Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

8

Authors: Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, Tomasz WĘGRZYN

Telecommunication, transport and civil engineering play an important role in new research areas. New antennas based on innovative materials are being developed. At the same time, the methods of antenna mounting with the use of high-strength materials to ensure high structural rigidity with the lowest possible weight are being planned. These materials include AHSS steels with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) up to 1700 MPa and elevated yield point (YS); however, welded joints made of these steels have much worse mechanical properties, compared to the native materials. In this paper, it was planned to test the MAG welding of DOCOL 1400M steel (AHSS group). Directly after welding, a micro-jet joint cooling was applied. It was determined to create thin-walled joints that could be used in the formation of antenna mounts.

10

Authors: Igor Alex VAKULENKO, Leonid VAKULENKO, Dariy BOLOTOVA, Bulent KURT, Hangardash ASGAROV, Ömer ÇÖLOVA

When simulating the operating conditions of the rim of a railway wheel, an analysis of change in the structural state from the possible degree of plastic deformation and the heating temperature of steel near the rolling surface was carried out. The development processes of spheroidization and coalescence of cementite during heating of the cold-worked steel change its ability to strain hardening. Substructure changes during heating to temperatures of 500-550°C deformed steel are accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in its ability to strain hardening and the level of plasticity. When heated above 500-550°C, the development of ferrite recrystallization processes provides a gradual transition of the metal from substructure hardening to hardening from grain boundaries with large angles of disorientation. It is shown that regardless of the nature of the main structural element, the ability of steel to strain hardening and the level of plasticity after heating are related by a proportional relationship.

12

Authors: Elshan MANAFOV, Islam ISGANDAROV, Farid HUSEYNOV

This research was devoted to the creation of a protection system for electric motors used in industry and transport, based on modern and traditional sensors. In the course of operation, the malfunctions of electric motors have been investigated and it was found that the accident modes occur mainly due to exceeding the permissible values of the current, voltage and temperature parameters. Modern sensors of current, voltage, and temperature have been compared and the most effective ones were selected for use in electric motors. Based on reasoning from these sensors, a protection system for a low-power electric motor has been developed in the laboratory. In addition, in the Multisim application software package, a simulation of the operation of the protection system at different voltage and current values was performed, and a circuit of the sensor control unit and the power source for powering the protection system was constructed. It has been proposed to apply such a multi-parametric complex protection system for electric motors, especially in transport.

14

Authors: Evgeny MIKHAILOV, Stanislav SEMENOV, Hanna SHVORNIKOVA, Ján DIŽO, Miroslav BLATNICKÝ, Paweł DROŹDZIEL, Kateryna KRAVCHENKO

This work is focused on the possible ways of improving the running safety of a railway vehicle, which uses IRWs (independently rotating wheels) in a bogie. It discusses the main positive and negative properties of an application of IRWs for a railway vehicle while it is running in a curve. There are evaluated running properties of a railway vehicle in terms of safety for IRWs and a standard wheelset (SW). It is assumed that a wheelset design with IRWs will reduce the risk of derailment of a railway vehicle in a curve with a smaller radius because it will be reached a more favourable distribution of decisive forces in the wheel/rail contact. A designed wheelset with IRWs differs from other IRWs designs; in this case, only a flange can rotate independently from a wheel treat surface about the axis of rotation. Further, this research presents an analysis of a friction forces distribution of the friction forces in a contact of a flange and a rail head and a comparison with an SW. The obtained results allow concluding that it is advisable to use the wheels with the perspective wheel design (including independently rotating) to reduce the resistance to movement and improve the running properties of a railway vehicle for safety.

14

Authors: Yağmur ÖZİNAL AVŞAR, Ercan AVŞAR

Estimation of the state of road traffic conditions is gaining increasing attention in recent intelligent transportation systems. Accurate and real-time estimation of traffic condition changes is critical in the management and control of road network systems. Thus, efforts are been made to predict short-term traffic conditions based on measured traffic data such as speed, flow and density. In this work, the state of the traffic is estimated through a three-step process. First, both speed and flow predictions for 15-minute ahead are made for a particular freeway segment. Four different regression models are used for the prediction task, namely, multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN), support vector regression (SVR), gradient boosted decision trees (GBDT), and k-nearest neighbors (kNN). Next, the breakpoint (BP) flow is calculated using the distribution of these predicted speed and flow values. In the final step, these predictions are classified as belonging to a “stable state” or “metastable state” by using the calculated BP as the threshold between these states. According to the experimental results, the values for MLPNN are the highest for speed (0.8564) and flow (0.9862) predictions. An identical BP, 1050 pc/15min, is calculated for actual data as well as all prediction methods.

16

Authors: Sandeep YADAV, Amit KUMAR, Abhilasha CHAUDHAR

Extensive research is being conducted to create and use a wide range of alternative fuels to accommodate the world's growing energy needs. The objective of this experimental investigation was to analyze the effects of Karanja biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine vis-a-vis neat diesel. Important physical parameters of Karanja oil were examined experimentally after transesterification and determined to be within acceptable limits. BTE of Karanja biodiesel blends was about 3-8% lower than diesel. For Karanja biodiesel blends, BSFC was about 2-9% higher than diesel but exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were lower. Emissions characteristics such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide were also analyzed for various tested fuels. Karanja biodiesel blends resulted in lesser CO and HC formation. Nonetheless, NOx emissions were around 10% greater than diesel. Peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and maximum rate of pressure rise versus crank angle were among the combustion characteristics parameters considered in this study. Combustion analysis revealed that for Karanja biodiesel blends heat release rate and peak cylinder pressure were lower than for neat diesel. Findings indicate that Karanja biodiesel can be considered a viable diesel engine fuel.

17

Authors: Zbigniew ŁUKASIK, Aldona KUŚMIŃSKA-FIJAŁKOWSKA, Sylwia OLSZAŃSKA, Mateusz ROMAN

Today, route planning requires freight forwarders to make a conscious effort to identify unloading points such that the transport process is both cost- and time-efficient. At the same time, operational parameters that help to determine the validity of the chosen route must also be considered. This article aims to present the key metrics and ways of attaining them to provide a reliable determination of a transport company’s performance. Based on a selected transport company, the authors collected data on the transport routes implemented in 2020. Interpretation and analysis of the extracted information of the concerned sections were carried out and followed by alternatives. We present in this article the results of research concerning the exploitation parameters of the vehicle set. The evaluation of a given route section was indicated using selected indicators adapted to the specificity of the enterprise. The results are aimed at locating the components that have a destructive impact on the entire process. The proposed solutions serve to introduce factors that will pave way for improving the services provided. An in-depth analysis of all sections and key parameters was performed. Because of the conducted studies, abnormal parameters were identified, efficient sections were distinguished and new routes were developed in the case of previous routes that were not highly efficient and which had a possible alternative corridor. The obtained results of the research can comprise, for logistics managers, vital elements in the transport process, to which attention should be given in the course of overseeing these processes.

18

Authors: Jan WARCZEK, Rafał WÓJAK

Increasing exports of goods between countries over long distances and increasing amounts of cargo generated by ports and transported on roads and railways require the organization of cargo transportation using several modes of transport, forcing the construction of places (container terminals) where it is possible to reload them to other means of transportation. An important aspect of cargo transportation by intermodal transport is its proper securing with the use of properly selected packaging and a loading unit. This article shows how to properly prepare cargo for transport. It also presents a diagram of the correct calculations of the permissible masses that may be in the container during transport to prevent overloading of the container and evenly distribute the load so that the reloading devices located in container terminals are not damaged during reloading to another mode of transport. Therefore, appropriate securing of the load against its displacement and damage was also selected.

25

Authors: Lidiia SAVCHENKO, Mariya GRYGORAK, Volodymyr POLISHCHUK, Yuriy VOVK, Oleg LYASHUK, Iryna VOVK, Roman KHUDOBEI

A methodical approach for the determination of economic and socio-environmental costs in the application of the city consolidation center at the micro level was proposed and tested on real data. Two options of urban delivery of small shipments are considered, in particular, for e-commerce - direct delivery and delivery through the micro-consolidation center. The system of indicators proposed in this work allows a detailed assessment of the economic component of direct and consolidated delivery, including transportation costs, the functioning of the consolidation center costs and costs for pedestrian delivery to the residential district customers. Socio-economic indicators allow considering the interests of other residents of the city, suffering from a dense traffic flow and harmful emissions from freight vehicles. The proposed method of integrated assessment was tested on real data of a micro district of the city. The results made it possible to estimate the proportion of each component of expenditures in the economic, socio-environmental and total costs for both delivery options. The analysis of the sensitivity of costs to changes in the input parameters showed the difference in the strength of influence, and the rating of influencing factors. The proposed method allows us to estimate the economic costs of all participants in the urban delivery process for small shipments, as well as to prove the rationality of using micro-consolidation to serve a micro district of a large city.