Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

10

Authors: Aftandil MAMMADOV

Typically, an inertial navigation system (INS) is used to determine the position, speed, and orientation of an object moving relative to the earth's surface. The navigation information (position, speed and orientation) of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is needed to control its flight. Since the resistance of INS to interferences is very high, it is possible to ensure reliable flights in conditions of high-intensity noise. This article explores the principles of constructing inertial measurement units (IMU) that are part of the INS and indicates perspective directions for their development. Micro-electromechanical inertial measurement units were studied in this work, and functional and principal electrical circuits for connecting units of inertial measurements to the microcontroller were developed. The results of practical measurements of units without calibration and after calibration were obtained using the created laboratory device. Based on the obtained results, the necessity of sensor calibration was revealed, and accuracy was improved by performing calibration with the Kalman filter algorithm. The Kalman filter is the heart of the navigation system. In a low-cost system, IMU errors like bias, scale factor error and random walk noise dominate the INS error growth.

11

Authors: Peter KAŠŠAY, Matej URBANSKÝ

Flexible couplings are widely used in mechanical drives of transport and other machines. A fundamental function of flexible shaft couplings regarding torsional vibration is the optimum tuning of torsional oscillating mechanical systems. At the authors’ workplace, the focus is on the research and design of pneumatic couplings, where the torque is transmitted mainly by compressed gas (air) in their pneumatic flexible elements. The primary advantage of these couplings is that their mechanical properties can be quickly and effectively adjusted, especially the dynamic torsional stiffness, by air pressure change directly while the mechanical system is running. This allows us “to tune” the properties of the pneumatic coupling according to the current parameters of the machine drive to avoid resonance and minimize torsional vibration. Therefore, we tend to refer to them as “pneumatic tuners of torsional vibration”. This paper aims to present two new types of these “pneumatic tuners” that were recently granted patent protections, namely “Pneumatic flexible shaft coupling with hose flexible element” and “Drum pneumatic flexible shaft coupling”. Because these pneumatic tuners are not in practical use yet, this paper describes only their design and supposed benefits.

11

Authors: Oleksiy MELNYK, Svitlana ONYSHCHENKO, Oleg ONISHCHENKO, Oleh LOHINOV, Valentyna OCHERETNA, Yurii DOVIDENKO

Widespread use of innovative technologies in all spheres of life has brought the maritime transport industry, in particular, the process of ship navigation, to a completely new qualitative level. Various navigation systems recently introduced and used only as additional devices have gradually become an obligatory element of shipboard equipment and navigation complexes of modern vessels, extending their functionality and capabilities. The human factor influence caused by automation of ship operation processes becomes a separate challenge. Risks to shipping safety and consequences of breach of safety standards for crew, vessel and cargo are far from being a full list of the problems to be solved. This paper offers an overview of general issues of ensuring the level of safety of shipping, by examining the concept of "vessel safety", considering its individual sides, features, as well as constituent aspects of the concept, systematization of the vessel safety structure to develop solutions toward improving the integral safety and optimization of decision-making in emergencies. Achievement of the general purpose of shipping safety thus means the realization of ways of reducing the influence of the human factor on several accidents and an estimation of the degree of influence of a set of factors on a ship during operation.

12

Authors: Adrian GILL, Piotr SMOCZYŃSKI, Damian ŁAWNICZAK

In some areas of transportation systems, reduction of risk using typical safety engineering tools can be difficult due to the relatively small number of events that can be analysed to draw conclusions for the future. One way out of this situation is to analyse systems in their normal operation when no adverse event occurs. It can be done, inter alia, with the Functional Resonance Analysis Method. An important research problem in this context is how to describe the variability of system functions. In this article, we propose an original method, based on the number of hazard sources present in a given analysis domain and apply it to a real pedestrian crossing. The obtained results indicate that the quantitative coincidence measures proposed by us are a convenient way to capture ‘functional vibrations’ in real socio-technical systems. This allows the prediction of undesired states of such systems based on their normal operation.

13

Authors: Sachin SOLANKI, Sanu MEENA, Umesh KUMAR

The Travel Satisfaction Scale (TSS) was created to gauge public opinion on Delhi Metro travel. It has two affective dimensions and one cognitive dimension. This study leverages data from the Delhi Metro commuter trips to undertake new tests because there has been little research on its reliability and structure in the past. Differences in the TSS's reliability and structure – notably for the Delhi Metro and the demographics of the region – are also considered. Finally, the outcomes of this study imply that a single dimension of the affective dimension, rather than the two sub-dimensions, provides a better fit for the Delhi Metro, as well as other public transportation infrastructures in developing countries like India. Individual objects do not load on the two emotional dimensions as intended in a three-dimensional structure, which is more suited for public transportation. Two of the scale's elements – enthusiastic/bored and relaxed/hurried – were associated with the other items in a previous study differing from ours. Researchers should adapt the structure of the TSS in the future by adding or replacing some items with alternate options, which will make it easier to collect data and reduce the burden on the respondent, as well as increase the reliability of the data while maintaining the TSS's consistency and balance.

14

Authors: Marianna TOMAŠKOVÁ, Michaela BALÁŽIKOVÁ, Jozef KRAJŇÁK

Today, being a member of the Fire-Rescue Department (FRD) is challenging as it is a risky and professionally demanding job, which often requires an individual schedule both in terms of physical condition and psychological knowledge as well as safety and health protection at work. Apart from the standard services provided by the FRD and the integrated rescue system, their members also participated in hundreds of interventions during emergencies and crisis situations to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic on society.

17

Authors: Oluwayemi-Oniya ADERIBIGBE, Trynos GUMBO

There is evidence that rural areas are disadvantaged in mobility compared to urban areas. Hence, this study examined spatial variation in the travel pattern of households in urban and rural areas of Nigeria. This study used primary data obtained through questionnaire administration on household heads in the residential zones of both urban and rural areas studied, using the multi-stage sampling technique. Findings revealed that variations exist for age, education level, income level, and occupation in urban and rural areas, and household's average daily mean trip frequency showed a level of fewer trips being generated in the rural area than those in the urban area. Furthermore, the result of the stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that transport mode, household size, number of workers in the house, and occupation of household head were significant variables influencing trip making in urban areas while age, household size, the income of household head and number of employed people were significant in the rural areas. This study concludes that differences exist in the mobility pattern of urban and rural households, and as such, equal consideration and attention should be given to them in policy formulations.

20

Authors: Tomas BINAR, Simona VASIKOVA, Pavel SAFL

To effectively transport materials through different means of transport, it is essential to have an optimized warehouse logistics first. Thanks to the Industry 4.0 platform, there are several ways to accomplish the delivery of materials from a warehouse through transport by road, rail or air. This paper deals with a primary warehouse problem, which is the fast and accurate search and selection of required items in the stock. For this issue, the use of smart glass technology and its implementation in the logistic processes of warehouses could help. In a particular way, an IRS (Integrated Rescue System) warehouse was selected as an example. The augmented reality (AR) type of glasses was selected. The introductory part of this paper deals with the current situation in the warehouse and logistic processes, where the problem of lack of qualified staff and material supply is prevalent, particularly during different crisis situations, such as pandemics or high employee turnovers. The use of smart glasses is one of the many possible problem-solving variants in this field. Further, a basic description of smart glasses, possible uses and sorting are presented in this paper. For the experiment, it was necessary to choose several different commercially available models of smart glasses. An evaluation was provided by the Simple comparative method, Saaty's method and Linear partial utility function method and the best options were identified. Also, there is an example of smart glasses application for picking a particular component in an IRS warehouse in the last part of this paper.

24

Authors: Leszek MINDUR, Maciej MINDUR

This article shows the development of high-speed rail in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), its development stages and the shipping companies dealing with this business activity. Special attention was given to the progress in the technical solutions of the track infrastructure as well as during the build of the rolling stock and engines. The high-speed rail was presented in the context of the general development of the economy and transport in Germany. This article contains a synthetic approach to the effects of the functioning of high-speed rail and its financing, as well as further directions and development prospects. Also, this article is based on thoughts, authors’ own research and factual sources of polish and western literature.