Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

7

Authors: Grzegorz KUŁAKOWSKI, Henryk NOWAKOWSKI

In this article, the Crew Resource Management (CRM) is described as an important element of the flight safety system aimed at preparing and supplying the aircraft crews with the necessary knowledge and competencies in the area of personal and group performances and limitations (Human Factor – HF). It also presents the CRM training requirements for both flight and cabin personnel in commercial aviation, as well as selected issues regarding the training of the military aviation personnel in the field of human factors and CRM. This paper identifies the common CRM training areas in the field of civil and military, and also presents the fundamental differences and challenges faced by the military aviation in the area of CRM training, based on one of the five key factors of the “5M model” by James Reason influencing the aviation incidents – “Media” (Environment).

8

Authors: Magdalena HELAK, Piotr SMOCZYŃSKI, Adam KADZIŃSKI

Change management is considered to be an important element of safety management systems, lack of which can lead to industrial accidents and disasters. Therefore, risk management related to changes introduced to the railway system has become one of the processes covered by regulations aimed at harmonising the rules of railway transport in the whole European Union (EU). This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of available source materials in terms of determining the manner and level of implementation of EUwide rules for risk management related to introduced changes. The analysis was based on data from five selected EU Member States. A common issue raised in practically all of the reports analysed is the lack of detailed definitions of terms such as significant change, insignificant change, the impact of change on the safety of the railway system. Attempts to solve this situation have been specified by us and evaluated from the viewpoint of safety engineering.

9

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

The transport of oversize cargo is distinguished by its specificity on the market of transport services. Specialised equipment is required for its implementation, and the number of people involved in the transport process itself is much higher than in the case of classic road transport. This paper presents the conditions related to the transport of oversize loads, characterised basic types of oversized cargo with the indication of the required documents related to the transport of this type of cargo. The method of preparation and organisation of oversize cargo transportation, as well as conditions of piloting vehicles with oversize cargoes, also are described.

10

Authors: Jacek NOWAK, Krzysztof OGONOWSKI, Marek KUSTRA

The aim of this article is to discuss issues related to threats to civil aviation. The authors describe a relatively fresh subject which has been neglected so far due to the lack of knowledge and low popularity of this type of threat. The work identifies and characterises new threats to civil aviation. In order to achieve this aim, the article contains defined possibilities of using anti-aircraft mines and methods of using anti-aircraft rocket sets against civil aircraft in the operational area of the airport. The threats resulting from the use of unmanned aerial systems in the operational area of the airport are described together with the use of the cyberspace in a criminal manner in relation to civil aviation.

11

Authors: Katarzyna KOLASIŃSKA-MORAWSKA, Łukasz SUŁKOWSKI, Paweł MORAWSK

Nowadays, the dynamics of variability marked by technologisation and digitisation cannot be underestimated. New technologies identified with Economy 4.0 affect almost every dimension of the modern world. The level of competitiveness of modern economies is determined by the implementation and diffusion of innovations based on new technologies. Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet of Everything (IoE), hyperconnectivity, cloud computing applications and services, Big Data Analytics (BDA), Big-Dataas-a-Service (BDaaS), automation and robotisation are just a few of the technologies that the authors found worth looking at in more detail with regard to transport. Digital transformation is also a new opportunity as well as a challenge for business. This paper indicates the metamorphosis that transport has undergone as a result of the injection of new technologies. The presented material has been collected in the course of the source research carried out using the idiographic method. A critical analysis of available documents and literature, as well as digital sources, has made it possible to identify the benefits of injecting new technologies in transport as an effect of adaptability to the digital age.

11

Authors: Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, Tomasz WĘGRZYN, Krzysztof LUKASZKOWICZ

In this paper, the effect of surface preparation after innovating welding technology with micro-jet cooling was reported. Substantial information about parameters of steel machine elements surfacing with the micro-jet cooling process was given. Recorded evidence concerning the influence of various microjet parameters on the metallographic structure of the machine shaft after surface welding was taken. There were tested metallographic and tribology properties of welds. The tribology interactions of a solid shaft surfaces were examined after surface welding.

12

Authors: Damian HADRYŚ, Andrzej KUBIK, Zbigniew STANIK, Bogusław ŁAZARZ

The manner and degree of taking over impact energy by the passive safety elements of the vehicle body is the basis for providing conditions for the survival of people using the means of transport (driver and passengers). The elements specially designed for this purpose in the self-supporting body are longitudinals. Their energy-absorbing properties are designed by using a specific shape, by using appropriate connections of their components and by choosing the right material. Determining the degree to which the vehicle (body) ensures safety during collision requires testing. The most complex and expensive tests are the ones carried out on a complete real object (whole vehicle). The solution worth considering is a bench test of individual body elements designed as energyconsuming (for example, longitudinals). In addition, it is also possible to carry out computer simulations in this area. The purpose of this article was to present and compare the results of dynamic studies on model energy-consuming real objects and compare the results obtained this way with the results of computer simulation in the same range. The scope of work was adopted on this basis: passive safety, model energy-absorbing elements of steel self-supporting vehicle body, dynamic tests, computer simulations. For the purpose of this study, a model of vehicle passive safety elements (model longitudinals) was designed for which dynamic tests were carried out on a specially designed test stand (speed of the hammer was up to 9.7 m/s, impact energy was up to 23.6 kJ). This test stand enabled registration of the deceleration during impact and deformation of the tested object. Next, computer simulations were carried out for geometrically and materialidentical models. On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that it is worth considering the replacement of collision tests of the whole vehicle by tests of its individual components. These tests can also be supported by computer simulations.

12

Authors: Magdalena ZIOŁO, Piotr NIEDZIELSKI

The aim of the article is to present the role of public transport and its financing methods, with particular emphasis on the role of transport tariffs in Poland. Tariffs in collective transport, in addition to its financing functions, that is, covering the cost of services, are increasingly fulfilling the functions of shaping the desirability of public transport, thereby supporting the city's competitiveness as a whole, both in relation to its residents and people who have jobs in the city or are guests/tourists. The article hypothesises that third generation tariffs are financial tools that allow cities to manage local finance more effectively and affect the competitiveness and appeal of public transport. The research process used methods of critical analysis of literature, induction and deduction, logical inference and economic and financial analysis.

13

Authors: Tadeusz ZIELIŃSKI, Wiesław MARUD

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are widely used in the civil sphere. They offer capabilities predisposed them to be employed by state services in ensuring security and public order, as well as in commercial activities. It should be assumed that the number of RPAS users will grow in geometric progression. It also applies to the European Union, where the market of RPAS is considered to be one of the most prospective in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. This situation generates specific problems that should be solved in order to develop the RPAS’ market without limitations as a part of the European aviation system. The final state should be full integration of RPAS into the European aviation system, to conduct flight operations in non-segregated airspace without additional administrative constraints. Some efforts have been made to achieve this ambitious goal in the European Union. The paper summarises the current status of the legal framework and projects connected with the integration of RPAS into the European airspace. It is mainly based on qualitative analysis of source materials. The purpose of the paper is to identify key problem areas, the solution of which will contribute to the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. An analysis of normative documents functioning in the European Union (EU) relating to RPAS has been carried out. In particular, the European Commission (EC) documents and regulations related to RPAS proposed by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have been taken into account. Three crucial areas have been identified as challenges for the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. Firstly, general concepts of integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft into the European airspace including the development of the U-space concept. Secondly, the field of legal regulations, without which the functioning of RPAS as a part of the European aviation system is impossible. In this context, it is justified to continue the implementation of the Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System proposed by the EC in 2013. Also relevant are the EASA proposals for categorising RPAS and conducting flight operations based on the risk approach which is a new solution. The discussion may be triggered due to by-pass of all regulatory competencies to EASA, without taking into account the specificity of the national systems. Thirdly, the societal field. Full integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system requires social acceptance for air operations involving RPAS. Despite the undeniable social benefits of RPAS utilisation, in particular in ensuring security and public order, it will be necessary to address issues related to the perception of RPAS by the public, including privacy and data protection, law enforcement associated with the application of RPAS, third-party liability and insurance requirements of RPAS.

23

Authors: Tomasz BALCERZAK

The global Aerospace industry is expected to improve in 2018 as its revenue is predicted to rise by 4.1% , doubling last year’s 2.1% growth. The recovery of global gross domestic product (GDP), stable commodity prices, and increased passenger travel demand are likely to ramp up growth in the commercial aircraft sector in 2018. This article reviews the performance of the aerospace industry in 2017 and 2018 and speculates its growth in the incoming years. It also outlines the performance across the major aerospace markets and discusses trends that will impact the industry. The article forecasts the mergers and acquisitions activity in 2018 that lays the foundation for further growth in this space. Key findings are: - Commercial aircraft sector revenues are expected to grow by 4.8% as production levels are likely to be robust while the defence sector revenues are likely to record 3.6% growth as the US defence budget recovers after experiencing multi-year declines. - The spiralling demand for passenger travel is driving commercial aircraft production and is responsible for the record high backlog of 14,215 units at the end of 2017. • In 2018, global Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activity is expected to remain strong in the aerospace sector, being driven by pricing pressures from aircraft OEMs and their expansion of high-margin aftermarket services. This has pushed suppliers to consolidate for scale and cost-effectiveness.