Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

7

Authors: Hangardas ASKEROV, Igor VAKULENKO, Nikolaji GRISCHENKO

The systematization results of microstructure studies of carbon steel has made it possible to explain the mechanism of formation of certain damages to the rolling surface of railway wheels during operation. The evaluation ability of metal to strain hardening was used to explain the nature of the influence compactly located non-deformable dispersed particles on the strength properties steel during cold plastic deformation. In the process of the interaction of a railway wheel with a rail, successively occurring heterogeneities in the distribution of the plastic flow metal are one of the main reasons for the formation of defects on the rolling surface of the wheel.

10

Authors: Marta KAŁUŻA, Grzegorz SIERPIŃSKI

The article is an attempt to review the requirements and procedures which an investor who intends to build and commission an electric car charging station must follow. What has been highlighted is the conditions and restrictions associated with the siting of such facilities, the relevant safety requirements and the technical inspection procedures prior to the commissioning of a charging station

11

Authors: Ivaylo ANGELOV

The European Union is focusing on military capabilities and the fight against terrorism, but to a lesser extent on employment opportunities for immigrant integration, human rights and peace-building and the sustainability of countries and societies in Europe and around it. The European Union has always been proud of its soft power and will continue to do so in the area of security and defence. On the other hand, the idea of Europe as an extremely “civilian power” does not correspond to the changing reality. In this regard, the EU will need to deepen its transatlantic relationship and its partnership with NATO.

11

Authors: Robert KONOWROCKI

In this paper, the influence of electromechanical interaction in an electric motor on the railway vehicle driving system dynamics was investigated. This is the train driven by DC. In particular, there is considered influence of electromagnetic field between a rotor and stator on excitation of resonant torsional vibrations of the drive system. Conclusions drawn from the computational results can be very useful during the design phase of these devices as well as helpful for their users during regular maintenance.

11

Authors: Aleksandra ŚLIWIŃSKA

Improvement and increase of safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference can be achieved at airports and on board aircraft, through the implementation of appropriate systems and devices. In addition to improving safeguarding civil aviation against such acts, solutions described as operational may be used; these usually are directly aimed at ensuring the safety and security of civil aviation. This research focuses on operational solutions that are used for safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. As a clue, safeguarding civil aviation is understood to be the whole organisational and legal, as well as operational and technical framework, undertaken to prevent acts of unlawful interference endangering the safety and security of civil aviation. The purpose of this study was to characterise operational solutions affecting the provision of civil aviation safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference. The research question was defined thus: What are the existing and potential operational solutions implemented at airports, and on board aircraft; do they improve and increase safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference? As a hypothesis, it was assumed that there are many solutions, devices, activities, etc. used to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. All of them may be implemented within airports, on board aircraft, as well as can be taken in the forms of the operational solutions. Operational solutions are implemented through the provision and use of personal, organisational and procedural forces and resources and through the establishment of appropriate services. The existence and mutual correlations of these elements have an impact on improving the safeguarding of civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference.

13

Authors: Olimpia KUNERT

Know-how belongs to the intangible assets of enterprises. They are defined as information consisting of verified in practice technical knowledge and skills in goods trade (which are not covered by patents) allowing the entrepreneur to achieve a competitive advantage. Intangible assets are currently the key resource of enterprises, within which innovative competencies are included. They are not visible in the balance sheets of companies, they do not grow in proportion to property investments and do not yield to ownership. They have a spatial dimension of a special character, and they create the intellectual capital of the organisation, which along with the acquired knowledge, using active growth factors, can gain the ability to process innovations and act towards the development of the organisation. However, this is not always the case, hence, the attempt to answer the question of how not to lose valuable know-how in an industry. The conducted surveys among enterprises providing services for the industry have shown that they have innovative potential. This means that not only the industry and its development may affect the service sector and its performance, but the reverse - the service sector may influence the demand of the industrial sector. The article presents the potential for innovation growth with the employees’ own knowledge.

14

Authors: Ryszard HAĆ

The proper preparation of personnel of civil airports is justified in terms of safety and security of flight operations, airport capacity, which in turn affects the timeliness of air traffic. For airports, which have been created from scratch, in a social environment in which there are no aviation traditions, with the formal tightening of qualification rules for airport services personnel by the EASA, the selection of candidates for training, the formation of service teams, their training and cohesion constitutes a real challenge. At the discretion of airport management, the definition of minimum requirements with regard to competence, ways of training, gaining and developing professional competence, determining remit (important in terms of insurance) and specification of the manner of storing data about the competence and remit, also their resumption, extension, suspension, cancellation as well as time and duration of the refreshment. This practice, being an attribute of airport management, is commonly defined as "Under supervision of Airport Authority". For each airport function, individual training programmers are juxtaposed, using the themes listed for the first stage, second stage and for the practical course. The phase of continuous improvement focuses on the selected functions in the organisational structure of the airport. One of the elements determining the safety and efficiency of the operation of an airport is the proper selection of candidates for work, including the personalprofessional profile. Psychological studies, using available research tools, are used for this purpose. This article includes the results of studies conducted among work candidates in a newly created airport, in accordance with the following criteria: temperament, sense of control placement, coping with stress, intelligence and mental health abilities, attention, resilience, social competences, emotional intelligence. The study findings would be helpful in the management of the selection of employees and developing individual training programmes, preparing for work in specific positions at the airport.

16

Authors: Miroslav BLATNICKÝ, Ján DIŽO, Dalibor BARTA, Paweł DROŹDZIEL

This article discussed the determination of a metro vehicle’s door forces acting on its coarse structure. With previous articles addressing this issue, a definition of a specific reference vehicle was provided together with the collection of the normative requirements for metro vehicles. These form a basis for addressing the issue. The main objective hereof was to design a technical solution of a door system for the reference vehicle and create a parametric model of the door's forces acting on the vehicle’s rough structure. This model would serve to approximate and operatively quantify these force effects of the door to the vehicle’s structure by modifying the various input parameters. Therefore, it was necessary to create a mathematical model of the equilibrium conditions of the proposed door system and to quantify them using a developed software. Subsequently, these results served as inputs for the FEM analysis of the load-bearing components between the door and the vehicle’s structure.

18

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK, Agata KUREK

This paper is a case study, which among other things includes the analysis of the three roundabouts entry capacity: a turbo- and two spiralroundabouts. These intersections are located in one of the main road localised in Sosnowiec city (Poland). Before reconstruction, this road was characterised by unfavourable road and traffic conditions, insufficient capacity and low traffic safety level. The traffic congestion decreased significantly, traffic and road conditions, as well as the level of road traffic safety, were improved after the rebuilding of this route and the designing of three roundabouts on it. Results obtained from field measurements enabled comparative analysis of theoretical and empirical capacity values: lanes on the entry of turbo-roundabout and entries of the spiral-roundabout. This paper presents also characteristics of turbo- and spiralroundabouts with methods, which are dedicated to entry capacity calculation.

7

Authors: Katarzyna TUROŃ, Piotr CZECH, János TÓTH

Shared mobility systems are becoming quite popular around the world. This trend has led to the continuous development of vehicle fleet and use by a growing number of individual users. Due to this, the services of shared mobility have been analysed from the viewpoint of many different aspects. Safety and security issues are particularly important for both the user and the operator. This paper is dedicated to the concept of different issues of safety and security in shared mobility solutions such as bike-, car- and scooter-sharing, peer-to-peer sharing services and on-demand riding systems. The idea of shared mobility and case study, based on problems with safety and security aspects related to that kind of mobility is presented in the text. The aim of the work was to show the importance of safety and security aspects in the shared mobility solutions

9

Authors: Czesław WOJDAT

The provision of quality fuels to the aircraft requires compliance with a number of procedures during the transport, storage and distribution processes. Depending on the needs and organisational conditions, the air fuel distribution process is carried out using various types of transport means. The operational procedures and specificity of the functioning of the Armed Forces and other public law enforcement entities require the use of various construction and technological solutions allowing the efficient functioning of state aviation. The means of transport should not only ensure the appropriate quality of aviation fuel delivered to the aircraft but also enables the delivery of appropriate fuel practically to any place where it is required by the specific activities of particular services or aviation types units of the Armed Forces. This paper presents specific types of transport and distribution means used in state aviation and attempts to select features that determine their suitability for particular types of state aviation.

10

Authors: Adrián HAJDUČÍK, Jozef ŠKRABALA, Štefan MEDVECKÝ, František BRUMERČÍK

This article deals with the kinematic analysis of trapezoidal suspension. Specifically, it focuses on the behaviour of the chassis when obstacle crossing was monitored. Our team is developing an autonomous mountain vehicle that will be equipped with different working adapters such as a cutter bar and a picker. The device was designed for work on slopes, hence, must be able to overcome certain natural obstacles. This implies the need to analyse the wheel suspension kinematics. The vehicle was built on a trapezoidal suspension, which has proven to be the most suitable option with respect to operating conditions. From the results obtained, it was possible to analyse the driving characteristics of the obstacle, track the rollover limits and overall safety of operation.

10

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

A roundabout is not a popular intersection type in Japan. Vehicular traffic at most road crossings are controlled by traffic lights. This article comments upon a survey of Japanese roundabouts along with their numerical characteristics concerning, among other aspects, the location of roundabouts in specific areas where the surrounding is managed in different ways (that is, urban area, suburban area, residential area, etc.). Moreso, the location of roundabouts in specific regions and prefectures, classification of roundabouts according to the number of legs, outer diameter, etc. The survey in question was conducted as part of a project entitled “Analysis of the applicability of the author's method of roundabouts entry capacity calculation developed for the conditions prevailing in Poland to the conditions prevailing at roundabouts in Tokyo (Japan) and in the Tokyo surroundings” financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange.

10

Authors: Ondrej ŠTALMACH, Vladimír DEKÝŠ, Pavol NOVÁK, Milan SAPIETA

This article dealt with the comparison of results obtained from an experiment and from the numerical thermal FEM analysis. Sample with defects were printed on a 3D printer. A thermal wave from the halogen lamp to excite the front surface of the sample was used in the next step and the response was measured by a thermal camera. After processing the data in the software DisplayIMG, a phase image was created representing the 2D image of the material at a certain depth under the surface of the model. Lock-in method was applied to the results from the numerical thermal FEM analysis and the phase image was created. The programs code were created in MATLAB for a 4 points, multiple points and differential lockin method which were compared with the results from the experiment.

11

Authors: Marcin Jacek KLOS, Aleksander SOBOTA

Contemporary planning of the road network in cities assumes the use of transport models. The microscopic model allows provision of information and decision-making regarding, for example, emissions, traffic organisation, geometrics of the intersection and traffic control system. This article describes the development of comprehensive methodology applied for carrying out the research related to the design of geometrical parameters of the roundabout. The methodology involves developing instructions for preparing solutions for performance evaluations of roundabouts using a microscopic simulation model with the VISSIM software. The application of the developed methodology was prepared on the case study of the roundabout in Gdańsk. The results of the prepared case study were discussed.

11

Authors: Martin MANTIČ, Jozef KUĽKA, Eva FALTINOVÁ, Melichar KOPAS, Ján LUMNITZER

This article describes a technical proposal of anchoring determined for a horizontal belaying system, which was developed to increase the safety of crane operators and maintenance staff in their movements and work at heights. This belaying system can be installed either on the common, already existing footbridge of the overhead travelling crane or on the crane track. Loading of the steel wire rope was investigated by the simulation figurines during various assumed loading regimes. The figurines were attached to the rope belaying system by means of the standard personal protective equipment and the calculation process was realised using the non-linear dynamic FEM analysis.

15

Authors: Tatiana KOLESNIKOVA, Nikolay MISCHENKO, Olha SAKNO, Volodymyr SUPRUN, Galyna A. FILIPOVA, Igor NIKITCHENKO, Andrii GORPYNIUK, Mykola NAZARENKO

The mathematical model for calculating the response time of the compression ratio of the mechanism for compression ratio changing (MCRC) is presented in this article. This revealed the influence of various engine factors with the connecting rod and crank mechanism (CRCM) on the operation of the MCRC (for example, the rate of the compression ratio change). The results of the study of the operation of the MCRC indicate a strong influence of the values  (relative area of flow passage of channels) and р (pressure) on the response time τ in the field of their small values. This indicates that with insignificant changes of the area of flow passage of channel of the hydraulic lock and the minute oil pressure in the cavities, a significant response rate of the MCRC is ensured. The results demonstrate the possibility of speedy compression ratio change in the engine with the MCRC. Calculation studies showed that the mechanism full operation occurs quickly (0.02 s per unit εx), which indicates the expediency of using such a highpressure pump in a four-stroke gasoline engine with CRCM. The mechanism movable body complete movement (S = 4 mm) at the oil temperature in the hydraulic system of 45°C and pressure on the body of p = 60 bar are stated to occur for 0.2 s.

17

Authors: Leszek MINDUR, Maciej MINDUR

The overall contribution of the railway sector in the American economy is substantial. Since 2000, the volume of rail freight transport services in the United States has remained on a balanced and invariably high level, even though the total length of the railway network has declined. Over the recent years, owing to the deployment of advanced software and state-of-the-art technologies, rail freight transport has been performing more effectively than ever. This article addresses a study of the rate of GDP changes compared with measures reflecting the transport services performed in the years 1995-2015. This study comprised the transport performance achieved by means of railways (in billion tkm) against other transport sectors within 2000-2016 and addresses the volume of freight transport services performed in the American transport network. The authors discussed the mechanism functioning of rail freight transport, which is becoming an increasingly attractive means of transport, with reference to the intermodal freight transport, including the double-stack system. They have analysed the share of intermodal transport in the structure of domestic and non-domestic freight transport services in 2017. Furthermore, the latest observed trends in the American railway network in the sphere of the use and implementation of the state-of-the-art technologies supporting railway traffic management was brought to light with regard to the improvement of safety and assisting the relevant authorities.

6

Authors: Igor VAKULENKO, Leonid VAKULENKO, Svetlana PROYDAK

On a fragment of the rim of a railway wheel removed from service, the volume of the metal with non-metallic inclusions located near the tread surface was investigated. The use of the microhardness measurement technique made it possible to establish the nature of strain hardening of carbon steel near non-metallic inclusions. It showed that with a normal orientation of the plastic flow relative to the inclusion surface, the metal volumes undergo hardening. In proportion to the appearance of a fraction of the tangential component of the deformation near the nonmetallic inclusion, a decrease in the degree of hardening of the metal was observed.

9

Authors: Matej URBANSKÝ, Peter KAŠŠAY, Jarmila VOJTKOVÁ

The optimal tuning of a mechanical system in terms of torsional dynamics is a very important function of the flexible shaft coupling, built in the system. Therefore, a flexible coupling with suitable dynamic properties has to be carefully chosen for each specific application. The main advantage of the pneumatic flexible shaft couplings, that is, torsional vibration tuners, developed at our department, is that we can easily regulate their dynamic properties, particularly their dynamic torsional stiffness during the operation of a mechanical system. In order to improve our pneumatic tuners in terms of better utilisation of their pneumatic flexible elements and achieving specific operational properties, two new pneumatic tuners with tangential arrangement of their pneumatic flexible elements were designed. The aim of this article was to introduce these new pneumatic tuners, protected by means of utility models, namely a tangential pneumatic flexible shaft coupling with axially deformed flexible elements and tangential pneumatic flexible shaft coupling with serial arranged flexible elements. Due to the fact that both mentioned pneumatic tuners are not yet manufactured, this article deals mainly with the principles and expected advantages of the pneumatic tuners.

10

Authors: Jacek KUKULSKI, Piotr GOŁĘBIOWSKI, Dariusz PYZA, Roland JACHIMOWSKI, Wawrzyniec WYCHOWAŃSKI

Intensive pursuit in the introduction of automatic train driving systems, both with and without the driver in the cabin, can be observed around the world. Implementation of such a system allows for an increase in both the safety level of traffic and capacity of railway lines and consequently, an increase in the running frequency of these trains, which is extremely important in large urban agglomerations. One type of automatic train system is the CBTC class, in which a wireless network is used for data transmission. An important issue in the systems of this class is the problem of transferring information from the track to the train about the possibility and method of driving. This article describes the possible ways of sending information from the track to the train. The system of information transmission from track to trains (SPITP) was defined and discussed. The general characteristics of the CBTC class systems were presented. In Poland, a scientific project which aimed at developing the CBTC class system was recently undertaken. It is called rmCBTC and is being prepared as part of a project carried out by the Rail-Mil Computers Sp. z o. o. from Warsaw and the Faculty of Transport of the Warsaw University of Technology, co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development from the European Union Funds. This article presents the assumptions of the designed system and discusses the scope of data that is necessary in the subsystem of information transfer from the track to the train with the rmCBTC system.

11

Authors: Radka JÍROVÁ, Lubomír PEŠÍK

Linear guiding systems are used in machines for relative translational motion of components, especially for handling devices, which are the basis of production lines. In these operating conditions, the linear guiding systems are dynamically loaded. Dynamical influences may lead to the decrease and damage of bearings. The aim of this paper was to calculate dynamical influences of a mass inertia on linear guiding systems. This issue was solved by a numerical calculation of differential motion equations in 2D. The motion was calculated on an example of a handling machine for welding car bodies. The result is a percentage representation of the dynamic forces on the total load of the linear guiding systems. The result shows the percentage representation in the solved case as more than 10%.

11

Authors: Vladimír ĽUPTÁK, Ladislav BARTUŠKA, Paweł DROŹDZIEL

The objective of this contribution is the application of a new methodology for assessing connectivity in passenger transport regarding selected tariff points accessibility in the context of developing the selected region. From the passenger´s point of view, it is necessary to specially assess the accessibility of lines within transportation, between the selected destinations using passenger air transport. The length of the travel time, the number of necessary transfers and the number of travel opportunities affects the possibilities of transport between place A and B. The connections and lines are thus influenced by many factors. This is the basic point to consider when designing a set of evaluation criteria for assessing the connectivity and in carrying out a case study for a specific region. In this paper, Václav Havel Airport in Prague (Czech Republic) with selected air transport connections were evaluated according to the proposed methodology.

12

Authors: Milan SÁGA, Milan VAŠKO, Marian HANDRIK, Peter KOPAS

This study considered the solution of the stochastic vibration of non-linear mechanical systems with Gaussian random excitations. It realised a short review of linearisations techniques in stochastic dynamics mainly with application in the area of truss finite element modelling. The presented method of statistical linearisation is applied to numerical testing. In the second part of the article, the sensitivity analysis of the first two stress statistical moments and structural weight minimising subjected to the random stress constrains presented by mean value and standard deviation was brought to the fore. Cross-sectional areas were used as optimising parameters.

14

Authors: František MARTINEC, Ivan KOBLEN, Vladimír KRAJČÍK, Václav LAZAR

The development and use of unmanned airborne systems are currently undergoing a huge transformation. This allows the development of computer technology, new materials for their construction. Reducing airborne funds would enable them to be widely used. This applies to not only military use but also mainly civil use, industrial and commercial use as well. This new use brings new challenges, including security, legislative, technical, social, and so forth. This paper focused on the possibility of having several Unmanned Aircraft Systems movement in urban areas. It contains the description of a philosophical proposal of flight corridors and flight trajectories in urban areas with the example of a small town.

15

Authors: Jozef KUĽKA, Martin MANTIČ, Melichar KOPAS, Eva FALTINOVÁ, Leopold HRABOVSKÝ

This article deals with a dynamic simulation of the movement and fall of persons working at a height, using the rope belaying system. The input data, which are necessary for a created simulation model, were obtained from experimental measurements realised from the concrete belaying system. The simulation analyses were performed for three different values of the rope pre-load level. Consequently, the outputs from the simulations presented in this article were applied in a real design proposal of the rope anchoring arrangement for a horizontal belaying system.

24

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

This text focused on the implementation of the provisions concerning civil transport services rendered for the sake of the Russian occupational (Active) Army stationed in the Kingdom of Poland by the Administrative Council of the Kingdom of Poland, there. The above-mentioned Transportation Act of May 4, 1858, generally refers though to the old solutions, mostly in force since 1831, or even from the time of the pre-revolutionary era. Writing down and introducing once again some of these provisions was, as it might seem, a part of the process of regulating within the frames of law, this aspect of relations between the invading Russian military power and the Polish subdued society.

7

Authors: Grzegorz KUŁAKOWSKI, Henryk NOWAKOWSKI

In this article, the Crew Resource Management (CRM) is described as an important element of the flight safety system aimed at preparing and supplying the aircraft crews with the necessary knowledge and competencies in the area of personal and group performances and limitations (Human Factor – HF). It also presents the CRM training requirements for both flight and cabin personnel in commercial aviation, as well as selected issues regarding the training of the military aviation personnel in the field of human factors and CRM. This paper identifies the common CRM training areas in the field of civil and military, and also presents the fundamental differences and challenges faced by the military aviation in the area of CRM training, based on one of the five key factors of the “5M model” by James Reason influencing the aviation incidents – “Media” (Environment).

8

Authors: Magdalena HELAK, Piotr SMOCZYŃSKI, Adam KADZIŃSKI

Change management is considered to be an important element of safety management systems, lack of which can lead to industrial accidents and disasters. Therefore, risk management related to changes introduced to the railway system has become one of the processes covered by regulations aimed at harmonising the rules of railway transport in the whole European Union (EU). This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of available source materials in terms of determining the manner and level of implementation of EUwide rules for risk management related to introduced changes. The analysis was based on data from five selected EU Member States. A common issue raised in practically all of the reports analysed is the lack of detailed definitions of terms such as significant change, insignificant change, the impact of change on the safety of the railway system. Attempts to solve this situation have been specified by us and evaluated from the viewpoint of safety engineering.

9

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

The transport of oversize cargo is distinguished by its specificity on the market of transport services. Specialised equipment is required for its implementation, and the number of people involved in the transport process itself is much higher than in the case of classic road transport. This paper presents the conditions related to the transport of oversize loads, characterised basic types of oversized cargo with the indication of the required documents related to the transport of this type of cargo. The method of preparation and organisation of oversize cargo transportation, as well as conditions of piloting vehicles with oversize cargoes, also are described.

10

Authors: Jacek NOWAK, Krzysztof OGONOWSKI, Marek KUSTRA

The aim of this article is to discuss issues related to threats to civil aviation. The authors describe a relatively fresh subject which has been neglected so far due to the lack of knowledge and low popularity of this type of threat. The work identifies and characterises new threats to civil aviation. In order to achieve this aim, the article contains defined possibilities of using anti-aircraft mines and methods of using anti-aircraft rocket sets against civil aircraft in the operational area of the airport. The threats resulting from the use of unmanned aerial systems in the operational area of the airport are described together with the use of the cyberspace in a criminal manner in relation to civil aviation.

11

Authors: Katarzyna KOLASIŃSKA-MORAWSKA, Łukasz SUŁKOWSKI, Paweł MORAWSK

Nowadays, the dynamics of variability marked by technologisation and digitisation cannot be underestimated. New technologies identified with Economy 4.0 affect almost every dimension of the modern world. The level of competitiveness of modern economies is determined by the implementation and diffusion of innovations based on new technologies. Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet of Everything (IoE), hyperconnectivity, cloud computing applications and services, Big Data Analytics (BDA), Big-Dataas-a-Service (BDaaS), automation and robotisation are just a few of the technologies that the authors found worth looking at in more detail with regard to transport. Digital transformation is also a new opportunity as well as a challenge for business. This paper indicates the metamorphosis that transport has undergone as a result of the injection of new technologies. The presented material has been collected in the course of the source research carried out using the idiographic method. A critical analysis of available documents and literature, as well as digital sources, has made it possible to identify the benefits of injecting new technologies in transport as an effect of adaptability to the digital age.

11

Authors: Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, Tomasz WĘGRZYN, Krzysztof LUKASZKOWICZ

In this paper, the effect of surface preparation after innovating welding technology with micro-jet cooling was reported. Substantial information about parameters of steel machine elements surfacing with the micro-jet cooling process was given. Recorded evidence concerning the influence of various microjet parameters on the metallographic structure of the machine shaft after surface welding was taken. There were tested metallographic and tribology properties of welds. The tribology interactions of a solid shaft surfaces were examined after surface welding.

12

Authors: Damian HADRYŚ, Andrzej KUBIK, Zbigniew STANIK, Bogusław ŁAZARZ

The manner and degree of taking over impact energy by the passive safety elements of the vehicle body is the basis for providing conditions for the survival of people using the means of transport (driver and passengers). The elements specially designed for this purpose in the self-supporting body are longitudinals. Their energy-absorbing properties are designed by using a specific shape, by using appropriate connections of their components and by choosing the right material. Determining the degree to which the vehicle (body) ensures safety during collision requires testing. The most complex and expensive tests are the ones carried out on a complete real object (whole vehicle). The solution worth considering is a bench test of individual body elements designed as energyconsuming (for example, longitudinals). In addition, it is also possible to carry out computer simulations in this area. The purpose of this article was to present and compare the results of dynamic studies on model energy-consuming real objects and compare the results obtained this way with the results of computer simulation in the same range. The scope of work was adopted on this basis: passive safety, model energy-absorbing elements of steel self-supporting vehicle body, dynamic tests, computer simulations. For the purpose of this study, a model of vehicle passive safety elements (model longitudinals) was designed for which dynamic tests were carried out on a specially designed test stand (speed of the hammer was up to 9.7 m/s, impact energy was up to 23.6 kJ). This test stand enabled registration of the deceleration during impact and deformation of the tested object. Next, computer simulations were carried out for geometrically and materialidentical models. On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that it is worth considering the replacement of collision tests of the whole vehicle by tests of its individual components. These tests can also be supported by computer simulations.

12

Authors: Magdalena ZIOŁO, Piotr NIEDZIELSKI

The aim of the article is to present the role of public transport and its financing methods, with particular emphasis on the role of transport tariffs in Poland. Tariffs in collective transport, in addition to its financing functions, that is, covering the cost of services, are increasingly fulfilling the functions of shaping the desirability of public transport, thereby supporting the city's competitiveness as a whole, both in relation to its residents and people who have jobs in the city or are guests/tourists. The article hypothesises that third generation tariffs are financial tools that allow cities to manage local finance more effectively and affect the competitiveness and appeal of public transport. The research process used methods of critical analysis of literature, induction and deduction, logical inference and economic and financial analysis.

13

Authors: Tadeusz ZIELIŃSKI, Wiesław MARUD

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are widely used in the civil sphere. They offer capabilities predisposed them to be employed by state services in ensuring security and public order, as well as in commercial activities. It should be assumed that the number of RPAS users will grow in geometric progression. It also applies to the European Union, where the market of RPAS is considered to be one of the most prospective in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. This situation generates specific problems that should be solved in order to develop the RPAS’ market without limitations as a part of the European aviation system. The final state should be full integration of RPAS into the European aviation system, to conduct flight operations in non-segregated airspace without additional administrative constraints. Some efforts have been made to achieve this ambitious goal in the European Union. The paper summarises the current status of the legal framework and projects connected with the integration of RPAS into the European airspace. It is mainly based on qualitative analysis of source materials. The purpose of the paper is to identify key problem areas, the solution of which will contribute to the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. An analysis of normative documents functioning in the European Union (EU) relating to RPAS has been carried out. In particular, the European Commission (EC) documents and regulations related to RPAS proposed by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have been taken into account. Three crucial areas have been identified as challenges for the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. Firstly, general concepts of integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft into the European airspace including the development of the U-space concept. Secondly, the field of legal regulations, without which the functioning of RPAS as a part of the European aviation system is impossible. In this context, it is justified to continue the implementation of the Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System proposed by the EC in 2013. Also relevant are the EASA proposals for categorising RPAS and conducting flight operations based on the risk approach which is a new solution. The discussion may be triggered due to by-pass of all regulatory competencies to EASA, without taking into account the specificity of the national systems. Thirdly, the societal field. Full integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system requires social acceptance for air operations involving RPAS. Despite the undeniable social benefits of RPAS utilisation, in particular in ensuring security and public order, it will be necessary to address issues related to the perception of RPAS by the public, including privacy and data protection, law enforcement associated with the application of RPAS, third-party liability and insurance requirements of RPAS.

23

Authors: Tomasz BALCERZAK

The global Aerospace industry is expected to improve in 2018 as its revenue is predicted to rise by 4.1% , doubling last year’s 2.1% growth. The recovery of global gross domestic product (GDP), stable commodity prices, and increased passenger travel demand are likely to ramp up growth in the commercial aircraft sector in 2018. This article reviews the performance of the aerospace industry in 2017 and 2018 and speculates its growth in the incoming years. It also outlines the performance across the major aerospace markets and discusses trends that will impact the industry. The article forecasts the mergers and acquisitions activity in 2018 that lays the foundation for further growth in this space. Key findings are: - Commercial aircraft sector revenues are expected to grow by 4.8% as production levels are likely to be robust while the defence sector revenues are likely to record 3.6% growth as the US defence budget recovers after experiencing multi-year declines. - The spiralling demand for passenger travel is driving commercial aircraft production and is responsible for the record high backlog of 14,215 units at the end of 2017. • In 2018, global Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activity is expected to remain strong in the aerospace sector, being driven by pricing pressures from aircraft OEMs and their expansion of high-margin aftermarket services. This has pushed suppliers to consolidate for scale and cost-effectiveness.