Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

8

Authors: Laurian GHERMAN, Constantin ROTARU, Marian PEARSICA

The paper analyses a new configuration of an electromagnetic launch system (EMLS) able to accelerate a 1-kg mass projectile at a muzzle velocity of 3,000 m/s with an acceleration length of 10 m. The analyses consist of a mathematical calculation of the value of acceleration force necessary to achieve the project objectives. Based on these results a new configuration of an EMLS is presented. The projectile is accelerated by the Lorentz force where the magnetic field is created by permanent magnets made of neodymium iron boron (NdFeB). The permanent magnets are arranged in a cylindrical Halbach array with a uniform field inside. The copper wire coils have a special design, which produce a large acceleration Lorentz force with a current under 1,000 A. A short comparative0 analysis shows the advantages of this new solution compared with well-known accelerators such as railguns and coilguns. In the next part of the paper, we present the results of a simulation of this configuration with an interactive software package based on the finite element method used to analyse and solve three-dimensional electromagnetic field problems and simulate the movement of the projectile. These results confirm the advantages of this new configuration and open the way to test the system under laboratory conditions. At the end of the paper, conclusions are presented. This new EMLS, based on Halbach array configuration, can be used as a catapult for UAVs, airplanes or missiles, as a mass driver for small satellites or as a gun, which is a better solution than railguns or coilguns.

8

Authors: Paulina RUTKOWSKA, Mariusz KRZYŻANOWSKI

Aviation is the fastest growing but also the safest mode of transport. International aviation organizations give the highest priority to safety while creating aviation regulations. Therefore, a safety management system (SMS) has been created. Two approaches to assuring safety in aviation may be distinguished: Safety-I and Safety-II. Safety-I is the standard approach, focused on processing the information about malfunctioning features and system elements. On the other hand, Safety-II is a new approach to safety management, based on identifying the elements or functions of the system that work properly, which enables the system to confirm resilience to undesirable effects. One of the methods utilized for the Safety-II approach in order to study complex sociotechnical systems is the FRAM (functional resonance analysis method). The method is focused on analysing daily activities in various conditions in order to create a model of work performance. The models created based on the FRAM can be used for risk analysis, accident investigations and predicting possible future events affecting aviation safety. This method allows us to simulate system constraints and uncertain states. It can also be used as support for the air traffic safety management processes based on the Safety-II approach. The following article presents a developed FRAM model for the transfer of control over aircraft. This model constitutes an example of a coordination scheme limited to basic activities of air traffic control (ATC) services, providing a general framework for the construction and operation of the FRAM model.

9

Authors: Petr CHLÁDEK, Dana SMETANOVÁ, Srećko KRILE

This paper is devoted to the Travelling Salesman Problem as applied to Czechoslovak ocean shipping companies and their marine ports on the Black Sea. The shortest circular path around these ports is found and discussed. Formulation of the problem accounts for the fact that distances between the individual cities are not the same in both directions. The consequences that arise from this situation are studied. The used algorithms are based on graph theory and standard logistic methods. In addition, the results are compared with the results obtained by using a minimum spanning tree algorithm.

9

Authors: Katarzyna RADZIEWICZ, Krzysztof GARBALA, Michał CEGŁOWSKI

This article presents the results of homologation tests of an LPG reducer. Due to the material requirements of the LPG reducer in this case, the R02 reducer, designed by the joint-stock company AC Spółka Akcyjna, is used. Test procedures, which must be carried out, are also presented and generally explained with specified conditions for conducting the processes. The advantages of using the R02 are also presented. The properties of aluminium alloy 226, which is the body of the reducer, are characterized and are divided into four groups: technological features/qualitative indications, physical properties, mechanical features and chemical composition. The whole article is summarized with appropriate conclusions.

10

Authors: Paweł GOŁDA

The article presents the key processes taking place in the area of the airport’s plate. The need to look for effective methods and tools supporting decision-making in the area of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of airport operations is pointed out. In addition to efficiency, reliability and the level of costs generated, work safety is an important aspect in the organization of airport operations. Work safety during the implementation of airport operations is one of the basic factors affecting the design and organization of airport systems. A graph of the airport panel structure is proposed and the decision problems regarding the taxiing of the aircraft on the apron and handling of the ship after landing are indicated.

11

Authors: Paweł DROŹDZIEL, Pavlo POPOVYCH, Tetiana VITENKO, Oksana SHEVCHUK, Roman ZOLOTYI, Oleksandr KONONCHUK

Support frameworks of transport vehicles operate under varying terrain conditions under the influence of extreme climate and corrosive environments. When transporting cargo, dust is deposited on the surface of metal structures. The combination of dust and moisture creates an aggressive environment resulting in intense corrosion damage. The damage is caused by the defects of corrosion pitting, which occur on the surface and transform into corrosion cracks. Based on energy approaches, with the application of wellknown results for the mathematical description of electrochemical reactions and the principles of fragile fracture mechanics, an analytical model of durability is proposed for the first time. The model determines the residual life of maximum loaded elements of undercarriages with surface cracks under the action of dynamic loads and corrosive environments. For this case, a set of mathematical relations in the form of a non-linear differential equation was developed, as well as the initial and final conditions for determining the life of vehicles’ structural elements with corrosive surface cracks. The analytical model implementation is proven by solving the problem of determining the residual life of a vehicle’s element, i.e., a steel plate, weakened by a semi-elliptical surface crack, which is under the action of dynamic loads in a 3% sodium chloride solution. The insignificant increase in the crack’s initial size is proven to greatly reduce the period of its subcritical growth. The developed model was applied to define the residual life of thin-walled elements of structures with surface cracks.

12

Authors: Emil AUGUSTYN, Adam KADZIŃSKI, Piotr SMOCZYŃSKI

The Tactical Aircraft Operating System (a system for tactical aircraft operational usage) constitutes the main research area of this paper. The authors present this system via an innovative model for an anthropotechnical system in the format of an aggregated analysis domain. This model constitutes a detailed explication of a fragment of the existing Tactical Air Force System metamodel at the level that concerns tactical aircraft operation systems. The aggregated analysis domain for tactical aircraft operations is built on seven single-analysis domain, each of which includes a series of processes, operations and events, related to the airman’s aviation activities cycle, what happens during an air mission and when an aircraft operating cycle is carried out. The subsequent individual analysis domains are connected to each other by an airman-aircraft anthropotechnical pair. The introduced method of modelling the Tactical Aircraft Operating System ensures the desired generality, comprehensiveness, coherence and transparency of such a model, which allows for its implementation in various types of tactical aircraft and tactical air force bases. In principle, within the presented considerations, the model is described in relation to a single aircraft operating cycle, which is carried out by one airman during a single air mission. However, the authors have taken care when creating this model structure, so that its implementation in more complex aircraft operating cycles (more than one aircraft and one airman) is possible. Apart from the analysis domains (“before take-off”, “departure”, “air task”, “arrival”, “after landing”), which are closely related to the essential aircraft operations, the model also includes the analysis domains associated with air mission preparations and summaries. The model for the Tactical Aircraft Operating System is described by the authors in textual form, as well as in tabular form. The presented concept constitutes an attempt to formally notate the Tactical Aircraft Operating System model, in which each of the individual analysis domains can be treated as an area of interest for hazard risk management processes within the Tactical Air Force System.

12

Authors: Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, Tomasz WĘGRZYN

The goal of this paper is to analyse the mechanical properties of the weld steel structure of car body truck frames following MAG welding repairs using various filler materials. The main role of welding conditions is connected with filler materials, welding technology, stress state and temperature. In the paper, the properties of steel structures after MAG welding with microjet cooling are presented. Weld metal deposits (WMDs) were prepared by using various welding wires with different chemical compositions. A WMD with various nickel content was examined using three different welding wires; simultaneously, a WMD with varied oxygen content was examined using different gas mixtures for microjet cooling. In this study, the metallographic structure and impact toughness of welded joints were analysed in terms of welding parameters. The amount of acicular ferrite (AF) in WMDs, with various amounts of nickel and oxygen after welding, was tested. The various steel deposits were checked with the variable content of manganese and silicon, as well as nickel. Gas mixtures of argon and carbon dioxide were used for microjet cooling.

17

Authors: Volodymyr SAKHNO, Victor POLIAKOV, Igor MUROVANYI, Vadim SELEZNIOV, Yuriy VOVK

The objective of the article is to determine the transverse stability indexes of hinge-connected buses (HCBs) by applying the computation-analytical method. The transverse stability parameters of hybrid buses with active trailers are analysed. Based on these parameters (the angles of the roll and redistribution of loads on the sides), the analytical dependences are developed. The dependences describe the movement of the parts of HCBs in the vertical plane. Considering the action of longitudinal and transverse forces, the roll angles of the bus and the trailer were determined. The limiting angle of the side roll of the bus rollover was found to be амах = 27.560 мах, and the trailer rollover to be амах = 30.210 . The obtained transverse stability indexes of HCBs with a hybrid power plant testify to the compliance with the standard DSTU UN/ECE R 111-00.

19

Authors: Zbyšek KORECKI, Vladimír SMRŽ, Jan BOŘIL, Miloslav BAUER

Using new technology to track service movement and logistics equipment, passengers or wild animals in the airport area can significantly reduce runway incursion occurrence. Sensor implementation networks will allow for foreign entity identification in a timely manner and take measures to prevent unauthorized access to the track. Modern technologies, which include sensor networks, multifunctional camera systems and radio frequency identification access chips facilitate the creation of complex safety nets at active points and on access roads. Due to their mobility and possible changes in range and direction, sensory networks are an effective method for achieving the desired level of security. Combining elements of modern technology creates space for automated airport security. Security risk portfolios are now defined for 10 different operating domains and give advice to the decision-making process, which the European Plan for Aviation Safety (EPAS) has supported. The aim of the article is to analyse safety in commercial air transport for the period 2006-2015 in comparison with 2016 and propose a method that would reduce the number of incidents through sensor networks and using texture analysis.