828 respectively. In 1830–1850 women’s parochial schools started appearing in Vologda Province thanks to the big support of local merchants. The examples of such schools were Kadnikovskoe (1838), Gryazovetskoe (1840), Yarenskoe (1843), Veliko-Ustyugskoe (1844). Another important educational document devoted to female education was implemented in 1858. It was “Regulations on women's schools” that contributed to the establishment of women’s schools in Vologda, Totma, Ust-Sysolsk and Yarensk. All of this happened thanks to the huge support of local merchants, who became the initiators of the opening of women’s schools in Totma and Ust-Sysolsk. At the same time the merchants’ wives became the trustees of such schools (however, there was an exceptional case in Ust-Sysolsk where the merchant of the 1st guild Latkin V.N. got to be the trustee according to the particular rule of law). Among the significant sources of women’s schools support were means of local merchants who bought a lot of books, schools supplies and furniture. Besides, they were really involved into the charity and donated money during such holidays as Easter and Christmas. The buildings – where the women’s schools were situated – also were taken care of by merchants. For instance, in 1858–1859 in Ust-Sysolsk the merchant Zaboev I.N. built a wooden building for the women’s school using his own money. Thus, the local merchants gave wide and complex support to the development of female education in Vologda province.

1206-1218

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article considers a group of annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee of the period 1850–1875, which reflect the theme of socio-economic development of the province. The source base of the study is represented by the annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee of the period 1850–1875. At the study time, the following were published: “Spravochnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Pamyatnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Arkhangel'skii sbornik”, “Trudy Arkhangel'skogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta” and Reports of the provincial Statistical Committee. In conclusion, the authors state that the annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee of the period 1850–1875 are represented by the following publications: “Spravochnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Pamyatnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Arkhangel'skii sbornik”, “Trudy Arkhangel'skogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta” and Reports of the provincial Statistical Committee. At the study time, the greatest scientific and publication activity of officials of the statistical committee was recorded in 1861–1866 (immediately after the abolition of serfdom). And the least active – in the first five years of the 1870s. In total, in 1850–1875, about 90 research papers on the socio-economic development of the Arkhangelsk province were published in the annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Statistical Committee. At the same time, the unique ethnographic materials were introduced into scientific circulation.

1227-1242

Authors: Sergey V. Ryazantsev, AlexeyV. Smirnov, Nikita S. Ryazantsev

According to censuses, Argentina’s population quadrupled over fifty years due to migration: 1.8 million in 1869 and 7.8 million in 1914. Between 1857 and 1914, 4.6 million migrants entered Argentina. Taking into account the departure of 1.6 million people, 3 million people “settled” in the country, adding to the Argentine population. The proportion of foreigners in Argentine society was also rising: 8 per cent in 1869 and 30 per cent in 1914. Research objective:to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the migration flow from the Russian Empire during the “pioneering” stage of the settlement of Argentina. Method of historical-demographic analysis of Russian migration in the context of other ethnic migration waves was used. Migrants from the Russian Empire ranked fourth among the foreigners who entered the country. Argentine census data from 1914 showed that migrants from the Russian Empire made up 1 per cent of the population, contributing to the economy. Migration from the Russian Empire to Argentina included three major ethnic waves: German, Jewish, and Polish-Lithuanian. The German-Mennonites came with capital and contributed to the development of agriculture. The Jewish wave of immigration to Argentina developed with the support of Baron Hirsch and the Jewish Colonisation Society. The migration of the inhabitants of the western border regions of the Russian Empire was represented by Jews, Poles, Lithuanians and Finns. The share of Russian (Orthodox) population among Russian migrants was insignificant, but has been steadily increasing since the beginning of the 20th century. Argentina's migration policy was open to foreigners, including Russian nationals. The integration of Russian immigrants into Argentine society proceeded rather quickly and successfully. The migration from the Russian Empire to Argentina was multinational. Among the natives of Russia were Jews, Germans, Poles and Lithuanians, while the proportion of ethnic Russians was insignificant.

1253-1262

Authors: Rustem D. Kubeyev, Kuanysh M. Murzakhodzhaev, Bimurad B. Burkhanov

The article deals with the issues related to the crisis of traditional Muslim education in the Kazakh steppe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and attempts to modernize it by the Russian authorities and Muslim intellectuals, which resulted the opening of Russian-Kazakh and new method schools. On the basis of archival documents, studies and testimonies of direct participants in the processes under study, as well as authors of later periods, the features of reforming the education system in the Kazakh steppe have been studied. When considering processes and phenomena, the literature of various historical periods was used, which contributes, both to the utmost detail of the processes and phenomena under consideration, and to the abstraction and generalization required in certain cases, using the advantages of a certain chronological remoteness. The paper considers the school programs of both new educational institutions and old ones (mektebs and madrasas), attention is paid to the peculiarities of each type of school and the processes of modernization, adaptation to the situation on the ground. The issues under study are considered in the context of the processes of modernization within the Russian Empire itself, the development of the newly attached territories of the Kazakh steppe and their further integration into the all-Russian agenda, significant socio-economic transformations in the state.

1275-1282

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Krystsina D. Savitskaya, Iskender T. Eratov

The implementation of the peasant reform of 1861 represented a fundamental step towards meeting the new round of development of the Russian Empire. However, as a result of this reform, a number of new issues and tasks have arisen, one of which is the order of land distribution among peasants. This article is devoted to the study of the policy of the agrarian course of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century – after the grandiose reform of Emperor Alexander II on the abolition of serfdom. The authors of the article describe in detail the role of the peasant community in the life of peasants. The article examines in detail the legal order of land distribution among peasants, as well as the peasant community as a subject of land ownership. In addition, the role of the elders of the community in the distribution of land plots, as well as in the resolution of disputes between peasants, is considered. The key principles of the distribution and redistribution of the land fund, such as the principles of equality and equalizing justice, are also analyzed. Their advantages and disadvantages are investigated. The authors analyzed quotes from statesmen regarding their proposals on the abolition of the peasant community and the transition to the European capitalist system, in particular, the Head of the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Count P.A. Shuvalov. At the same time, key obstacles to the implementation of these ideas were identified. The authors pay special attention to the issue of the ambiguity of the consequences of the rapid demographic growth of the population of the Russian Empire. The authors provided specific statistical data on the population in the period from 1858 to 1914, which showed a record increase in the population over the entire history of the state.

1290-1297

Authors: Ivan S. Denisov, Kairat K. Atabekov

This study is devoted to the analysis of the political activity of Emperor Alexander III, who did not follow the path of his predecessor, the reformer Tsar Alexander II. The authors of this article investigated the issues concerning the causes and prerequisites for changing the vector of Russia's political development from the formation of liberal democratic principles to a return towards strengthening conservative views and autocracy. The article analyzes the personality of Alexander III, as well as the circumstances under which he became heir to the throne of the Russian Empire. The key events that became the root causes for the counter-reform policy were analyzed in detail. In addition, the authors examined the indirect causes and circumstances that became the motives for making a number of changes to legislative innovations that were previously adopted by Alexander II. The article also formulates the main policy goals pursued by Emperor Alexander III, the characteristic features of his rule, and analyzes the fundamental documents reflecting the given political direction. In this study, the authors tried to reveal as much as possible the essence of the ideological principles that became relevant again during the reign of Alexander III. The authors also paid attention to such topics as the mass change of the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as the Finnish issue. The authors attach particular importance to the so-called judicial counter-reform. The key normative legal acts regulating the activities of judicial bodies adopted during the reign of Alexander III, which made significant changes to the image of the new judicial system built by Alexander II during the judicial reform of 1864, were investigated.

1307-1315

Authors: Yulia B. Nadtochiy

The article presents the experience of creating a full-fledged national production system on the example of the factories of Nikolai Ivanovich Putilov (later, the Society of Putilov Factories). The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the elements of the production system through the analysis of various historical publications, which reflect the main moments of the formation and development of production during the existence of the Putilov factories under the creator himself (N.I. Putilov). At that time, the concept of “production system” did not yet exist, but all the elements of the production system, as this study showed, are present and it is possible to confidently assert the existence of a domestic production system at that time. The sources used in the article are important for understanding the contribution to the pre-revolutionary development of the national production system (work system), thanks to the existence of which Russian products were not only not inferior to foreign analogues, but sometimes surpassed them through the efforts of domestic entrepreneurs-researchers, since they met certain conditions more (the products produced were suitable for the Russian climate, for the specifics of the operation of facilities in our country and etc.). The materials of the article demonstrate a certain chronological order of development of the national production system of N.I. Putilov – from the acquisition of the first plant to the large-scale deployment of production of high-quality strategic products.

1324-1333

Authors: Alexander V. Golovinov, Anton A. Vasiliev, Vyacheslav A. Dolzhikov

The purpose of the article is to identify and show the organic connection between the basic political, legal and socio-cultural narratives in the early ideological work of the leader of the movement of Siberian democratic regionalists (regionalists) – N.M. Yadrintsev. To achieve this goal, written sources were analyzed – articles and ego-documents, such as autobiographical information and epistolary materials. Appropriate tools were chosen – the methodology of a new cultural and intellectual history, which allows a comprehensive study of discourses and texts in their relation to the activities of a particular historical personality. Within the framework of this study, it is shown that the range of political and legal problems considered by the ideologist of regionalism was extremely diverse and organically permeated with ideas to solve the pressing issues of the Siberian region. The subject of penal policy, the impact of penal colonization on the Eastern outskirts, reflections on the essence of criminal punishment, in symphony with the ideals of the democratic federal territorial structure of the Russian Empire, constituted the content of the policy-legal narrative of the early period of the ideological world of N.M. Yadrintsev, that is, in the 1870s. Reflection on the ethno-cultural interaction of the Slavic-Russian peoples and the endemic peoples of Siberia, the problems of colonization and development of the eastern outskirts, together with educational concepts and proposals for reforming the cultural and educational policy of imperial Russia, constituted a system of socio-cultural discourses in the journalism of the Siberian educator. The position of the ideologist of regionalism was reduced to the ideologeme of the reciprocal influence of ethnic groups, which obviously had two vectors immanently built into one general process of cultural influence. In general, the article found that the political, legal and socio-cultural narratives of the creative heritage of the famous Siberian were in dialectical unity.

1341-1355

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Nazar A. Kotelnitsky, Alla I. Ziakun

The article is devoted to the study of repressive measures of the Russian autocracy against the zemstvo liberal opposition in Chernihiv province in the late 70s – early 80s. Having analyzed unique historical primary sources, the absolute majority of which are introduced into the international scientific turnover for the first time, the authors came to the conclusion that the main reason for the punitive measures of the Russian monarchy against the aristocratic opposition of the region was the unprecedented, public opposition activities of the liberal zemstvo in 1878–1879. The first strike of the Russian authorities against the Zemstvo opposition was the prompt arrest and administrative internment of its leader, I. Petrunkevich, in the ethnically Russian provinces of the country. Top officials and the head of the political police of Chernihiv province proposed to the central authorities to take tough measures in the fight against the “liberal contagion”: to expel from the territory of Chernihiv province the most dangerous members of the aristocratic opposition; to establish supervision over the remaining representatives of the Zemstvo liberal party by the police and gendarmerie; to promptly amend the legislation of the Russian Empire in order to establish control and supervision of the institutions of state power over the elected institutions The authorities implemented the absolute majority of these recommendations. By the fall of 1886, the zemstvo liberal movement in Chernihiv province had been crushed and its personal composition reduced to a minimum.

1366-1373

Authors: James Matthew White

The following article considers the history of Orthodox parish schooling in terms of the parish of Vormsi, an island off the western coast of Estland province populated by Swedish speakers. Its novelty lies in the fact that no scholars have previously attempted to consider the history of the Orthodox parish of Vormsi, a highly unique case due to the conversion of Swedish speakers. The materials on which the article is based are documents (previously unintroduced into academic circulation) from the Russian State Historical Archive and the Estonian State Historical Archive, including the fonds of the imperial Russian Orthodox diocese of Riga, the Vormsi Orthodox parish fond, and the fonds of some of the individual schools concerned. Drawing on the approach of microhistory, the article demonstrates that Orthodox parish schooling on Vorsmi was hampered by several problems, including the language barrier, inadequate funding, and heavily flawed teaching personnel.

1384-1395

Authors: Yana G. Zagvazdina

The article tells about the special burial sites of the Orthodox population that existed on the territory of Tobolsk and its nearest environs in the late XIX – early XX centuries. It is noted that, despite the closure of cemeteries in the city at the end of the XVIII century, burials were still carried out on the territory of Tobolsk during the studied period. The attention is paid to the legislative aspect of the commission of such exceptional burials. Specific cases of burials carried out outside the parish cemetery are given. On the basis of these data, it was established that representatives of the highest clergy, merchants and officials, and occasionally burghers could be buried near temples, on the territory of the Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery and the suburban of the Bishop's grove. The information also shows that there was a cholera cemetery on the left bank of the Irtysh River, which has not been localized yet. In addition, the military could be buried in a military cemetery organized on the territory of the parish cemetery. The article concludes that, there were at least seven necropolises where Orthodox Christians could be buried in the late XIX – early XX centuries in Tobolsk and its environs, in addition to the main parish cemetery.

1409-1420

Authors: Daria N. Nesterenko, Anna P. Dvoretskaya, Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Tatyana V. Izluchenko

In this article on the basis of archival sources the socio-cultural aspect of the existence of the Znamensky monastic hermitage in the XIX – early XX centuries is considered. The article is based on the materials of the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk region, namely on the fundamental fund on the history of the monastic monastery – Krasnoyarsk Znamensky monastic skete. It contains a variety of documents from the hermitage construction records to the service lists of the brethren. Also of interest are the Yenisei Diocesan Bulletins, a periodical where one can trace aspects of the existence of the monastic monastery. The Krasnoyarsk Znamensky dormitory skete was unique not only for its location, which required it to be polyfunctional, but also for the composition of its inhabitants, including the founder of the monastery, Philaret. The brethren of the skete provided not only its economic life, showing the nearest settlements an example of everyday life, but also improved and increased the range of their duties and socio-cultural interactions. The considerable attention in the article is paid to the environment of the hermitage, its interrelationship with it, namely with the city of Krasnoyarsk and the surrounding settlements. The role of the monastery for the surrounding area is considered. Being at the crossroads of both water and land routes to the main provincial center, the monastery became the main link in the unique historical space of Yenisei province. It is worth noting that the skete established both collective socio-cultural ties with the local population and individual ties with patrons of the arts. Moreover, the authors have considered the main functions of the skete, the expansion of which over time was demanded by the local population. Among the main functions the authors considered: educational, missionary, moral-orienting, socio-cultural animation. The Znamensky skete influenced the social environment, the local population and the provincial center, playing an important role in its representation; in turn, the historical landscape determined the main functions of the monastery, thus marking the needs for it.

1434-1446

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Report about the official trip of the Minister of War to the Don Host Oblast in 1900” of A.N. Kuropatkin. This historical source is interesting because it is a personal narrative of the Minister of War of the Russian Empire, describing a trip to the Don Host Oblast in order to “understand the essence of the life of a Cossack”. Thus, it potentially makes it possible to understand the specifics of the views of the imperial government on the Don Cossacks at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. However, until now, this text has been relatively little used by historians of the Cossacks (the studies of the Don Cossacks, carried out around the same time by A.N. Kuropatkin’s subordinates, generals P.O. Shcherbov-Nefedovich and N.A. Maslakovets, enjoy great authority). The article shows that this is not accidental. Research optics A.N. Kuropatkin was extremely specific: it is characterized by lack of system, inattention to some important aspects of the problem under study, unpreparedness for in-depth analysis and peremptory judgments. As a result, the minister's report demonstrates his detachment from reality and inability to understand the real problems of the Cossacks (for example, when inspecting the Don schools, he paid great attention to choral singing, but was not at all interested in more important things, such as the curriculum and the competence of teachers). Ultimately, the report of A.N. Kuropatkin clearly demonstrates why the imperial authorities failed to solve the problems of the Cossacks of the late imperial period: in their reform activities, imperial officials sometimes proceeded not from reality, but from a priori ideas about what the Cossacks should be like.

1455-1466

Authors: Almasbek A. Absadyk, Otegen I. Issenov, Baktyly S. Boranbaeva, Kabibek S. Mukhitov

The Omsk-Karkaraly period is meaningful in creative biography of A. Baitursynov, the great educator, politician and poet. It is the start of his enlightening and political activity. During this time, a former unknown state servant became a famous poet and politician, widely recognized among Kazakhs. Performing duties of the state servant, he got a lot of valuable information from A.Alektorov, the well-known Turkologist, and scientist-educator. A. Baitursynov gathered invaluable experience in the system of administrative management and educational and methodological arrangement of enlightenment. In the process of translating practice of I. Krylov 40 fables, he was recognized as a talented poet and translator. Published as a special edition of verses, this translation came into use in educational process of rural schools. The famous Kazakh intelligentsia worked in the city of Omsk. His co-thinkers, A. Bukeikhanov and Zh. Akpaev, shared his political views, and also interested in development of Kazakh society. In the revolutionary 1905 year, he actively participated in social and political life of Akmola and Semey oblasts. A. Baitursynov was among ideological arrangers of “Karkaraly Petition”, and proclaimed social, economic and political demands. Due to repressive policy of authorities Baitursynov imprisoned. It caused a public outcry. Under public pressure the authorities released him from confinement. Emerged from jail, he exiled from Steppe and rested under police supervision till 1917.

1476-1485

Authors: Natalya P. Koptseva, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Anna A. Shpak, Julia N. Menzhurenko

This article is a source analysis of the articles of the monthly journal “Priroda” published in the Russian Empire in the period from 1912 to 1916. This is the first stage in the history of radio communications in our country. In 1912–1916 the process of radio development is mainly aimed not at improving the technology, but at spreading it, which turned out to be very important for the development of the Russian Arctic zone and other vast and difficult territories. The main purpose of the study is to study the concept of "radio" and its derivatives in the periodical scientific publication – the journal “Priroda (Natyre)” – using the qualitative-quantitative method of content analysis, as well as to reconstruct the history of radio as an element of the history of science and technology of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. The particular attention is paid to the use of radiotelegraphy in scientific expeditions, in particular, in the northern and arctic regions, the importance of radio technologies as a means of wireless communication and transmission of textual information is emphasized. The potential of radio for the rapid development of science and technology in the Russian Empire, including during the war years of the First World War, is analyzed. The history of the development of radio, reflected in such specific historical sources as scientific and popular science articles of the journal “Nature”, shows that scientists and engineers of the Russian Empire in a short time turned scientific discoveries into technologies that contributed to the development of territories, territorial ties, intercontinental communications, international exchange of scientifically significant information. The increase in the number of references to radiotelephony in 1915 was due to the scientific analysis of the importance of radio for military purposes.

1495-1501

Authors: Ruslan M. Allalyev, Mikhail G. Smirnov, Ilya V. Tyurin, Igor А. Gordeev

The article considers the charitable activities of the monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church in the initial period of the First World War, that is, in 1914. There were as sources the published documents and materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press. Among the published documents, the most important is the “Most Comprehensive report of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod”, which was published in 1916. The materials of the journal “Tserkovnye vedomosti” are also of great importance in the work. In conclusion, the authors state that the outbreak of the First World War, due to its scale, required the consolidation of the efforts of all Russian Orthodox monasteries in organizing charitable assistance for those affected by the war. In 1914, this assistance was provided in the following areas: the participation of monks in combat operations as regimental priests; the organization of their own hospital network; the transfer of vacant areas of monasteries to hospitals of other departments; food and other support for both family members called up for war and refugees; organization of sewing workshops for sewing the necessary clothing supplies for the front; provision of medical and moral and spiritual assistance within their competence (sisters of mercy, monks); voluntary monthly deductions from personal income for military needs, as well as the organization of shelters for war orphans. Such a broad charitable activity required the monasteries to spend a lot of money and strain the spiritual and physical strength of its employees. It is obvious that the Great Victory required great sacrifices, and the Russian monastic clergy clearly demonstrated with all their appearance that they were ready for these sacrifices.

1512-1521

Authors: Alexander L. Chupin, Svetlana V. Bryukhovetskaya, Marina B. Medvedeva, Oleg Yu. Kazenkov

The article deals with the problem of technological solutions during the First World War related to the production of aviation equipment. It is proved that there is in certain technological segments of the aviation industry Russia kept pace with the West. The nature of the war on the Eastern Front and the mistakes of the High Command largely determined the vector of technological development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Empire in the First World War and their air force formations in particular. The authors believe that the tasks of modernizing the Russian Air Force were solved by the spring-summer of 1917, but the policy made its own adjustments, the aviation industry and other segments of the industry fell into decline quite quickly, soon the industrialization of the period of the First World War was completely forgotten. Nevertheless, the experience in the technological sphere remained, which contributed to the continuation of the technological modernization of the aviation industry in Russia after March 1917. The First World War set Russia tasks that its society could not imagine until August 1914. However, Russia managed to create 21 enterprises of the aviation industry by the autumn of 1917, and valuable experience was also gained in the economic and technological development of this industry. The authors aim to show in the article the significant success of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War, as well as achievements in the development of the potential of Russian military aviation as a whole during this period. But the authors also reflect in their work the main shortcomings of the aviation industry of the Russian Empire, which occurred in general from the nature of government and its armed forces.

1532-1538

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The paper attempts to consider the evolution of the image “Children at War” on the pages of the army newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik” of the period 1914–1915. As materials, the authors used the files of the newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik” for 1914–1916. In conclusion, the authors note that the image “Children at War” on the pages of the army newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik” in 1914–1915 underwent a significant evolution: August 1914 – demonstration of isolated cases of children's participation in the war; October 1914 – the participation of children in the war is massive, children participate in guerrilla and sabotage operations, are used in reconnaissance and ammunition tray; November 1914 – a minor unarmed scout in a clash with an armed enemy comes out victorious; December 1914 – with the help of a patriotic letter from a minor girl for the “first soldier” and the publication of feedback from the front (a soldier's letter), an attempt is made to strengthen the connection of children of the rear with the soldier masses; January 1915 – publication of generalizing materials about the reasons for children's participation in the war, their motivation and the difficulties of field life; February 1915 – heroism in the war can show not only boys, but also girls. That is, in the period from August 1914 to February 1915, the theme of children at war evolved from a child as an isolated case to a mass phenomenon and the use of children in a wide variety of operations (up to bayonet attacks and sabotage work). Despite all of the above, after February 1915, the topic "children at war" ceased to be considered on the pages of the newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik”. The reasons for this was an attempt by the military department to stop glorifying the image of "children at war" in order to reduce the number of cases of minors escaping from home to the theater of military operations.

1550-1560

Authors: Malika A. Shashayeva, Auyezkhan K. Shashayev, Makhabbat M. Kozybayeva, Yildirim Seyfi

The article analyzes the history of studying the problem of Kazakh women's equality in the framework of changes in society during the formation of Soviet Kazakhstan. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the study of the transformation of the status of women in the Soviet period allows us to assess the situation in modern Kazakhstan, determine strategies and tactics aimed at implementing the gender policy determined by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The policy of the Soviet Union led to a change in the position and status of women in Kazakhstan, as well as the institution of marriage and family, which subsequently affected the emergence of the problem of the loss of traditional family values. In the course of the analysis of the studies, it was found that when studying the living conditions of the Kazakh people, as a result of Soviet policy, scientists left out sighting the problem of the work of Kazakh women. As a result of the conclusions obtained, the history of the study of the acute women's issue, which began to rise in society after the October Revolution, was divided into several stages and a comparative analysis was carried out.

1570-1581

Authors: Irina V. Sukhareva, Gelysya F. Kayumova, Abidat A. Gazieva

The attention to the experience of predecessors in science is dictated by the need to assess the level of development of today's knowledge. This experience is often undeservedly forgotten. That leads to mistakes and misunderstandings. Archaeology is no exception. It is closely connected with modernity, as it allows us to trace the origins of many current ideas, ideas, traits of the national mentality. The policy of the Russian state in the field of archeology development can be enriched by the experience of the state policy of the Russian Empire, an experience that turns out to be instructive and in many ways applicable now. This is due to the relevance of this work. The study of historiography is constructed in accordance with the division into three conditional blocks. The first historiographical block includes works devoted to the development of archeology in Russia as a science and state policy in this direction. To the second – works on the historiography of archeology of individual periods and regions, to the third – the personalities of the pioneers of the national archaeological science. Since the historiographical part accompanies any archaeological work, the article draws attention to the works of recent years, the distinctive feature of which is the appeal to archival materials, the introduction of new sources into circulation. It is such works that the main attention is paid in this article. The use of archaeologists' archives allows modern researchers to reveal new facets of scientific and pedagogical creativity of the pioneers of Russian archaeology and dispel the established scientific myths associated with their activities. As a result of the research, new directions in historiography are highlighted and a conclusion is made about the need to form a new type of scientist – archaeologist-historiographer who has information on various aspects of the humanities, which corresponds to the interdisciplinary nature of modern knowledge.

525-535

Authors: Denis A. Lyapin, Nikolay A. Zhirov

The article presents the experience of the temples in the study of the local territory of the Central Chernozem region during the XVII-XVIII centuries. It was the territory of the Belgorod line – a complex of military installations on the southern frontier of Russia. The authors focus on the rural population of three large districts: Voronezh, Belgorod and Yelets. Census books, economic notes to the maps of the general land surveying of 1795 became the basis for scientific work. The article draws important conclusions about the features of the internal colonization of Russia, shows the specifics of this phenomenon on the example of the southern frontier territory. It is established that the construction of a complex of military defense structures in the 1650s played an important role in the economic development of a vast and fertile region. This event significantly changed the social structure of society and disrupted the traditional development of landownership, but this made it possible to begin intensive land development and ensure a military offensive to the south. As a result, by the end of the 17th century, the form of small land ownership without peasant households (single-yard) began to prevail in the region. Smallandowners became the main social element in the structure of local society. Despite reforms of Peter the Great and the advance of the border to the south, the situation has not changed. In 1795, the number of smallandowners exceeded the number of peasants. The formation of this specific social element created favorable conditions for internal colonization.

544-552

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Kairat K. Atabekov, Nikita S. Grudinin, Ruslan M. Zhirov

This article deals with economic crimes regulated by the norms of positive and customary law of the Ural peoples in the XVII – first half of the XVIII centuries. The authors came to the conclusion that the Russian legislator sought to include all national territories as much as possible in the economic development of the entire state. The official recognition by the state of the norms of customary law and its regulatory potential was based on a far-sighted state policy, since the legislator realized that the norms of customary law reflected centuries of experience in regulating traditional social relations. Economic crimes were regulated not only by the norms of positive, but also by customary law among the Ural peoples in the XVII – first half of the XVIII centuries. An analysis of historical sources testifies to the frequent commission of crimes of an economic nature, among which the theft of hunting and fishing objects, deer, other livestock, as well as theft of state, merchant property and property of pioneers, foreigners-traders were especially prominent. In addition, non-payment of debt and misappropriation of other people's property were common. Thefts and robberies were often accompanied by violence, often ending in murder. Positive and customary law contained various forms of punishment for the commission of such acts. As a punishment in positive law, the death penalty, mutilation punishments, etc. were used. The norms of customary law prescribed that such violators be punished by “expulsion from their own fishing grounds”, the use of disgraceful forms of punishment, public censure, etc. But, it is important to understand that customary law singled out circumstances that preclude guilt. Also, a number of acts were not qualified by customary law as unlawful at all, among which it is necessary to name the sale, donation of a woman, children, causing property damage to a foreigner.

565-576

Authors: Zhazira M. Terekbayeva, Ainura K. Beisegulova, Kuralai B. Baudiyarova, Aigerim S. Yessenamanova

Watercraft such as rafts and boats were required to convey goods and people across the major rivers and lakes of Central Asia and vast Kazakh steppes. There was made “mes sal” using the skins of wholly slaughtered bulls, horses and camels. The skin of the cattle was blown and fastened tightly, several blown meses were tied together and a wooden platform was placed on its top. Four, six or eight blown skins of livestock were used to make one “mes sal”. The mes made of camel-skin was described in the memoirs of the X century traveler – Ibn Fadlan. There were reports that mes sal was used in Kazakhstan until the beginning of the XX century. In the beginning of the XVIII century, a simple swimming tool “raft” was used, which was made of logs, a bundle of reeds and willow branches. That is because in the second half of the ХІХ century, the Kazakhs living near the Syrdarya River compacted the reeds to each other growing along the river, tied and combined with long, then a series of reed bundles was assembled horizontally and made temporary raft to cross the river. It was mainly used in rivers with frequent channel changes, as the rafts could not withstand the current. Theboat was one of the most widely used watercraft utilized in various sectors of the household for transporting people and goods, fishing. There were more than twenty types of boats in Kazakhstan, depending on the structure, size and design.

589-600

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid

The article analyses some institutional aspects of the Kyiv Theological Academy as one of the most important institutions of spiritual education, research activities, as well as cultural and educational centre of Ukraine and the Russian Empire as a whole. It has been shown that the Kyiv theological academy had been a kind of “personnel smithy” for the needs of both spiritual and secular educational institutions, bodies of state power and local authorities. It is noted that in the process of reforming the system of education in the Russian Empire was formed a vertical of spiritual educational institutions in which theological academies have the status of specialized higher theological institutions, headed by the corresponding spiritual-educational districts. There were four such districts in the Russian Empire: Kiev, Kazan, Moscow and St. Petersburg. There was a determining influence on institutional activity and features of organizational structure of Kyiv Theological Academy of charters of orthodox theological academies. Charters of 1814, 1869, 1884, 1910 determined staffing of the academy, number of students, order of holding vacant posts, order of conferring of degrees and ranks etc. Authorities of Kyiv Theological Academy collegiate bodies were determined – Conference of the Academy, internal and external (district) Board of the Academy which exercised direct administration of Kyiv Theological Academy. The higher management system of Kyiv Theological Academy (rector, inspector) in their interrelation with other subjects of management in the system of higher education of the Russian empire was described.

609-618

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Utkir I. Abdullayev, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Vladimir Kozukhov

In modern humanitarian knowledge, which also includes archaeological knowledge, the most important role is played by the civil position of the researcher, the understanding of the humanistic orientation of science. This article is devoted to the consideration of the views of the outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin on the role of the concept of “nationality” and “folk life” in relation to archaeology. The task of reconstructing the scientist's ideas related to determining the place of archeology in the life of society and the nature of science is solved on the basis of unpublished archival materials. In the course of the study, new accents were placed in his assessment as an archaeologist, teacher, citizen, what is the novelty of this work. The materials of this study were handwritten lecture notes compiled by E.I. Zabelin in the 1860s, for reading in front of an audience consisting of artists, as well as diaries and autobiography of the scientist. In historiography, the work of I.E. Zabelin was not considered in the perspective chosen in this article. In his lectures, I.E. Zabelin argues that modern ideas can be realized only by referring to the heroic past of the people. By “nationality” in archaeology, a scientist understands the study of both the material and spiritual culture of the past. Based on the history of archeology, the researcher points out the need to study not only classical antiquities, but also monuments of other peoples. Innovative are his reflections on the «living» and “dead” ways of developing archaeology as a science. The development of archaeological knowledge in Russia, for reasons not always of an academic nature, followed a “dead” path, which led to small-scale, regional-chronological isolation, and emphasized the empirical nature of research. The thesis of the unity of historical and archaeological knowledge has entered into the tradition of Russian science. I.E. Zabelin in his lectures was repeatedly ahead of his time, justifying the use of the term “type” of archeology, advocating a combination of archaeological practice and theory, defending the need to study all aspects of folk life. In Russian science, this was talked about more than a century after the lectures of I.E. Zabelin.

633-649

Authors: Gulnur F. Yakubova, Ivan M. Vanchugov, Roman A. Shestakov

The study opens a series of publications about the formation and development of the oil industry in the Caspian-Black Sea region of Russia. The article analyzes the formation and development of the oil production and refining industry in the Transcaucasian region of Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The authors consider the historical and economic prerequisites and factors of the formation of the Caspian-Black Sea oil region before the start of industrial development of oil fields. The actions of the Russian state on the annexation of the Baku field to the Russian possessions and the beginning of oil production are emphasized. The role of domestic entrepreneurs, engineers and scientists in the development of the oil wealth of the south of Russia is emphasized. The inventions of engineers that were developed and used for the first time during the development of the oil industry in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia are considered. The article reveals the chronological order of the development of the oil industry – from the first mentions of Absheron in history to the formation of the world's strongest oil industry in terms of oil production rates in the Baku area. For the first time in the study of the industry at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, the authors studied the historical, legal, scientific and technical, economic, logistical, economic and political aspects of the creation and development of the Russian oil industry.

662-670

Authors: Igor V. Krupko, Saltanat A. Ashimova, Rustem D. Kubeyev

The article deals with Russian medicine in the Kazakh steppe in the context of the interaction of traditions and cultures. It attempts to more fully reveal the role of Russian medicine in the development of new territories in the 19th century. In particular, in addition to the actual medical practices introduced among the nomadic Kazakh population and the administrative measures of medical control, attention is also paid to the “accompanying” functions of Russian doctors, as ethnographers, collecting the most detailed information about the new territories of the empire and their inhabitants. Accordingly, their medical practice is considered in the context of a dialogue of cultures and the development of newly annexed lands. In addition to highlighting the main stages of Russian medicine’s penetration into the Kazakh steppe, the work attempts to trace changes in cultural narratives, highlighting their main features: the romanticization of the nomadic population due to their proximity to nature, the formation of Russian orientalism and, over time – from the middle of the 19th century – increasing attention to the intellectual and moral abilities of the nomadic population, which distinguished them from all neighboring peoples and which were considered by the Russian administration and doctors in the formation of cultural policy in the newly annexed lands. The mention of such abilities from the middle of the 19th century occurs in the narratives of Russian doctors already in a more functional context, with the inclusion of local culture in the general socio-cultural space and its corresponding transformation and cultural transfer.

685-693

Authors: Irina I. Leyman

The article considers the influence of merchants on the development of female education in the Russian province during the second third of the 19th century (based on the materials of Vologda province). Women’s education started being differentiated from the common school system in 1800-1820. It became possible due to the adoption of such educational documents as “Statute of educational institutions subordinated to universities” and “Statute of gymnasiums and schools of district and parish” that were released in 1804 and 1828 respectively. In 1830−1850 women’s parochial schools started appearing in Vologda Province thanks to the big support of local merchants. The examples of such schools were Kadnikovskoe (1838), Gryazovetskoe (1840), Yarenskoe (1843), Veliko-Ustyugskoe (1844). Another important educational document devoted to female education was implemented in 1858. It was “Regulations on women's schools” that contributed to the establishment of women’s schools in Vologda, Totma, Ust-Sysolsk and Yarensk. All of this happened thanks to the huge support of local merchants, who became the initiators of the opening of women’s schools in Totma and Ust-Sysolsk. At the same time the merchants’ wives became the trustees of such schools (however, there was an exceptional case in Ust-Sysolsk where the merchant of the 1st guild Latkin V.N. got to be the trustee according to the particular rule of law). Among the significant sources of women’s schools support were means of local merchants who bought a lot of books, schools supplies and furniture. Besides, they were really involved into the charity and donated money during such holidays as Easter and Christmas. The buildings – where the women’s schools were situated – also were taken care of by merchants. For instance, in 1858-1859 in Ust-Sysolsk the merchant Zaboev I.N. built a wooden building for the women’s school using his own money. Thus, the local merchants gave wide and complex support to the development of female education in Vologda province.

703-711

Authors: Nikolay S. Lapin, Kuanysh G. Akanov

The article analyzes the works of the Russian scientist-historian of the late imperial period, the General G.E. Katanaev devoted to the study of history of the Chingizids states of Siberia and Central Asia. The source base for the study were articles published by G.E. Katanaev on the history of Siberia and the Russian state, as well as his unpublished work, kept in the personal fund of the general in the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. There were shown noted in the works of G.E. Katanaev the medieval states ruled by representatives of the Chingizids dynasty, the circle of his scientific interests in the history of relations between the Chingizids of Siberia, Central Asia with the Russian state and neighboring peoples is outlined. The most significant historical persons who played an important role in the history of the region under study are identified. The data collected by G.E. Katanaev on the history of individual states of the Chingizids is systematized, their assessments and characteristics given by the author are shown, and an understanding of his works is carried out. Being a historian of the Siberian Cossacks, General G.E. Katanaev paid more attention to the history of the region and specifically the history of the Siberian Khanate, in which the Chingizids ruled along the line of Shiban, one of the sons of Jochi. Among the main plots in his works, in terms of volume and main attention, the struggle of the Siberian Khan Kuchum and his descendants with Russian governors and Cossacks stands out. However, in addition to the Siberian Khanate, G.E. Katanaev in his writings paid attention to other states of the Chingizid, among which the Kazakh Khanate occupies a prominent place, in which the Tukatimurids, representatives of another line of Chingizids, ruled. The authors concluded that the works of G.E. Katanaev as a historiographical source reflecting the development of scientific knowledge in the late imperial period on the history of the Chingizids states in Siberia and Central Asia.

722-733

Authors: Rassul Zh. Kilash, Gulfira E. Otepova, Gulmira A. Khamitova

The article analyzes the contribution of the Kazakh historian A.L. Zakharenko to the study of the history of Siberia in the second half of the 19th century and the socio-historical connections between Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Volga region, and the Urals through the use of the method of intellectual biography. Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries underwent socio-political changes in which a new category of people – “raznochintsy” – played a noticeable role. They united in organizations such as “Siberian community” and formed the socio-political movement of «oblastnichesvo». Kazakhstan in this period, due to its geographical and historical circumstances, was closely linked to Siberia. In the second half of the 19th century, the formation of the national Kazakh intelligentsia was taking place, which had close cultural and educational ties with the Siberian oblastnichesvo, especially with its outstanding representatives such as G.N. Potanin and N.M. Yadrintsev. The study of Siberian oblastnichesvo, the life and activities of individual oblastniki, and the cultural and socio-political interconnection between Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Urals, and the Volga region is particularly significant for the historical science of Kazakhstan. Zakharenko is one of the first Kazakh scientists who has achieved significant results in the field of Siberian studies.

745-754

Authors: Sergei V. Belousov, Olga V. Kolpakova, Anastasia R. Mere

The article examines the activities of the Orthodox clergy of the Penza diocese in countering alcoholization of the population in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The fight against drunkenness was one of the directions of pastoral care. In the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, temperance societies, including parochial ones, played an important role in distracting the population from drunkenness. During the period under study, special attention was paid to the issue of the sober movement and the activities of the Orthodox clergy in the struggle for the piety of the flock. The main measures to combat the national disease were preaching, home visits, private conversations, sobriety holidays, distribution of special brochures. The study focuses on the regulatory framework regarding the direction of the activities of the Orthodox clergy, measures and recommendations from the diocesan authorities on the issue of combating the spread of alcohol addiction. The article provides information on the functioning of the Guardianship of People's Sobriety on the territory of the Penza province since 1901, as well as their activities.

767-780

Authors: Egor E. Kochetkov, Anna A. Niklaus

The article deals with the problems of autonomy in the context of the historical development of the Russian Empire. The autonomy of the territorial units of a large state, which Russia has always been, is a complex and multifaceted process that depends on many factors. An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the process of autonomization in the Russian Empire is given – an issue that is also relevant for modern Russia. For this reason, the issue of autonomy is still a subject of discussion for both scientists and practitioners, just as it has been for centuries in Russian society. The article describes the political and administrative measures taken by the government of the Russian Empire to provide varying degrees of autonomy to various regions and ethnic groups of the country. These measures, although they had some success in relation to the promotion of local self-government and the preservation of cultural diversity, but faced significant problems and restrictions for various reasons, especially in the context of increased control and centralization by the monarchical power. The tension between the desire of the central government for control and the desire of the local population for more self-government is noted. The authors emphasize that the difficulties of the autonomization process of the empire were associated with regional differences, the unique history and culture of different regions, and linguistic differentiation. To support his arguments, the authors use a number of academic sources, including legal acts and materials of scientific discussions. An attempt to consider the problem of autonomization of the territorial units of the Russian Empire is correlated in the article with the historical realities characteristic of Russia with a projection on the present.

789-797

Authors: Olga A. Sukhova, Anna A. Timakova

The problems of multiple representations of provinciality, as well as the formation of the identity of the region, are considered in the article. Based on the analysis of an array of sources published and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time (office materials, epistolary heritage documents, fiction literature), as well as the results of research practice, the factors, content and specifics of the development of self-awareness of the Penza community are determined in the abolition of serfdom and liberal reforms of 1860th context. The unique experience of reception and exploration of innovative characteristics was studied on the example of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin as Chairman of the Penza State Chamber. A comparative analysis of documentary evidences and the grotesque of Penza representations in the works of the great writer makes it possible to identify the most significant subjects of social perception and the contradictions of the initial stage of sociocultural transformation. The status of a “noble nest”, an outpost of noble land expansion, the complex nature of ethnopolitical evolution, the incompleteness of social integration processes predetermined the crisis-cyclical logic of the Russian hinterland identity development in the first decades of post-reform development. At the same time, it should be noted that there are opportunities in the social environment for the perception of innovative ideas and behavioral strategies that correspond to the initial stage of the assertion of modern consciousness.

812-820

Authors: Alexander Y. Epifanov

The article from the standpoint of the history of the state and law reveals the causes and conditions, characteristic features and statistics of riots among the contingent of Russian places of detention at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The author analyzes the actions of the prison administration, supervision, police and military formations to neutralize riots and unrest among prisoners. The influence on the level of riots in places of deprivation of liberty of the state of discipline and the regime of serving sentences in penitentiary institutions of the Russian Empire is shown. The author conducts a direct dependence of the riots and unrest on the development of the socio-political conditions that have developed in the Russian Empire, and comes to the conclusion that a characteristic feature of the revolutionary period was the active participation in the mass riots aimed at the release of prisoners by their accomplices and associates who remained at large. The article is prepared on the basis of various sources, archival materials first of all. Many of them are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article uses both general scientific (historical, logical, dialectical, system-functional synthesis and analysis), and special-historical (statistical and historical-comparative) methods of cognition. The paper shows statistical data obtained from various sources on incidents that took place in places of detention, which served as elements of riots. The author comes to the conclusion about the significant scale and great public danger of riots among the prisoners of Russian penitentiary institutions. Their development was associated with the formation of a revolutionary situation, negative changes in the composition of prisoners, as well as the state of the regime of serving sentences and places of deprivation of liberty.

830-841

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

During the modernization of Russian society in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, the principles of family assistance to disabled people were being transformed in the direction of public charity for the elderly and disabled in specialized institutions - almshouses. In accordance with the rules of charitable institutions, they admitted disabled people who were unable to work and earn a livelihood, as well as those who did not have relatives. The last requirement was the main one, however, in the post-reform period, among the inhabitants of the almshouses there were many who had relatives, but for various reasons they refused the obligation to support their elderly parents or disabled, referring them to social care in a charitable institution. This indicates that the processes of destruction of the family model of charity have begun in the society. Based on the methodological principles of modernization theory, family history and the microhistorical approach, in the article various reasons are examined why able-bodied people ceased to be a source of help and support for their sick and aged relatives. In the course of studying the petitions for admission and expulsion of T.I. Shchegoleva from the almshouse in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the boundaries and abilities of family and marital responsibilities in relation to disabled people in the period from the mid-1870s to the 1910s are analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded how natural was the process of moving away from family care towards charity in a specialized institution.

858-868

Authors: Anastasia V. Kistova, Natalya А. Sergeeva, Tikhon K. Ermakov, Anna A. Omelik

The topicality of this study is associated with the formation and dissemination of the theory of urban planning, and the aesthetic and functional features of the architecture of that period in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. A significant role in this process was played by the beginning of the publication of the architectural and artistic and technical journal “Zodchij” in 1872, since it was on its pages that the studies of architects and historians of ancient Russian architecture were published, the need for a stylistic definition of the “Russkii stil'” (“Russian style”) in architecture was substantiated, and projects of urban and private structures, as well as a monthly review of the work of the St. Petersburg Society of Architects. The publications of this historical source were examined using the methods of qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The study made it possible to establish the influence of the activities of the Society of Architects on the formation of the theory of urban planning in the Russian Empire, to identify trends in the application of functional and aesthetic solutions based on domestic and foreign architectural traditions, and to consider the trend in the development and formation of stylistic solutions aimed at developing the national idea of urban planning and formulating “Russian style” in architecture.

882-892

Authors: Gyulnar K. Mukanova, Ainagul Kaipbayeva, Zylyikha Sh. Bimakanova, Assel N. Bekmurzina

The purpose of the research of this topic was to determine a specific synthesis of Russian-European and Eastern Muslim traditions, at a crucial stage of self-identification. In the course of the study of archival written, memoir sources and pre-revolutionary periodicals, historical facts of the diverse manifestation of the socio-cultural transformation of the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries were revealed, using the example of the Kazakh ummah of the northern regions of the republic. On the basis of archival and memoir sources, for the first time in a generalized form, an attempt is made to structure innovations in the social behavior of Muslims (Kazakhs, Tatars, etc.) under the influence of external circumstances, in particular, introduction to bank lending. The article presents the facts of the Kazakhs using the Hajj to Mecca for educational tours in Europe and the Middle East. The artifacts (monuments of architecture, architecture) of the city of Petropavlovsk, the initiative of the construction of which belonged to local wealthy Muslims, have been studied. The facts of patronage in terms of organizing libraries and paying for the education of children and adolescents in aul schools and colleges, seminaries outside the region are summarized. A comparative analysis of the curricula of Muslim schools of the “old” and “new” method is carried out. When working with the sources, the historical and geographical factor, the peculiarities of ethnic identification and regional urbanism were taken into account.

903-914

Authors: Elena A. Brukhanova, Oksana I. Chekryzhova, Natalya V. Nezhentseva

The article is devoted to the study of such specific category of urban population as the owners of houses of tolerance and prostitutes. Urbanization processes in Siberia at the end of the XIX century were reflected in both internal and external migrations of the population. At the same time, the adaptation of “new citizens” took place with varying degrees of success, and the development of cities also led to the expansion of infrastructure, including entertainments and the field of pleasure. Therefore, the prostitution in cities was, although condemned, but still common phenomenon. In this context, it is relevant to study the sphere of intimate services' users to form an idea of the social appearance of the Siberian city's marginal strata at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The statistical and nominative sources were the basis of the study. The statistical materials presented by the data of a the 1889 special survey of prostitution and the published results of the 1897 Census made it possible to trace in time and in space the dynamics of the development of prostitution in Siberia at the end of the XIX century. Nominative sources, such as 1897 the census forms, containing personal information about prostitutes and brothels' managers in the Tobolsk province's towns, significantly supplemented and adjusted the statistical data. The article pays attention to the socio-demographic “portrait” of prostitutes and owners of houses of tolerance, the specifics of their placement and residence in towns, the number and composition of such organizations. It is concluded about the active development of prostitution in the Tobolsk province's towns. Tyumen was the leader in the number of brothels and prostitutes. Despite the general trends in the development of the industry such as the involvement of young nonresident Russian girls in the “debauchery”, Tobolsk towns also had some specific features such as a noticeable number of male owners of brothels and the nationality of brothel holders.

927-935

Authors: Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Ivan A. Pfanenshtil, Tatyana V. Schastlivaya

This article focuses on social activities, the specifics of Zinaida Gippius' world view, and her influence on the formation of consciousness of the Russian intelligentsia at the turn of the 20th century. The study is based on the use of primary sources: diaries, memoirs, letters, articles, both by Gippius and her contemporaries. These sources have been analyzed in a comparative manner to provide the greatest degree of objective insight into the social and political processes that were taking place in Russia and the role of Gippius in them. The reasons for the failure of religious and philosophical activities of Z. Gippius and her closest companions D. Merezhkovsky and D. Filosofov are justified in the article. The idea of implementing the Main, which was to create a modernized church on the basis of the formation of a new religious consciousness, did not resonate with her contemporaries. Gippius' personal qualities, her exaggerated self-esteem, her fanatical conviction in the truth of her own ideas, which in fact turned out to be false, her belief that the need to spread these ideas gave her the right to control people's fates by bending them to her will, alienated from her even her supporters. Her numerous contacts with representatives of different social groups helped Gippius to correctly assess the social and political situation in the country and develop her attitude to it. Taking into account Gippius' authority and influence among the Russian intelligentsia, without exaggerating the results of her social activities, we can definitely say that she contributed quite a lot to the formation of public consciousness, which makes her personality interesting for our contemporaries as well.

947-954

Authors: Stanislav E. Prokofiev, Pavel S. Seleznev, Konstantin V. Simonov, Daniel V. Petrosyants

This work is devoted to the study of key problems in the interaction between the civil and military authorities of Moscow during the suppression of the December uprising of 1905. security and order under the Moscow mayor, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Military Historical Archive. The methodological basis of the work includes elements of structural, synchronic and diachronic analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that the strategies for responding to the threat of an armed uprising of both the civil administration and the military command contained a number of significant miscalculations, and in the relationship between them there was a lack of trust in many significant moments. Under these conditions, the direct subordination of parts of the Moscow garrison to the governor-general would hardly have led to an optimization of the actions of government forces to suppress the armed uprising. This measure would bring the expected effect only with a concomitant increase in the number of military units, as well as the establishment of undercover police work at the proper level and ensuring the effective operation of communication systems. At the same time, responsibility for the indicated shortcomings cannot be assigned primarily to F.V. Dubasov. The latter was appointed to the post of Governor-General of Moscow only at the end of November 1905 and objectively had neither the resources nor the authority to eliminate the indicated shortcomings, at least within the framework of his competence.

964-973

Authors: Oleg E. Chuikov, Ilya V. Tyurin, Tatyana M. Rozhnova, Ksenia S. Rozhnova

This article presents an analysis of the system of military training and patriotic education of the younger generation, which was developed by Nazimov Semyon Ivanovich and Yatsko Ivan Vasilyevich, for “poteshnye” (funny)squads. “Poteshnye” were created in 1908 with the aim of providing military training and patriotic education of young men of the lower classes. After the organization of the first “poteshnye” squads, there was no uniformity, both in the form and in the method of training young warriors. Such children's organization required the presence of a whole educational and methodological system. The system could have appeared and existed only in conditions of combining pedagogical talent, patriotic enthusiasm of the founders of the “poteshnye” (funny) squads, sovereign support, as well as the approval of Russian society. The purpose of the study: to model the system of military-patriotic training and patriotic education of young people in “poteshnye” (funny) squads. In the course of the conducted research, we were able to determine the levels of support for the organization of funny squads (state and zemstvo); methods and means of this support (regulatory, logistical, financial, etc.) were identified; the results of the first years of the funny activity are analyzed. The system of training the “poteshnye” (funny) assumed the presence of several important areas: the study of the foundations of Russian monarchical statehood, religious education, military training and physical education. The paper presents a list of classes and examples of teaching materials used by educators and non-commissioned officers in the educational process. There is a great bias towards military training in the absence of a holistic pedagogical concept. And we also identified factors and causes that negatively affected the future fate of the movement and led to the termination of the activities of the “poteshnye” (funny).

982-989

Authors: Sergey V. Rastorguev

This article is devoted to the study of the impact of the crisis of the June 3rd system on the transformation of state policy in relation to the agrarian issue. The purpose of the presented work is to assess the impact of the crisis of the June 3rd monarchy on the implementation of the agrarian policy of the authorities and related projects. The source base of the study was formed by involving previously unpublished archival materials into scientific circulation. The methodology of the work includes comparative, structural and historical-genetic analysis. The crisis of the June 3 system in 1911 led to the destruction of its organizational foundations. First, the Prime Minister has come into conflict with the parties dominating the State Duma.At the same time, the Prime Minister's willingness to make ambiguous political decisions in the agricultural sector, ignoring the opinions of most deputies, was publicly demonstrated. Secondly, the inability of the Octobrists to counteract the political course of P.A. Stolypin created favorable conditions for a split within the party and a decline in its popularity. During the same period, there was an internal crisis among the nationalists.These circumstances leveled the possibility of relatively successful use of the mechanism of the “Octobrist pendulum” in the future. Thirdly, P.A. Stolypin's attempt to use members of the reigning house to influence the emperor most likely negatively affected the attitude of Nicholas II to the head of government and his course. At the same time, the state of health of the head of government also significantly complicated the situation. In the current conditions, the further implementation of the agrarian reform was significantly hampered. However, other negative factors also influenced the process. Thus, many conservatives viewed peasants who had separated from the community as a social stratum that was not interested in maintaining political stability. In their opinion, this group, which united small and medium-sized landowners, represented the driving force of the probable bourgeois revolution. As a result, the agrarian reform itself was perceived by many right-wingers as a dangerous experiment contributing to the destruction of the traditionalist community and the spread of capitalism in Russia. On the other hand, many representatives of the highest bureaucracy did not share the Prime Minister's point of view regarding the need for broad material support for peasants who had separated from the community through the modernization of zemstvo institutions. As a result, the crisis of the Third June system paralyzed the activities of the government and the entire system of state power to consolidate and develop the achievements of agrarian reform, or significantly slowed down their implementation.

998-1006

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article is devoted to the analysis of the materials of the pre-revolutionary weekly journal “Studencheskii Byulleten' Kievskogo Kommercheskogo Instituta”, the issues of which became the source of our research. The publication was founded in 1913, the first issue was published on November 3. A weekly circulation was declared, but the “Byulleten'” was published irregularly, sometimes with breaks of many months. It was published by the “Society for Mutual Assistance of Students of the Kiev Commercial Institute”; the material was articles by teachers and students of the university, as well as attracted specialists. The journal pursued mainly educational and educational goals, informed about the scientific and educational activities of the Kiev Commercial Institute, and also served as a platform for scientific creativity of students. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that when covering the events of the First World War, the journal took a pronounced patriotic position. The articles of its issues contain many principles of military propaganda, such as “demonization of the enemy”, “unity of the Russian nation”, “everything for the front, everything for victory!”, support of the war by the highly educated part of Russian society, etc. However, starting from the second issue, the military theme fades into the background. The last issue pays very little attention to military events at all, which is explained by the fact that martial law is becoming commonplace. There are also difficulties in finding material, as the editorial board requests to send such materials, which it has not done before. Whether this trend is related to the patriotic position of the journal (in particular, a boycott by collaborationist and/or revolutionary-minded students and teachers) or it is purely organizational difficulties, we could not find out.

1034-1045

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Anna A. Shpak, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Yulia N. Menzhurenko

The study of the periodic source “Vestnik Obshhestva sibirskih inzhenerov” for 1916 takes place on the historiographical method basis. The basic component of the publication messages from the meetings of the Society of Siberian Engineers, whose main task was to promote the industry development, the technical education dissemination and knowledge in Siberia. The article highlights the main directions and topics of this periodical, printed publication. There is noted the closest connection of scientific and technological progress with the peculiarities of specific regions industrial development of the Russian Empire. The periodical especially highlights the Siberian industry, and sometimes the Far Eastern territories. The journal contains quite extensive information about various technical and advanced inventions, but in close connection with the Russian regions different peculiarities and the possibility of developing a particular area. Since the selected issue of the magazine dates back to 1916, statistical data considered comparing pre-war and military indicators of industrial development. The main problems of industrial development in the regions of Siberia and the Far East, and the possibilities of their solution, highlighted. Mining, metallurgical, gold mining and related chemical industries singled out as one of the most relevant industries, and then – the peculiarities of agriculture. The choice of the most progressive fields of science and technology and their disclosure through the prism of state, political, economic and social problems, as well as orientation to a wide audience of readers speaks of the possibility of a competitive entry of the Russian Empire into the world economic and political arena, despite the martial law.

14-25

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Evgenij M. Osadchij

The article deals with the events that took place on the territory of the Putivl district in the spring of 1613. The authors used and analyzed archival materials with details of the events that took place then. They are supplemented by the results of archaeological research, which supplement the data of written sources. In the winter of 1613, the King of the Commonwealth, Sigismund III, granted Putivl County to Prince Mikhail Vyshnevetsky. A Cossack detachment was located in Putivl, left there by Prince Semyon Lyko. At the same time, the newly elected Tsar of Moscow, Mikhail Romanov, attempted to fight the troops of Ataman Zarutsky. Against the backdrop of these actions, preparations begin in Rylsk for a campaign against Putivl. By royal decree, a detachment was assembled from the border cities, commanded by Prince D. Dolgoruky. His task is to capture Putivl. In April 1613, the Moscow detachment approached the city and stopped on the Kleven River, 10 miles from the city. After several skirmishes with the Cossack detachments, the Moscow troops forced them to retreat to the fortress, and they themselves began to ravage the surroundings of Putivl. To protect the city and divert the forces of the Moscow army, a detachment of Cossacks left Putivl. For a month, Putivl was attacked and shelled, and after another assault was taken. The Cossacks withdrew to Putivl, where reinforcements arrived the day before, led by Prince Semyon Lyko. Having won, but not having achieved its tasks, the Moscow army retreated to Rylsk, and then dispersed to the surrounding cities. After that, the Cossack troops began to ravage the Rylsky district and burned the Rylsk settlement. Thus, the victory in the field battle turned into a defeat, the goals set were not achieved, and the losses incurred made it impossible to defend our own city.

37-45

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Valery I. Elinsky, Raul S. Dzhindzholiya, Roman V. Fedorov

This article examines the features of the legal regime of natural bioresources in the XVII-XVIII centuries in the positive and customary law of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples of the North of Russia. The authors concluded that during the period under review, two legal systems of positive and customary law functioned simultaneously on the territory of the northern Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. The legal regime of natural bioresources was regulated by the norms of positive law. However, its detailing took place in ordinary (unwritten) law, which included not only legal norms, but also moral and moral obligations, religious and taboo norms. Customary law contributed to the competent regulation of the sphere of nature management, preserving natural objects and biological resources, as well as the traditional system of life of these peoples, based on a centuries-old and repeatedly used model of nature management. Despite the fact that the Russian legislator, since the XVII century, introduced a number of restrictions on the use of natural objects and biological resources, however, by the end of the XVIII century a trend is being determined emphasizing the convergence process that took place between the norms of written and customary law, which complemented the first. The authors have formulated the conclusion that if during the period under review the Russian legislator as a whole sanctioned broad opportunities for the use of natural bioresources, introducing them into civil circulation and taxing such activities, then the norms of customary law of the Arctic peoples regulated in detail various aspects of nature management that were not affected by the norms of positive law, including the consolidation of property rights by generic signs property; regulation of commercial legal relations, including norms-taboo; resolution of conflicts arising on issues of environmental management by mediation and the implementation of ethno-justice in cases of similar competence.

56-63

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky

The article is devoted to the analysis of the penetration of French printed publications into the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century. Several interrelated processes that took place in Russian society contributed to this phenomenon at once. Thus, the penetration of Enlightenment ideas made it fashionable to become familiar with advanced European culture, and above all, French culture, thereby forming Gallomania. The spread of French as a common language in the nobility made it literally necessary to purchase books in French in a personal library. The desire to improve their farm and make the estate landscape beautiful required studying the experience of European farmers and designers. Critics of the emperors replenished their collections with the works of freethinkers. The development of scientific and educational institutions, in turn, led to the acquisition of foreign books in departmental libraries. The combination of these factors ensured the active transfer of foreign (primarily French) publications to Russia. The main research methods used were comparative-historical, as well as the method of comparative analysis. In conclusion, the authors come to the conclusion that, despite the existence of different streams of French literature with different content from each other, due to their reading by the educated layer of Russians, there was an active borrowing of French culture and the dissemination of these book publications. Attempts by state bodies at the end of the XVIII century to restrict the import and publication of books by French enlighteners as unreliable led rather to the opposite effect, when people massively read and studied Voltaire and other freethinkers.

76-87

Authors: Gulbanu B. Izbassarova, Assylbek T. Maden, Svetlana O. Smagulova

The article is devoted to the study of the political situation that developed on the territory of the Junior Horde of the Kazakhs in the second half of the 18th – the 1st quarter of the 19th century. After the death of Khan Abulkhair in 1748, the struggle for supreme power intensified in the Steppe. The weakening of traditional power relations in the Junior Horde of the Kazakhs causes to a major uprising led by the batyr Syrym Datov. During the studied period, the murders of khans Yesim Nuraliev, Zhantore Aishuakov took place. The assignment of Shergazy Aishuakov as the ruler of the Junior Horde by the Russian Empire intensified the internecine struggle for power between the Chingizids from Abulkhair’s clan. The rivalry between Khan Shergazy Aishuakov and Sultan Aryngazy Abulgaziev, intervention and “heating up” of the conflict by the Orenburg military governor P.K. Essen led to confusion in the capital. Created in 1820, the new “Asian Committee” was supposed to determine the fate of the legitimate Khan Shergazy, as well as decide on a change in the rule of the traditional potestar–political structure of the nomads. At the meetings of this Committee, the issue of the fate of the Kazakh Chingizid Aryngazy Abulgaziyev, who was elected as Khan by representatives of the Kazakh society’s many tribes, was decided. The authors comes to the conclusion that it was not possible to solve this problem at that time, as evidenced by the fact that Sultan Aryngazy was sent into exile in Kaluga in 1823 and the liquidation of the Khan's power in the Junior Horde soon followed, in 1824.

100-114

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Andrii Shevchuk

The article deals with the issues connected with the functioning within the framework of the imperial policy of cooperation with the local nobility of the institution of district (povitovyi) marshal in the border Volyn governorate. Based on the analysis of published and archival materials the authors highlighted the main issues related to the processes of organization, staffing and activities of officials. In the times of the Rzeczpospolita, the nobility corporation independently solved its internal life issues, the district (povitovyi) marshal were involved in the organization of the nobility's ruin. After the incorporation in accordance with the «Institution for the government of the provinces of the Russian Empire» (1775), Catherine the Great introduced the institution of the district (povitovi) marshals of the nobility with constantly revised powers. The policies of Paul I and Alexander I were more flexible and aimed at establishing themselves in a socio-ethnically complex region. Among other concessions to the nobility, but at the same time maintaining control over the processes in the region, the title of «district (povitovyi) marshal» was restored. The powers of the marshal were retained and elections were held every three years with the approval of the governor. The marshals had to execute the orders of the supreme authority and provincial administrators on the one hand, and to protect the interests of their corporation on the other. Therefore, under the conditions of unpaid work and bureaucratisation of their activities, there was a «chilling effect» for some representatives of the local elite towards elective office. In an effort to preserve the influence of the nobility in the region, the district (povitovyi) marshal had to carry out instructions from the provincial authorities, persuade the landowners to pay money or maintain postal stations, conduct investigative actions in conflicts, or handle other unrelated matters. At the same time, the nobility, ensuring social stability in the society, understood that without its efforts, the imperial power would replace elected officials with appointed ones and take over.

125-136

Authors: Elena V. Krinko

TheDon historiography of the 19th – early 20th centuries paid considerable attention to the origin of the Cossacks. This is largely due to the interest of the Cossacks in their historical roots. The article deals with the studies of A.G. Popov (“History of the Don Army”), E.N. Katelnikov (“Historical information of the Don Cossacks about the Verkhne-Kurmoyarsk village”), V.D. Sukhorukov (“Historical description of the Land of the Don Cossacks”), N.I. Krasnov (“Materials for the geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Land of the Don Cossacks”), V.M. Pudavov (“History of the Don Army and the old times of the beginnings of the Cossacks”), Kh.I. Popov (“A Brief Essay on the Past of the Don Cossacks”), P.P. Sakharov (“The Origin of the Free Don Cossacks and the First Services of the Cossacks of Russia”), E.P. Savelyev (“Ancient history of the Cossacks (historical research)”) and other authors of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Some historians considered the ancient peoples of Eurasia and even mythological creatures to be the ancestors of the Cossacks. Others associated its origin with the departure of the Russian population to the Don and other outskirts as a result of socio-economic and political processes. The author identifies and characterizes various theories of the origin of the Cossacks, explains the reasons for their appearance, related both to the development of historical science and the evolution of the Cossacks themselves, their self-consciousness.

149-158

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

In the Russian Empire from 1764 to 1864 existed disabled teams, which included military personnel who had lost the ability to serve in the military, but were able to perform the functions of maintaining public order in provincial cities. The support of disabled teams was entrusted to the local population. In the article the issues of accommodation and housing for employees of the disabled team in Krasnoyarsk in the first third of the 19th century are considered, using the methods of microhistorical analysis of documents from the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, first introduced into the scientific use. The basic rules for the quartering of single and family military invalids from the lower ranks and non-commissioned officers are presented. Also, the features of the fulfillment, as well as the procedure of refusing of housing obligation by the city commoners of Krasnoyarsk are analyzed. The characteristic of the social status of the citizens involved in obligation and released from its performance is provided. The problems of the relationship between the local population and the representatives of the disabled team, located in the apartments of citizens, were studied. Specific examples of both Krasnoyarsk residents repeatedly providing apartments for members of the disabled team and conflict situations that were resolved with different results for their participants are considered. With that in mind, a conclusion was reached about the effectiveness of organizing public charity for war invalids with the involvement of ordinary citizens in providing them with housing in a provincial city.

167-175

Authors: Elizaveta S. Lakhtionova, Irina G. Polyakova

The article explores the variants of Russian women’s reproductive behaviour, which were regarded in the peasant environment as deviations. The aim of the article is to examine the specific types of deviant behaviour and to reveal the factors that contributed to their emergence and persistent presence in the everyday life of Russian peasant women of the Middle Ural. The main sources represent certain unpublished materials (judicial investigation cases) and number of published sources (recordings of folklore). The study allowedthe “tender points” in the reproductive culture that existed in the Russian peasant environment in the 19th – early 20th century: premarital intimate relations, subsequent out-of-wedlock pregnancy, the desire to conceal it using different methods (abortion, murder of the already-born child), deviant parenthood in the form of child abandonment. These phenomena were deemed to be deviations from the norm since the main accepted aim of women’s life was marital childbearing, when the wedlock was considered as the only birth controller in the traditional society. Women were expected to be punished in various ways for departure from the accepted norms, ranging from moral condemnation to real penal servitude. Despite of the above, the abovementioned deviations regularly took place in peasants’ everyday life. The authors conclude that the factors contributing to deviant reproductive behaviour of peasant women included psychological (dependence on public opinion, the concept of sin and crime), sociocultural (reproductive “purpose” of women, low level of women’s literacy), material (young woman’s inability to provide for her illegitimate child).

188-198

Authors: Zhanna Dyusembek, Ryskeldy S. Myrzabekova, Aizhamal I. Kudaibergenova

This paper is aimed at an objective representation of the value of the distance [distanochnaya] system, introduced in 1831 on the territory of the Kazakhs of the Orenburg department, as well as at identifying the role of representatives of the Kazakh nomadic nobility in the person of distance chiefs, who were local administrators and intermediaries. One of such personalities is sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin, who is of interest to historical science. This paper reveals the personality, service and activities of sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin based on the analysis of form lists, service records and other archival documents. Sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin is one of the interesting and ambiguous figures in the history of Kazakhstan, because during his service as head of distances No. 31, No. 38 and No. 54 in the different parts of the Orenburg Department, sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin received both positive and negative feedback from Kazakh nomadic population and Russian officials. Some discrepancies in the data in archival documents, different characteristics regarding the personality and service of sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin arouse interest and actualize this research. In addition, this paper reflects the essence of the distance administrative system on the territory of the Kazakhs of the Orenburg department, reveals the mechanism of appointment and awarding of Kazakh officials in the person of distance chiefs. The article is presented on the basis of archival documents (form lists and service records, reports, notes) extracted from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and analysis of historical literature.

208-215

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Elena K. Mineeva, Olga A. Efimova, Larisa A. Koroleva

The paper deals with the problem of crime and punishment of slaves in the Central Asian slave-owning society in the first half of the XIX century. There has been made an attempt to classify crimes. Russian captives who were enslaved in Central Asia and released in 1839 were used as sources by the authors. These documents were deposited in the case of the release of 80 Russian captives from the Khanate of Khiva, stored in the State Archive of the Orenburg region (Orenburg, Russian Federation). In conclusion, the authors state that in the Khanate of Khiva, as such, there were no rules on the crime and punishment of slaves: each slave owner disposed of a slave at his discretion and treated him as property. The slaveholder had the legal right to dispose of the slave's life, but he was in no hurry to deprive him of his life, since the slave could almost always be resold. The most common were preventive punishments – beating a slave in order to demonstrate his social status. For theft or not going to work, the slave owner could apply the following types of punishment – cut off ears or nose, torture or even kill his slave. One of the most serious crimes in the slave-owning society was the attempt of a slave to escape from his master. And here the slaveholders acted taking into account their interests, in most cases the punishments were expressed in severe beatings, flogging, torture; however, if the Khan of Khiva intervened in this matter, the victim of escape was doomed to a painful death. One way or another, the life of the captives in the Khanate of Khiva did not differ in its duration, it was influenced by exhausting labor, hunger, beatings and mutilation. Only a few could live ten years in slavery, and only a few could live 20 or more.

230-238

Authors: Zhanar B. Nurkina, Michael K. Churkin, Yerkin A. Abil, Marat Z. Utegenov

This article is devoted to identifying the iconic plots of the personal and political biography of the outstanding Kazakh-Russian military, state and political figure G. Valikhanov. Appeal to the biographical method and the contextual approach in constructing the life path of a “second plan” person in history opened up a broad research perspective for understanding the sociocultural situation, within which in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Russian Empire implemented a colonization policy in the Central Asian region, relying, among other things, on representatives of the national elites who were ready to demonstrate loyalty to the imperial administration. Based on published materials and unpublished information extracted from the archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, the stages of the military and socio-political biography of Sultan-Gaza Valikhanov were identified, the formation of whose personality took place against the background of the influence of both the traditionalist environment of the steppe aristocracy, and Russian educational and state- administrative structures. In the course of the study, it was proved that the political biography of G. Valikhanov was typical for representatives of the tribal steppe aristocracy of the second half of the 19th century, however, as a result of the active colonial expansion of Russia, the status of local political elites underwent some changes, which was due to the need to incorporate indigenous peoples into the Russian society, and elite groups were considered as a kind of "locomotives" organizing this movement. It has been established that the military, state and socio-political career of G. Valikhanov was generally successful. At the same time, he himself, like many steppe aristocrats, found himself in the role of a hostage of the imperial policy on the eastern outskirts, in the logic of which the national political elites were perceived as a tool for introducing Russian administrative orders and cultural conventions.

251-257

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Valentina S. Nikitina, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Irina Yu. Cherkasova

The paper considers the pedagogical periodical press of the Kiev educational district in the period from 1857 to 1917. As materials the authors used reference works and publications of the pre-revolutionary periodical press. The first can include encyclopedic works, as well as reference information about the Russian periodical press, the second includes materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press, for example, the “Studencheskii byulleten' Kievskogo kommercheskogo institute”. In the methodology of the work, the authors applied the historical-chronological method, which made it possible to consider the research topic in historical sequence. The content analysis method was also used, which made it possible to make a selection of interesting materials from the total number of Russian periodicals of the imperial period. In conclusion, the authors state that 17 pedagogical periodicals were published on the territory of the Kiev Educational District in the period from 1857 to 1917, geographically 16 of them were published in Kiev and only one in Poltava. As in the territory of the Caucasian Educational District, only state periodicals that were published either at the universities of the Ministry of Public Education (“Fizicheskoe obozrenie”, “Tsirkulyar po upravleniyu Kievskim uchebnym okrugom”) or at the spiritual department (“Tserkovno-prikhodskaya shkola”) differed in constancy. The fate of other publications was sad, since a significant part of them closed in the first year or two from the beginning of their work (“Pedagogicheskaya nedelya”, “Professional'naya shkola”).

268-275

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Ruslan M. Zhirov, Krystsina D. Savitskaya

This article is devoted to the study of the causes of the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire by Emperor Alexander II in 1861. The authors of the article consider the historical and geographical features and conditions of the development of the fatherland, which served as the basis for the formation of serfdom in the Russian Empire. The article also identifies the main positive and negative sides of serfdom. The authors of this study drew parallels between the vectors of the development directions of European countries in the first half of the XIX century and the Russian Empire during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Special attention is paid to the state of the states after the Patriotic War of 1812 and its impact on the domestic and foreign policy of both European countries and the Russian Empire. The study also examines the key features that characterize the image of ruler Nicholas I as a statesman and autocrat, as well as the central ideologies that were formulated and were relevant during his reign. In this article, an important role is also played by the Crimean War of 1853−1856, which, in the opinion of the authors, is of paramount importance for the awareness of the state authorities, in the person of Emperor Alexander II, of the need to change the vector of development of the Russian Empire in the middle of the XIX century. In addition, the authors investigated another set of indirect reasons for the abolition of serfdom, namely the change in cultural and moral values among the representatives of the nobility of the XIX century, as well as the Manifesto of Peter III “On the granting of liberty and freedom to all Russian nobility” as a normative source, which later became a key tool of a kind of cultural revolution in the circles of the upper class of the Russian empires.

284-294

Authors: Aksunkar T. Abdulina, Malika T. Moryakova, Dana T. Nogaibayeva, Perizat N. Nuskabai

The article raises the problem of gender relations in the traditional Kazakh society in the second half of the XIX century. The issues of family and marriage forms among Kazakhs, intra–family relations and etiquette, family rituals and traditions have always been in the focus of attention of Kazakh ethnographers, and also received comprehensive coverage in the narrative of pre-revolutionary authors – scientists, travelers, representatives of the tsarist administration and others. Meanwhile, due to the limited sources, the problem of the relationship between men and women in premarital and marital relations, the reflection of the erotic principle in the rituals of the family cycle, sex education, sexual and gender identification, the phenomenon of transvestism, the influence of the social status of a married woman on her personal relationship with her husband and his family circle, the canons of morality for men has become a poorly developed field of research and women, adultery and punishment. As we can see, the sphere of family and marriage relations of the traditional Kazakh society has many little-explored aspects, to shed light on which through the prism of a new approach of social inclusion, which provides for the integration of society through the formation of a culture of tolerance to all members of society, their social and gender equality.Having revealed the reasons for the social exclusion of women, their vulnerability in traditional society, the deprivation of their right to freedom of expression of intimate feelings, in this article we will show that these institutions are of a historical social nature, they should not be preserved and transferred to modern reality, hiding behind the need to revive traditional culture.

311-319

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Aleksandr E. Epifanov, Sergey А.Buryanov

The article is devoted to the study of the materials of the newspaper “Kurskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” as a source of events of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877−1878 from the position of the Orthodox Church. The issues of the newspaper from the 8th to the 24th for 1877 and from the 1st to the 4th for 1878 are considered, that is, the numbers corresponding to the chronological framework of the war. The church newspaper “Kurskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” was published from 1871 and until 1888 was published twice a month. The historiographical (content analysis method) was used as the main research method, and methods of historical-systemic, historical-comparative, historical-genetic and synthesis methods, system analysis and hypothetical were also used. It was concluded that the first “military” issues paid rather modest attention to combat operations, but with the development of the war, the corresponding articles became more and the peak of its patriotic content of the newspaper reaches by July 1877. Then there was a decline in military-patriotic articles up to the last issue. The authors widely use such methods of military propaganda as “praising the leader”, “demonizing the enemy”, “justice of our struggle”, “support of our struggle by the world community”, etc. The articles attempt to mobilize the nation and motivate Russian subjects to labor and military exploits for the sake of victory. The materials about combat losses, as well as information about collections and donations are widely published, which allows us to conclude that mutual aid and patriotic charity are widespread. By the end of 1877, when the war becomes commonplace, the number of publications of military content is minimized, up to the last military issue, which devotes only one article to the end of the war. In comparison with another church publication, the newspaper “Irkutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti”, the rates of patriotic and propaganda work in the newspaper “Kurskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” has sharply decreased over the course of the war; there is reason to assume that military-patriotic work in the outback was established more qualitatively.

330-343

Authors: Georgiy S. Makhrachev, Yana V. Makhracheva, Tatyana V. Makhracheva

The paper analyzes the experience Tambov craftsmen received when participating in handicraft exhibitions at county, provincial, regional and all-Russian levels. The study is topical because it corresponds to the need to use the practices of earlier generations to solve modern demographic and economic problems. The results were obtained from the unpublished documents stored in funds of the State archive of Tambov region. The author also used published logbooks and resolutions of provincial and district zemstvo assemblies; reports of the Ministry of State Property, county zemstvos, and “Tambovskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti”; exhibitions signs; and “Tambov Diocesan Gazette” and “Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya zhizn'” periodicals. The analysis of the documents reveals several factors that influenced handicrafts positively. While preparing expositions the author gathered a lot of statistics on the problem to be presented in diagrams and charts to the exhibition visitors. As a result, large-scale exhibitions draw public attention to the problem of handicrafts, provided craftsmen with information on potential consumers and a good opportunity to earn money from sales. Best works received special award, which stimulated other craftsmen to improve production. However, handicraft exhibitions organizers made some mistakes. Firstly, some exhibits did not represent handicrafts. Secondly, some handicrafts sections were misplaced or did not match the general idea of the exhibition. Thirdly, some choices of provincial and county exhibition venues were unsuccessful since most craftsmen worked in rural areas and had no sufficient motives to travel to the city.

353-366

Authors: Sergey V. Ryazantsev, Alexey V. Smirnov

It is believed that the virus that caused the 1889−1890 “Russian flu” pandemic originated in the capital of the Bukhara emirate in May 1889. This article is about the Bukhara epidemic. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Bukhara epidemic and its causes and to answer the question: was the disease in Bukhara really caused by an influenza virus. The study is based on pre-revolutionary sources of the late 19th century, including periodicals containing information about the epidemic. The literature on the “Russian flu” pandemic provides evidence that the virus originated in May 1889 in Bukhara. It was first described by a witness of the Bukhara epidemic, doctor O.F. Heyfelder. From the second half of May until the beginning of August 1889, a great part of Bukhara’s population fell ill with a fever. About 7,000 people died. The lethality of the Bukhara epidemic was at least 5 %, and the lethality of the “Russian flu” was 35 times less: 0.2 %. The incubation period for the Bukhara fever was 1-2 weeks, while for influenza it was 1-3 days. The characteristic symptoms of the “Russian flu” – cough and complications in the form of pneumonia – were absent in Bukhara’s patients. Given the population migration along the Trans-Caspian railway and the virus contagiousness, influenza would have come to the cities located near Bukhara as early as in summer. But in Tashkent, Baku, Vladikavkaz, influenza emerges at the end of November 1889. The poor sanitary conditions in the city, snowy and cold winter contributed to the development of the epidemic. The heat that came in April provoked a rapid melting of snow, which resulted in very high water levels in reservoirs and the soil. The heat and plenty of water created favorable conditions for the reproduction of Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of malaria. At the end of August 1889, a commission of 4 doctors came to the conclusion that the cause of the Bukhara epidemic was malaria. Malaria was endemic for Bukhara. Presumably, the Bukhara epidemic could be caused by P. falciparum, the causative agent of tropical malaria. Heyfelder came to the conclusion that the Bukhara epidemic and the influenza epidemic in the Russian Empire were identical diseases. Cough, sore throat, complications in the respiratory system, according to Heyfelder, were characteristic of influenza in northern latitudes only. The Bukhara epidemic was rather due to malaria presumably caused by P. falciparum than due to an influenza virus.

378-389

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Anna A. Shpak, Yulia N. Menzhurenko, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko

The article provides an encyclopedia source analysis of “Industry and Technology. Encyclopedia of Industrial Knowledge”, published in the Russian Empire period 1901−1904. The encyclopedia was a complete translation of the German edition with significant additions by Russian scientists in certain areas of technical knowledge. It was in the Russian version of the Encyclopedia that the logical order of books collection was determined, which corresponded to the most advanced technologies characteristic of the XX century beginning. The purpose of this article is to analyze the formation history and development of Russian science and technology, as well as to determine the information potential of the encyclopedia as a historical source. The content of each volume has a huge array of information about scientific and technical developments, major discoveries and current scientific knowledge in a specific historical period. Despite the great attention to the science and technology achievements the past, encyclopedic texts record the aspiration of technological progress to the future, where science and technology will be a solid foundation for the social and cultural progress of Russia. Because of the conducted source analysis of the Encyclopedia, including using the qualitative and quantitative content analysis method, the historical continuity of this technology type as an “automaton” in the Russian history of science and technology was established. Special attention to this type of technology was due to the modern development and achievements in the field of technical sciences, the modern significance automated technology. The significance of the publication under study as a historical source lies in the comprehensive and systematic nature of the materials presented on the history of Russian science and technology.

402-419

Authors: Oleg E. Chuikov, Nikolay A. Mashkin, Varvara V. Bogdan, Natal'ya V. Miku

Russian and Japanese obsolete cruisers of the 2nd and 3rd ranks (sail-screw clippers, corvettes, frigates) in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904−1905, as well as Russian mine cruisers, are analyzed in the article. These ships are considered obsolete, however, many of them took the most active (and some – and effective) participation in combat operations. The paper provides a comparative analysis of these vessels, their potential in terms of modernization, as well as the introduction of innovations and the impact of these innovations on the effectiveness of their use. Russian cruisers of the 2nd rank (sail-screw clippers) “Zabiyaka”, “Razboinik”, “Dzhigit”, Russian mine cruisers “Gaydamak”, “Vsadnik”, Japanese cruisers of the 3rd rank “Idzumi”, Japanese coastal defense ships “Sayen” are analyzed in the study, “Hei-Yen”, “Chin-Yen”, “Fuso”, etc. A comparative analysis of outdated “classmates” in the opposing fleets and the possibility of their modernization and combat use in the fighting of the Russian-Japanese war is also carried out. In the course of the study, we came to the conclusion that the possibilities of modernization of Port Arthur sail-screw clippers had dried up by the beginning of the war and their conversion into minelayers seemed relatively expedient; in this regard, the decision of the military and naval leadership of Port Arthur to use the weapons and crews of these vessels on the land front seems to be the only correct one. As for the Russian mine cruisers, there were opportunities for their modernization and more efficient use, but they were missed. Japanese cruisers of the 3rd rank (including Chinese captured ones) were built abroad and had a much wider potential for modernization, which was fully used by Japanese sailors. The outdated modernized ships were actively used in combat operations and made a significant contribution to the victory.

431-437

Authors: Alexander B. Khramtsov

In work involving archival sources, the process of reforming police departments in the provinces of Siberia in 1908-1916 was first investigated (based on materials from the Tobolsk province). The key goal of the reform was to strengthen the personal composition of the police, improve the financial situation of its ranks, since the states approved in 1867 and 1887 did not meet the needs of the time in either qualitative or quantitative aspects. It was established that after the suppression of the first Russian revolution, the criminal situation in the region sharply worsened. There was an increase in various types of crimes (thefts, robberies, murders). Under the new conditions, insufficient states of city and county police could not ensure security and law and order. Other factors indicated the need to strengthen police ranks: an increase in the volume of shipping, passenger and freight transportation by rail, the development of trade, industry and others. The reports of the county police officers, their views and arguments in the context of the reorganization of the police were considered. It was revealed that the central government partially satisfied the petitions of local chiefs: a new cut of police camps was carried out, 14 positions of bailiffs were added and a police guard was introduced (however, only in 6 out of 10 counties of the Tobolsk province). Obviously, the reform was late and did not qualitatively improve the work of police departments in the region.

452-464

Authors: Sergey I. Belov

The article analyzes the formation of heroic images by imperial propaganda during the First World War and their perception in the minds of contemporaries and descendants. Since propaganda in 1914−1917 years when broadcasting a patriotic view of the war to society, first of all, had to deal with a poorly educated part of the population, its main medium was not a newspaper, leaflet, postcard or poster. An important task in the education of patriotism was the formation of the image of “people's heroes” and the glorification of their exploits. However, the naive heroic narrative of “folk pictures” aroused hostility among the layman, due to military defeats, and dull irritation in the army environment, since it did not consciously distance itself from the real problems of the army. As a result, the heroes of the “foreground” (K.F. Kryuchkov and M.L. Bochkareva) did not cause much enthusiasm even among contemporaries. They were not forgotten in Soviet historiography, acting as examples of unsuccessful military propaganda of tsarism. Due to this, attempts to rehabilitate these heroes during the commemoration of the World War in 2014 were not entirely successful. Most of the heroes of the “second plan” war were forgotten, but in some cases, memorial practices laid down during the war years in their homeland gave good results after the collapse of the USSR. Among these heroes, it should be noted R.M. Ivanov (Simferopol) and P.N. Cherkasov (Nizhny Novgorod).

475-484

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article is devoted to the description of everyday life or the so-called “weekdays of the war” in the deep rear – in the Primorsky region on the example of documents of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (Vladivostok, Russian Federation), newspapers “Priamurskie Vedomosti” and “Kommercheskii Vestnik Blagoveshchenskoi birzhi” for 1914−1916, the journal “Dal'nevostochnyi mir”. There were used such methods as historical-system, historical-typological, historiographical (content analysis method), as well as the method of synthesis and system analysis and the hypothetical method. During the work, it was concluded that since the beginning of the war, the population of Primorsky Krai actively provided material assistance to military personnel. The state, in turn, also very actively appealed to its subjects with a request to collect funds from the pages of periodicals. The assistance to the wounded was widely provided, charitable assistance was also provided to the population of the territories affected by the war. Sometimes the wounded soldiers or front-line soldiers who had dependents themselves turned to the administration for help. As for the mobilization campaign, the region tried to provide the front with not only new fighters, but also horses. The military sports committees were also being created. Funeral events were not only held at the state expense, but also notes about the fallen soldiers were published in periodicals. The fallen in the vast majority of cases are heroized, which indicates the quality work of the state ideology. The various ironic notes about the enemy that come across in the sources were also designed to raise the morale of the population. In Primorsky Krai, the labor of prisoners of war was widely used. The authorities tried to provide prisoners of war engaged in public works with everything necessary, in particular food and water, as evidenced by the documents.

494-502

Authors: Pavel S. Seleznev, Nikolay A. Ponomarev, Viktor V. Titov, Stanislav P. Mitrahovich

This study is devoted to the issue of the practice of constructing images of the future by Russian liberal parties of the early XX century.The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the corresponding value-semantic constructs. The methodology of the work is built on the basis of a combination of elements of structural and comparative analysis. The source base of the study was formed through the use of unpublished office documents of the Cadets and Octobrists deposited in the funds of the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The authors come to the conclusion that both the Cadets and the Octobrists were able to construct complex and three-dimensional images of the future, which were the result of attempts to offer a rational solution to the most pressing issues of contemporary Russian society. As a result, these images of the future turned out to be suitable for perception by the elites and the intelligentsia, but were of little relevance to the task of popularization among the masses. The messages developed by the liberals were distinguished by relatively low affectivity, the complexity of discourse, and the presence of significant barriers to perception. At the same time, we are not talking about conceptual, but rather methodological, instrumental shortcomings. As part of the political promotion of their messages, the parties focused on the educated part of society, the elite and, in general, the “managing class” of the empire. Unlike the leftists, anarchists, nationalists, and right-wing conservatives, both the Cadets and the Octobrists failed to compactly set out the elements of their images of the future in a system of laconic slogans, the use of which would enable the mechanism of emotional contagion among the broad masses to be set in motion. It should also be noted that a number of fundamental theses that formed the foundation of these images of the future contradicted (in the medium term) the basic trends in the development of the socio-political process. These images were formed during the period of a large-scale rise of extremist movements, due to which the level of trust between society and the authorities was relatively low, as a whole indicator of the consolidation of society and the degree of readiness of its various strata for a constructive dialogue. The images of the future proposed by the Cadets and Octobrists could have been much more popular in the previous period, but the specific historical context of the era objectively minimized the potential for their dissemination.