International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

67-72

Authors: Shailesh Gurung, Monika Chaudhary, Suman Bohara, Sunita Chand, Paras B.K. and Tek Pandeya

The study was conducted to assess the growth and feed performance of 3 fish species viz. Big head carp, Grass carp and Silver carp in cage in pond based system from September 2015 to January 2016 upto 136 days. The fish species i.e. Big head carp, Silver carp and Grass carp were stocked in 2:1:2 ratio, 100 in each 4 cages. Fishes in cage 1 and 2 were supplied with the ordinary feed prepared at lab having mustard oil cake and rice bran at 1:1 ratio. Similarly cages 3 and 4 were supplied with formulated feed (Him feed) on the basis of their 3% body weight for the first month and 2% body weight from second till harvest. Water quality parameter analysis was done on weekly basis and fish growth measurement was done on monthly basis. Total harvest weight from the four cages was 1.5 kg out of which 0.160 kg was from fish species fed with ordinary feed and 0.854 kg was from the fish species fed with the formulated feed. The mean PH, temperature, DO and turbidity during the experimental period were 8.2 moles/L, 22.02 0C, 5.44 mg/L cm & 12.577cm respectively. All the water quality parameters were within the optimum range of fish production except the mean temperature which was found below the optimum value and thus may be one of the reasons for the slow growth of fish in cage. Thus under the optimum condition of fish production, cage fish culture supplied with formulated feed has proven better result than the ordinary feed on farm condition of freshwater pond at IAAS.

40-46

Authors: Manish Sapkota, Milan Subedi, Govinda Dhakal and Shushil Subedi

Production and productivity of citrus has been decreased drastically in last few years in Nepal as well as in Lamjung district. The national production of citrus and productive area was 263,710Mt and 23,607 ha respectively in 2010/11 while that of 216,188Mt and 23,645ha in 2012/13. Similarly, the productive area and production of citrus in Lamjung was 1,542 ha and 16,893Mt in 2011/12 respectively while it was 578 ha and 4,657 Mt in 2015/16. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the socioeconomic factors affecting citrus production by investigating major variables such as the total area under citrus cultivation, cropping pattern, literacy of household head, irrigation, pesticides, subsidies, and production related problems. With the selection of 50 farmers purposively, the household survey was conducted with semi-structured questionnaires in Tarkughat, Chandreshwor, Bhoteoodar, Chitti and Duradanda VDCs and interview schedule was conducted during January- February 2016. The result revealed that 24% of the total area was under sole cropping pattern while remaining area was under mixed cropping with coffee and vegetables. Mandarin spp. was found to be exclusively cultivated among citrus. 53% of the total area under citrus cultivation was managed by grower having the literacy equivalent to secondary level or below. 88% of the variability of independent variables (number of plant giving fruits, total number of citrus plant, irrigation, pesticides, production-related problems, area under citrus) had a significant effect on citrus production while 12% of the variability had a random effect on the production at 5% level of significance. The mean production was found to be18.84quintals in 2012 while that of 10.35 quintals in 2016. This variation on citrus production was found due to various production related problems .73% of the total area under citrus had been suffered by greening disease while 26% of the area was suffered by both input management problem and citrus greening resulting into a dead citrus plants. Thus, this drastic decreased in production caused the decline in production and cessation of citrus marketing in Lamjung. Through this survey, it was concluded that that citrus production has been decreasing drastically in present years mainly due to citrus greening disease, different orchard managemental problems and other socio-economic factors adversely affecting the marketing. This has been limiting the source of income of farmers of Lamjung.

56-64

Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which promote plant growth, are closely associate with various plants around rhizosphre as well in the plant tissues as endophytes. The present review focus the establishment process of plant associated bacterial diversity and the bacterial genera associated with their plant species. Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Azotobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Burkholderia sp., Alkaligenes sp. Enterobacter sp., Bacillus polymyxa, Gluconacetobacter sp. Azoarcus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Brevibacterium halotolerans and Pseudomonas putida have been predominantly reported as PGPR.

27-31

Authors: Samjhana Koirala, Achyut Gaire, T. Bhandari

Production and productivity of citrus has been decreased drastically in last few years in Nepal as well as in Lamjung district. The national production of citrus and productive area was 263,710Mt and 23,607 ha respectively in 2010/11 while that of 216,188Mt and 23,645ha in 2012/13. Similarly, the productive area and production of citrus in Lamjung was 1,542 ha and 16,893Mt in 2011/12 respectively while it was 578 ha and 4,657 Mt in 2015/16. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the socioeconomic factors affecting citrus production by investigating major variables such as the total area under citrus cultivation, cropping pattern, literacy of household head, irrigation, pesticides, subsidies, and production related problems. With the selection of 50 farmers purposively, the household survey was conducted with semi-structured questionnaires in Tarkughat, Chandreshwor, Bhoteoodar, Chitti and Duradanda VDCs and interview schedule was conducted during January- February 2016. The result revealed that 24% of the total area was under sole cropping pattern while remaining area was under mixed cropping with coffee and vegetables. Mandarin spp. was found to be exclusively cultivated among citrus. 53% of the total area under citrus cultivation was managed by grower having the literacy equivalent to secondary level or below. 88% of the variability of independent variables (number of plant giving fruits, total number of citrus plant, irrigation, pesticides, production-related problems, area under citrus) had a significant effect on citrus production while 12% of the variability had a random effect on the production at 5% level of significance. The mean production was found to be18.84quintals in 2012 while that of 10.35 quintals in 2016. This variation on citrus production was found due to various production related problems .73% of the total area under citrus had been suffered by greening disease while 26% of the area was suffered by both input management problem and citrus greening resulting into a dead citrus plants. Thus, this drastic decreased in production caused the decline in production and cessation of citrus marketing in Lamjung. Through this survey, it was concluded that that citrus production has been decreasing drastically in present years mainly due to citrus greening disease, different orchard managemental problems and other socio-economic factors adversely affecting the marketing. This has been limiting the source of income of farmers of Lamjung.

9-12

Authors: Mukti Ram Poudel, Hema Kumari Poudel

The major objectives of the study were to evaluate genotypic yield performances of eleven maize genotypes and estimate variance components and heritability of yield and yield-related traits. The eleven open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment was carried at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal out in winter season of 2013. The findings showed that the high genetic advance was estimated for yield per plant (80.15%), number of kernels per row (38.29%), plant height (26.20%) ear length (23.89%) indicating that these parameter were under the control of additive gene. Number of kernels rows per ear, plant height could be the important selection criteria in improving open pollinated maize varieties for high grain yield.

21-24

Authors: B.P. Yadav, D. N. Yadav, K.B. Koirala, K.R. Pandey, R.B. Thapa

Field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 at IAAS farm Rampur chitwan to find out the effect of preceding crop and nitrogen rates on soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. In summer season crops grown where green gram , cowpea , black gram , cluster bean maize and fallow in main plots and in winter season, winter maize was grown with five levels of nitrogen 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N/ha in sub plots in each season after the harvest of crop. Soil from each plot analysed for organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil after summer legume crops was found higher than after summer maize and fallow. Similarly soil organic carbon and nitrogen content were higher under legume consisting sequence than fallow maize and maize -maize sequence. Further organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil after winter maize increased with increasing rates of nitrogen to maize.