Revista Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science

527-542

Authors: Fernán Cosme Chanamé Zapata*; María Custodio Villanueva; Rafael Antonio Pantoja Esquivel; Ide Gelmore Unchupaico Payano

The bioaccumulation of the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb was determined in the livers, kidneys and muscles of Oncorhynchus mykiss trout at seven production centers in the province of Yauli, Junín-Peru. The determination and quantification of total heavy metals in water samples collected monthly from the production sites and in 28 trout that averaged 250 g and 27 cm was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, according to the methodology recommended by FAO. Levels of Zn, Fe and Pb were found to exceed the environmental quality standards established by the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment for the rivers of the coast and highlands, as well as the quality standards of the European Union for the cultivation of trout, while levels of Cu conformed with those standards. Concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb in the livers, kidneys and muscles exceeded the maximum permissible limits established by the European Union for fish meat and by the Mexican official standard, NOM-027-SSA1-1993, for fresh, refrigerated and frozen fishery products, in the case of Pb. The correlation between the concentrations of copper, zinc, iron and lead in the water and the concentrations of these metals in the livers, kidneys and muscles is low and not significant, except for copper, which had a significant correlation.

556-574

Authors: Maria Beatriz Silva da Rosa*; Ricardo de Oliveira Figueiredo; Daniel Markewitz; Alex Vladimir Krusche; Fabíola Fernandes Costa; Pedro Gerhard

CO2 effluxes from streams and rivers have been hypothesized to be a critical pathway of carbon flow from the biosphere back to the atmosphere. This study was conducted in three small Amazonian catchments to evaluate carbon evasion and dynamics, where land-use change has occurred on small family-farms. Monthly field campaigns were conducted from June 2006 to May 2007 in the Cumaru (CM), Pachibá (PB) and São João (SJ) streams. Electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen measurements were done in situ, while water samples were collected to determine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations, as well as carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) and CO2 evasion fluxes. Instantaneous discharge measured by a current meter was used to calculate DOC fluxes. Considering all the sites, DOC, DIC, pCO2, and CO2 flux measurements ranged as follows, respectively: 0.27 - 12.13 mg L-1; 3.5 - 38.9 mg L-1; 2,265 - 26,974 ppm; and 3.39 - 75.35 μmol m-2 s-1. DOC annual flux estimates for CM, SJ and PB were, respectively, 281, 245, and 169 kg C ha-1. CO2 evasion fluxes had an average of 22.70 ± 1.67 μmol m-2 s-1. These CO2 evasion fluxes per unit area were similar to those measured for major Amazonian rivers, thus confirming our hypothesis that small streams can evade substantial quantities of CO2. As secondary vegetation is abundant as a result of family farming management in the region, we conclude that this vegetation can be a major driver of an abundant carbon cycle.

591-604

Authors: Lucimaira Amaral de Freitas; Cassiano Lazarotto Rambo**; Francini Franscescon; Antônio Felipe Primon de Barros; Guilherme dos Santos De Lucca; Anna Maria Siebel; Jaqueline Scapinello; Elaine Maria Lucas; Jacir Dal Magro

This study evaluated water parameters in ponds affected by coal extraction. Allium cepa assay was used to measure genotoxicity/mutagenicity of the sediment. Samples were collected from four ponds in the southern state of Santa Catarina. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity were measured. Sediments were analyzed for heavy metals. Elutriate samples were prepared at a ratio of 1:4 sediment:water. Allium cepa bulbs were placed in samples prepared from each pond, with ultrapure water used as negative control and methyl methane sulfonate as positive control. Root length, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and nuclear abnormalities were measured. The pH of two ponds, as well as electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of all ponds were below the minimum limits set by Brazilian regulation. All heavy metals analyzed were found in all sediment samples, but only Cd concentration was above the legal limit set by Brazilian law. Allium cepa root growth for samples from Ponds 1, 2, and 4 was significantly lower than the negative control. Meristematic cells exposed to elutriate samples showed no significant changes in cell division. There was a significant increase in total chromosomal aberrations in all treated samples in comparison with the negative control. This study demonstrates that even low concentrations of heavy metals can damage exposed biota, possibly due to synergistic effects. We also found the A. cepa bioassay to be a simple and useful tool for genotoxicity/mutagenicity analyses, and recommend its use for environmental monitoring and management in areas influenced by mining activities.

618-628

Authors: Dianne Michelle Alves da Silva; Fabrício Barreto Teresa*

The physical structures of streams are subjected to intense changes throughout the seasons. Intense drought in dry periods has been frequent and potentially harmful to aquatic species. In this study, we tested whether the changes in the habitat structure of the streams during the dry period determine the organization of fish communities. Five streams in the Upper Tocantins River were studied in the dry and rainy seasons. The species were characterized by 13 functional traits based on morphological measurements. The descriptors of functional diversity were: mean pairwise functional distance of species in the community (MPD) and mean functionally nearest species distance (MNTD). We also calculated the standardized effect size for MPD and MNTD, an indicator of functional redundancy, and compared the observed patterns with those expected by chance. Streams differed between seasons with respect to environmental variables. Functional diversity in the rainy season did not differ from the pattern expected by chance for both metrics. While functional diversity in the dry season has not differed from the pattern expected by chance for SESMPD, a greater functional redundancy for SESMNTD was found in this season. These results indicate that environmental changes in the streams during the dry season are important constraints for fish occurrence, preventing the occurrence of functionally original species. Therefore, a prospective scenario of dry-period intensification could result in functionally redundant communities, with functional homogenization of the regional species pool.

643-651

Authors: Leandro Freire dos Santos*; Cibely Maria Gonçalves; Priscila Lumi Ishii; Hélio Hiroshi Suguimoto

Whey is the liquid that results from the coagulation of milk during cheese manufacture. Cheese whey is also an important environmental pollution source. The present experiment sought to compare β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) production by Aspergillus oryzae from deproteinized and un-deproteinized CWP solutions. β-galactosidase was produced by submerged fermentation in deproteinized or un-deproteinized CWP solutions. To determine the activity of the enzyme, a reaction mixture containing cell-free extract and ortho Nitrophenyl β galactoside (ONPG) was used. The results indicated that β-galactosidase induction was greater when using deproteinized CWP solution compared to the un deproteinized CWP solution. These results may enable an alternative management of cheese whey, thereby decreasing its impact on the environment and producing value-added biomacromolecules.

666-679

Authors: Bruno Paes De-Carli*; Júlio César Lopez Doval; Eduardo Henrique Costa Rodrigues; Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo

Neste estudo investigou-se a variação espacial e sazonal da comunidade zooplanctônica e sua relação com as características físicas, químicas e biológicas da água em cinco reservatórios (Jaguari, Jacareí, Cachoeira, Atibainha e Paiva Castro) do sistema Cantareira. Amostragens foram realizadas em maio/junho e novembro/dezembro de 2013 em 19 pontos. Para verificar a similaridade dos atributos zooplanctônicos, efetuou-se uma análise de similaridade bifatorial e um ordenamento multidimensional não-métrico. A relação entre os descritores biológicos e ambientais foi examinada usando-se correlação de Pearson. Um total de 35 táxons foi identificado. Os rotíferos predominaram em termos de riqueza e os juvenis de Copepoda seguidos por Bosmina freyi foram os mais abundantes. Em geral, os locais apresentaram condições mesotróficas com exceção do reservatório Jaguari considerado eutrófico. Com base nas análises, foi evidenciado uma variação espaço-sazonal e correspondência entre descritores ambientais e a densidade. A morfometria do reservatório, o tempo de residência, as interações ecológicas e as mudanças de qualidade da água podem ser fatores que explicam a variabilidade observada.

8-16

Authors: Aline Andrade Godoy; Luciano Bastos de Carvalho; Fábio Kummrow*; Paulo Augusto Zaitune Pamplin

Lemna sp. growth inhibition test standardized protocols suggest the use of compounds such as 3,5-dichlorophenol as reference substances for checking the test organism’s sensitivity routinely. However, this and other recommended chemicals present risks to human health and to the environment. Sodium chloride (NaCl) appears as a less toxic alternative reference substance which has been successfully used in routine ecotoxicological tests. However, the evaluation of this compound in multiple growth endpoints used in the L. minor test, which is required for recommending it as a reference substance for this test organism, has not yet been reported. In the present study, NaCl was tested with L. minor for the growth endpoints frond number, total frond area and fresh weight. Results showed acceptable sensitivity and reproducibility (coefficient of variance < 15.0%) for all three of the measured endpoints. Statistically significant differences were observed between the EC50 values calculated based on the three endpoints (p < 0.05). Total frond area was the most sensitive one, with average EC50 value of 2742.80 ± 245.7 mg L-1. It was anticipated that NaCl can be a suitable alternative reference substance and that total frond area should be the endpoint of choice for sensitivity toxicity tests using NaCl.

33-46

Authors: Giovana Ulian*; Ivan Cartes; Maria Manuela C. Lemos Lima

One of the biggest challenges in urban planning is to balance the use of natural resources with the need to preserve them. One of the main resources is water, which is essential to human life and activities. Population growth and urban sprawl challenge water availability. Thus, it is important to evaluate development trends in order to predict future scenarios, enabling the adoption of preventive actions and decision-making. The objective of this study is to present a water management assessment methodology for urban planning as a practical and direct tool capable of conveying the necessary information for decision making in the process of balanced and harmonious urban planning, applicable to medium size Brazilian cities.

57-70

Authors: Samuellson Lopes Cabral*; Jojhy Sakuragi; Cleiton da Silva Silveira

Esse artigo apresenta uma análise das incertezas e erros do modelo SCS-CN do Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), para eventos hidrológicos com dados de precipitação observada e estimada por RADAR na bacia do rio São Miguel em Alagoas, que controla uma área de 296 km². Foram utilizados dados fisiográficos para as estimativas iniciais dos parâmetros do SCS-CN. Em seguida, utilizando medidas simultâneas de precipitação e vazões observadas, os parâmetros foram calibrados. Utilizando-se dados independentes, os parâmetros calibrados foram validados. O coeficiente de desempenho mostrou valores de Nash-Sutcliffe de 0,93 na fase de calibração e valores entre 0,81 a 0,87 nas fases de validação. Em seguida, o modelo foi utilizado para eventos hidrológicos passados, usando dados de precipitação estimada por RADAR. Obteve-se coeficientes de Nash-Sutcliffe entre 0,75 a 0,79. O SCS-CN com as estimativas de precipitação pelo RADAR representou de forma adequada o tempo das vazões de pico, entretanto, subestimou a magnitude do pico com erros de até 26% em alguns eventos. A metodologia mostrou-se satisfatória para a bacia em estudo e pode ser uma ferramenta útil para aplicação em outras bacias hidrográfica prevendo possíveis inundações.

87-98

Authors: Letícia Sobral Maia S. Lima; Ronei de Almeida; Bianca Ramalho Quintaes; Daniele Maia Bila; Juacyara Carbonelli Campos*

Substâncias Húmicas (SH) são definidas como polímeros amorfos, de massa molar elevada, estruturas complexas e heterogêneas, que alteram com frequência as suas conformações em função das interações que ocorrem entre os grupos funcionais presentes na sua estrutura. A presença dessas substâncias principalmente nos lixiviados de aterros de resíduos sólidos e, em maior quantidade, em lixiviados de aterros antigos, dificulta o tratamento dos lixiviados, devido ao alto grau de recalcitrância de tal matéria orgânica. Nesse estudo, dois métodos de quantificação de SH foram testados em dois lixiviados gerados em aterros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, oriundos do Aterro Controlado de Gericinó (ACG) e o Aterro Metropolitano de Gramacho (AMG), assim como o seu fracionamento nas frações Ácidos Húmicos (AH) e Ácidos Fúlvicos (AF). Os resultados de SH foram, respectivamente, 616 e 608 mg L-1 para o lixiviado proveniente do ACG e 1182 e 1191 mg L-1 para o lixiviado proveniente do AMG. O lixiviado oriundo do ACG apresentou 33% (201 mg L-1) de AH e 67% (411 mg L-1) de AF e o de AMG apresentou 37% (437 mg L-1) de AH e 63% (741 mg L 1) de AF.

112-123

Authors: Daniela Cristina de Souza Afáz; Kaique Bizon Bertolazi; Ricardo Augusto Gorne Viani; Claudinei Fonseca Souza*

Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a viabilidade do uso de composto de lodo de esgoto, proveniente de estação de tratamento de esgoto, como fertilizante alternativo para o cultivo inicial de eucalipto. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no CCA - UFSCar, Araras, SP. Os cultivos ocorreram em vasos de 11 L durante 75 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. Os tratamentos adotados foram constituídos por uma testemunha, três tratamentos com composto de lodo de esgoto (25%, 50% e 75% do volume do vaso) e um tratamento com fertilizante mineral convencional, todos em solo arenoso. Ao final do experimento, a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e a massa seca das plantas foram medidas e submetidas à análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A TCR foi maior nos tratamentos com fertilização do que na testemunha, mas não diferiu entre a fertilização mineral e as doses de fertilização orgânica. A massa seca das plantas foi maior no tratamento com 50% do volume do vaso com fertilizante orgânico (p<0,01). Assim, o composto de lodo de esgoto se mostrou com potencial para substituir fertilizantes minerais convencionais no cultivo inicial de eucalipto.

136-145

Authors: Mayana Silva Bessa Leite; Flávia Mariani Barros*; Danilo Paulúcio da Silva; Romário Oliveira de Santana; Jhones da Silva Amorim; Stênio Rocha de Carvalho

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar duas metodologias de amostragem de água (amostra coletada na profundidade de 15-30 cm e amostra integrada), para determinação de variáveis limnológicas em uma seção transversal do rio Catolé Grande, em diferentes níveis de vazão. Foram quantificadas as variáveis turbidez, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido e coliformes totais. A comparação dos resultados obtidos, segundo as diferentes metodologias de coleta utilizadas foi realizada utilizando os índices estatísticos eficiência do modelo e coeficiente de determinação e por meio de análise de regressão linear. Houve pequena influência das metodologias de amostragem em relação às variáveis turbidez, condutividade e coliformes totais. Para a variável pH, a amostragem realizada de 15-30 cm de profundidade ocasionou superestimativa dos valores quando comparados à amostra integrada. Com relação à variável oxigênio dissolvido, os valores obtidos a partir da amostragem de 15 30 cm tedem a superestimativas quando as concentrações são inferiores a 6,5 mg L-1, entretanto, quando a concentação é superior a esse valor, esse tipo de amostragem tende a subestimar quando comparada aos valores obtidos por meio da amostra integrada.

156-167

Authors: Silvio Carlos Coelho; Antonio Nascimento Duarte; Ludimila Santos Amaral; Paulo Medeiros dos Santos; Maria José Salles; José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos; Adriana Sotero-Martins*

Como ações de saneamento são escassas ou inexistentes no meio rural, o monitoramento das fontes de água permite o diagnóstico dos riscos e da precariedade das situações de saneamento. Neste estudo foi monitorado sazonalmente a qualidade da água dos poços da comunidade rural “Cinturão Verde” por meio de análises físico-químicas, colimétricas, e parasitológicas para identificação de fontes de contaminação devido à ausência de meios adequados de saneamento. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em quatro períodos sazonais e detectados coliformes acima dos padrões de potabilidade do Ministério da Saúde nos poços tubulares em três dos quatro períodos sazonais. Foi detectada também a presença de parasita no período seco. Os parâmetros físico-químicos também estavam fora dos padrões da legislação em algumas estações, e foi constatado que esses riscos eram devido à inexistência de serviços de saneamento como: abastecimento com poços sem tratamento, precariedade de esgotamento e proximidade dos mananciais à criação de animais. Conclui-se que o monitoramento permitiu detectar períodos de riscos no uso de águas dos poços, avaliar diferenças regionais, e a necessidade de medidas de desinfecção da água antes de ser utilizada. Estas medidas de saneamento rural podem garantir a proteção dos mananciais de águas subterrâneas.

1-10

Authors: Claudio Eduardo Scherer ; Marcio Barreto-Rodrigues

This study characterized and evaluated the potential of a combination of treatment strategies for the removal of phenolic compounds, color, and ecotoxicity of an effluent generated by a laminated wood industry. The characterization of a sample of the effluent generated by the pine lamination process collected in an industry in the Southwest region of the state of Paraná confirmed the potential impact of the effluent, with emphasis on the high content of phenolic compounds (1,530 ±50 mg/L), color (2,159 ±30 units), significant acute toxicity (63% mortality of microcrustaceans Artemia salina) and low biodegradability (BOD/COD=0.53), which, if eventually released into receiving bodies, can cause irreversible and harmful effects to the aquatic microbiota. The treatment processes studied in this work involved catalytic ozonation mediated by ferrous catalytic material based on steel scale and biological process with Pleurotus Florida fungi, evaluated in an individual way and sequentially integrated as follows: Catalytic ozonation>>biological process and vice-versa. The best results were obtained by applying the sequence "catalytic ozonation>>biological process", which resulted in reductions of 96.2% in soluble lignin concentrations, 93.3% in color units and more than 99% reduction in total phenols, in addition to a low mortality rate of A. salina (≈10%). In the integrated process, the application of catalytic ozonation before the biological process presents greater advantages because of the pre-decomposition process of recalcitrant compounds by the chemical action of catalytic ozonation, which can convert these compounds into biodegradable, facilitating the action of the biological process for the remediation of the effluent.

1-12

Authors: Lisiana Crivelenti Voltolini; Reinaldo Gaspar Bastos ; Claudinei Fonseca Souza

The increasing demand for water in food production highlights the need to seek alternative sources of supply. Treated domestic sewage is a way to mitigate this problem, but it must comply with legislation to be used safely in agriculture. Ozone has been used for disinfection of domestic effluents due to its strong oxidizing character, allowing the adjustment of its parameters for agricultural reuse. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the sanitary and agricultural viability of domestic effluent treated with ozone. The experiment was carried out on laboratory benchtops and doses of 0, 8, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg L−1 of ozone were applied. The application time for each dose was 0, 14, 27, 54, 81, and 108 seconds, respectively. Microbiological, physical, and chemical parameters were evaluated: total coliforms, Escherichia coli, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium. Ozonation did not significantly alter the physical and chemical composition of wastewater, indicating an important advantage in terms of potential agricultural reuse. However, the pathogenic load of E. coli was not reduced enough for the effluent to be used in agriculture. The results suggest an investigation of the effects of ozone on the efficiency of sewage treatment, seeking to understand these interactions to identify ideal doses and exposure time, making wastewater safe for agricultural reuse.

1-10

Authors: Maria Helena da Silva Andrade ; Ana Lúcia Brandimarte; Débora Fernandes Calheiros; Yzel Rondon Súarez

This study compares physical and chemical parameters of water samples collected in a marginal lake (Castelo Bay) in the Paraguay River Basin in southern Pantanal during a significant natural phenomenon of hypoxia, locally called decoada, and shortly after it. Limnological parameters were analyzed from four sampling sites along the bay. Comparisons of the physical and chemical parameters between decoada and post-decoada periods were performed by Student’s t-test, principal component analysis and multivariate permutational analysis of variance (permanova). During the period of the decoada, there was a significant reduction in mean values of water transparency and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, sodium and nitrite compared to the post-decoada period. On the other hand, water temperature and conductivity, and concentrations of orthophosphate, total nitrogen and total iron have all had higher values during the decoada period. An effect of connectivity between lake and river was found to generate a gradient of water characteristics at Castelo Bay. The limnological characteristics that differed the most between decoada and post-decoada periods are those associated with the reduction of dissolved oxygen that could cause natural death of fish and the increase in nutrients during the decoada, yet they vary on temporal and spatial scales.

1-12

Authors: Bruna Assis Paim dos Santos; Evandro Luiz Dall’Oglio ; Adriano Buzutti de Siqueira; Danila Soares Caixeta; Viviane Cristina Padilha Lopes; Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos; Eduardo Beraldo de Morais

Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was activated chemically, and its ibuprofen (IBP) biosorption capabilities were assessed regarding IBP removal from an aqueous solution. The effects of pH (2-10), contact time (0-90 min), IBP concentration (5-35 mg L-1), and temperature (20, 30, 40°C) were evaluated in batch studies. Higher removal rates of IBP were found at pH 2.0. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the experimental data. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models described the equilibrium data satisfactorily. The maximum biosorption capacity for IBP onto chemically activated Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass (CA-YB) was estimated at 13.39 mg g-1 at 40°C. The activation energy calculated by the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model was 9.129 kJ mol-1, indicating that a chemical process mediated the biosorption of IBP onto CA-YB. According to thermodynamic studies, IBP biosorption is spontaneous and endothermic. FTIR analysis revealed that the carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphoryl, and amino groups were involved in the biosorption process of IBP. These findings indicated that CA-YB could be an alternative biosorbent for IBP removal from aqueous media.

1-17

Authors: Ana Gabriela Tomé Alves; Ingrid da Silva Pacheco; Amanda Bessa Freitas ; Elaine Angélica Mundim Ribeiro; Sheila Cristina Canobre; Fábio Augusto do Amaral

The use of plant-based coagulants (natural coagulants) in wastewater treatments has potential advantages over the inorganic coagulants used commercially. This study evaluated organic coagulants cationic hemicelluloses (CH) synthesized from peanut shell and associated with commercial cationic tannin (TSG) for use as the primary coagulation/flocculation treatment, followed by solid-liquid separation via sedimentation/flotation by dissolved air (DAF). The assay was carried out in a jar test on effluent from a multinational industry in the grain processing sector, located in the city of Uberlândia-MG. Coagulation diagrams were determined using the data spatial interpolation method of the Kringing regression model and the Tukey test was used to assess the difference in the results obtained. The optimum removal points of turbidity removal efficiency (TRE), greater than 98%, were achieved for the TSG/CH association with 200 mg L-1 (pH 10.72), 350 mg L-1 (pH 9.72), 500 mg L-1 (pH 9.56) in sedimentation. For the separation by DAF, the association of TSG/CH resulted in TRE values greater than 95% at dosages of 350 mg L-1 (pH 9.59) and 500 mg L-1 (pH 7.92). Furthermore, the results indicate that the associated use of TSG/CH, a coagulation aid, favored the coupling of the DAF bubble-particle, resulting in a smaller volume of sludge. In addition, CH expanded the action of TSG to the basic region.

1-16

Authors: Alfonso Torres Espirilla; Trinidad Betty Paredes de Gómez

Sediments containing high concentrations of heavy metals in reservoirs, lakes and rivers, can resuspend into aquatic environments and negatively impact water quality. The concentrations of 10 elements were studied in surface sediments and water from the Aguada Blanca Reservoir, Peru, an important water source to 1,080,000 people in the arid province of Arequipa. Sediment and water samples were collected from nine points in 2019. The enrichment, accumulation, ecological risk and distribution of metals in sediment were determined, and the information on heavy metals in water was used to assess the quality of the aquatic system. Spatially, heavy metals showed variations throughout the study area, with an increase for most elements near the deepest part of the reservoir. The average concentration of Cd in sediment was 4 times higher than the natural background. In water, As was the only element that exceeded Peruvian regulations (As > 10 μg L-1). The Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) of metals in sediment presented the following order: Cd> As> Pb> Zn> Cu> Ni> Cr, with Ni and Cr being the only elements that did not present enrichment. The most considerable Igeo was Cd (1.21 ± 1.45), presenting a classification of moderately to heavily contaminated. The integrated potential ecological risk (RI) of Cd presented high values in 5 points of the reservoir. The information developed will assist in establishing effective control strategies for the quality of the aquatic system.

1-23

Authors: Nicole John Volken; Ricardo Tezini Minoti; Conceição Maria de Albuquerque Alves; Fernán Enrique Vergara

The Urubu River is part of the Formoso River Basin located in Tocantins State in northern Brazil. It is an important agricultural region where irrigation has an important role in rice and soybean crops, cultivated during the rainy and the dry seasons, respectively. The high levels of irrigation associated with below-average precipitation in 2016 and in the following years resulted in a water crisis in the Urubu Basin, with serious consequences to the environment and the economy of the region. This work evaluated the impact of reducing irrigation on environmental flows in the Urubu River Basin using hydrological modeling in WEAP. Irrigation water demand scenarios were simulated and analyzed from July 2018 through June 2019. Results indicated the need to reduce 35% of all water withdrawls in order to avoid the interruption of flow in the Urubu River Basin. This percentage was even greater when only some of the farmers cooperated. The paper emphasized that it is important that all farmers be involved and cooperate to reduce their water withdrawal by any means, including improving their irrigation system efficiency. The water regulator may also motivate water withdrawal reduction by modifying water permits and applying water withdrawal restrictions during the dry season.