International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

122-130

Authors: Kailash Pandey, Bijay Shrestha, Samikshya Khanal, Debraj Adhikari, Chitra Bahadur Kunwar

The majority of energy demands of Nepal is met by petroleum imports. Massive use of gasoline and diesel has raised the annual CO2 emission of the country. Thus, a search for the renewable, secure and sustainable source of energy is imperative. Maize (Zea mays) has been widely used across the world for bioethanol production. It is the second most important crop of Nepal in terms of both area and production. Productivity and attainable yield of maize in Nepal is 2.55 mt/ha and 5.70mt/ha respectively. The huge yield gap and scope of increasing productive area attest the possibility of increasing maize biomass production. Maize can be utilized in the bioethanol industry, generating ethanol for fuel and high-value co-products for feed. The starch fermentation process generates co-products like distillers dried grains with solubles, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and corn oil that can be used in the feed industry. Cellulosic ethanol is derived from lignocellulose, a substrate highly recalcitrant to enzymatic breakdown. Molecular and genomic tools have been used to study the cellulose assembly and its deposition pattern, biosynthesis of the lignocellulosic machinery and reducing lignin concentration. Transgenic maize with green-specific expression mechanism has been developed to produce cellulase within their biomass. Tropical temperate hybrid maize producing high biomass with low inputs have been developed. For a developing country like Nepal, maize-based bioethanol can meet energy demands, sustain agricultural production and create entrepreneurship opportunity.

135-149

Authors: Razia Parveen

This study determines the importance of hand hygiene at workplace. Because hand hygiene is necessary and preventive measure to prevent hospital acquired infection. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of hand hygiene among the nurses of Punjab Institute of Mental Health. Nurses represent a large group of workers that are in direct contact with patient care. Hand hygiene prevents cross-infection in hospitals, but fulfilment with recommended instructions often is poor among the nurses. This article reviews the importance of hand hygiene knowledge, attitude and practice. In particular, in high-demand situations, hand rub with an alcohol-based solution appears to be the only alternative that allows. The hand-hygiene level does not based on individual factors alone, and the same can be said for its promotion. Because of the complexity of the process of change, it is not surprising that alone interventions often fail, and multimodal, multidisciplinary strategies are necessary. A framework that includes parameters to be considered for hand-hygiene promotion is proposed, based on epidemiologically driven evidence and review of the current knowledge, attitude and practice.

156-165

Authors: Asma Arshad

Self-medication is a growing phenomenon which is repeatedly used of medication without any prescription which a person considers that drug is appropriate for her or his. Sometime these drugs affect appropriately for the time being but later on these cause adverse reactions or affects and sometimes further resistance. Now days, self-medication is a negative social evil which is the central focus of today’s health system. Consumer must have appropriate information regarding drug which he or she is going to use. This practice is also very common among staff nurses as well as other health care providers as they though they know much about the treatment and medication Aim: study objective is to assess the self-medication practices prevalence, causes, reason and effects. Design: A descriptive approach is used to assess the mentioned variables. Method: 104 respondents were asked data was used to analyze by using special analyses method, descriptive study design was used to assess the practice of self-medication among staff nurses. Sample size was selected by using a formula. Self-administrative questionnaire was used and analyzed by the SPSS version 16. Result: Self-medication fall extra burden on utilization of medication, by cause different health related side effects, and here are number of contributing factors, this phenomenon is very high in the developing countries as people have easy access to the medication and also due to the high illiteracy rate.

171-177

Authors: Mehr-Ul-Nisa, M. Hussain, M. Afzal, Sayed Amir Gillani

Background: Self-compassion means that feelings of kindness, love and understanding the feeling of pain when someone is in suffering. Self-compassion was described as a positive self-perception that was comprise with three interacting components: self-kindness vs. self-judgment (SK-SJ), common humanity vs. isolation (CH-ISOL) and mindfulness vs. over-identification (MIND-OI). Perfectionism can be considered as a positive trait related to elevated personal standards and high achievement and as a negative behaviours and symptoms such as depression and anxiety. Perfectionism has both a positive and a negative side in the part of human performance. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between self-compassion and multidimensional perfectionism levels among nursing students. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted on 133 nursing students. Data was collected with a student data form, the Self-Compassion Scale and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. The one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The results show the total self-compassion means score was 3.64. This mean score indicates a high level of self-compassion (self-compassion scores: 1.0-2.5 is low, 2.5-3.5 is moderate, and 3.5-5.0 is high). The students’ self-compassion subscale mean scores were: 3.71 for self-kindness, 3.52 for self-judgment, 3.70 for common humanity, 3.62 for isolation, 3.65 for mindfulness and 3.64 for over-identification. Self-judgment had the moderate score, and common humanity and self-kindness had the high scores. The total mean score of multidimensional perfectionism of nursing students was 5.03. The subscales mean scores were: self-oriented perfectionism, 5.00; others-oriented perfectionism 75.45, and socially-prescribed perfectionism 76.09. Socially prescribed perfectionism had the highest scores and self-oriented perfectionism had the lowest scores in multidimensional perfectionism. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the self-compassion and perfectionism subscales. Conclusions: The result of this study shows that nursing students had a high level of total self-compassion. The total self-compassion levels of nursing students increased as their self-oriented, others-oriented and socially-prescribed perfectionism levels decreased.