Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

8

Authors: Ersin KORKMAZ, Ali Payidar AKGUNGOR

Within the scope of this study, intercity passenger and freight movements in Turkey are estimated by using the flower pollination algorithm (FPA), while demand forecasts are performed on transport systems considering possible future scenarios. Since the passenger and freight transport system in Turkey mainly involves road transport, passenger-kilometer and tonne-kilometer values of this system are estimated. By relying on three independent parameters, models were developed in three different forms: linear, force and semi-quadratic. Population (P) between 1990 and 2016, gross domestic product per capita (GDPperC) in US dollars and the number of vehicles were used as input parameters for the development of the models. When the passenger-kilometer models were created, the number of cars, buses and minibuses that are predominantly used for passenger transportation was preferred for the number of vehicles, while the number of trucks and vans used for cargo transportation were taken into consideration in the tonne-kilometer models. The coefficients of the models were determined by FPA optimization, with models developed to estimate passenger-kilometer and tonne-kilometer values. The model results were compared with the observation values and their performance was evaluated. Two different scenarios were created to estimate passenger-kilometer and tonnekilometer in 2030. Parallel to the increase in population and welfare level, it is predicted that demand for passenger and freight transport will increase. In particular, the higher input parameter values in Scenario 1 significantly affect the increase in demand, leading to a demand increase of around 50%. In addition, the FPA has demonstrated effective performance in predicting the demand for passenger and freight transport and that it can be used in many different areas.

8

Authors: Henryk NOWAKOWSKI, Jarosław MAKAREWICZ

This article deals with issues related to the use of flight simulation devices in pilot training. It also discusses the regulations included in the legislation defining the scope of simulator use in flight training processes for particular aviation ratings. In addition, the methods for using flight simulation devices in pilot training and practical training processes are presented, taking into consideration civil and military aviation applications.

9

Authors: Pinar KIRCI, Selen SAGLAMOZ, Murat SENER

Today, technology has transformed humans’ lives in all areas. Technology can be found in everyday life in the form of smart factories, smart cities and smart rooms. Thus, smart systems and devices are having a great effect upon human activities. Together with improving technology, in the last 50 years, the human population has seen an expeditious and substantial increase. The number of cars has also substantially increased and, as a result, parking spaces and car park have become more important. Areas in which to park cars have become wider in scope, including inside huge buildings; thus, the management of them become more difficult and complicated. Being able to discover an empty parking space as soon as it is needed is vital for both driver and multilevel parking garage owner, especially for the former, in order to avoid losing him/her time and money in a crowded city. Thus, we designed a smart car parking system, which is managed by Arduino control. Our main aim includes reducing time loss and the amount of fuel consumed while trying to find a parking space. By reducing the amount of consumed fuel, it will be possible to reduce air pollution levels, together with minimizing the negative impact on domestic finances caused by car usage.

9

Authors: Andrzej WIECZOREK

The paper presents calculations of the relative oil film value for the meshing of angle planetary gearboxes used in mining scraper conveyors. Calculating the value of this parameter was made using methodology that was compliant with ISO/TR 15144-1: 2014 (E). As a result of the analysis, it was found that exploitation of mining gears takes place under boundary or mixed lubrication conditions, with oil viscosity and surface roughness having a significant influence on these conditions.

10

Authors: Mariusz WALA, Piotr NOWAKOWSKI

Vehicle onboard travel planning systems have been developed in recent years. Since the development of GPS-based devices equipped with digital mapping applications for many vehicles, route planning has become easier and more convenient for drivers. Although such systems are used by drivers, for delivery or courier companies, it is especially important to provide a high-quality service, which involves the timely delivery of goods. Traffic management authorities are also interested in acquiring data on road and traffic conditions to verify the effectiveness and smoothness of the flow of vehicles. This paper proposes a method for traffic data collection and an application for recording data of variable factors having impact on a vehicle speed in cities and agglomerations. Data acquisition and identification of factors having impact on reduction of vehicle speed in the cities has been presented for a case study of Gliwice. The results can be useful for traffic management authorities, municipal traffic, road planning departments and mobile apps designers.

11

Authors: Jarosław KOZUBA, Jacek KRAWCZYK, Łukasz KORYTEK

Polish airspace is available to all its users on an equal basis . The state is obliged to ensure the safety of aviation operations within its air borders and to safeguard the fluidity of air traffic through the appropriate operationalization of telecommunications, navigation, signal codes and proper airport infrastructure, as well as area navigation . Increasing air traffic requires constant amelioration of airspace structures and the management of airspace and air traffic flow, in accordance with international laws and country-specific circumstances. This article discusses the changes in air traffic throughput from 1997 to 2016 and analyses air traffic and its influence on airspace safety, based on statistics from the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA). The article also examines the increase in the number of aircraft, taking into account the delays generated in European and Polish airspace, while outlining the changes in air traffic management (ATM), as implemented by the PANSA.

11

Authors: Artur ZIOŁA

The paper discusses an example of PC-Crash software usage for road accident reconstruction. Only a segment of the software capabilities is presented, together with a comparison of the visualized 3D simulation with the actual collision video record.

12

Authors: Kamil MACIUK

Millimetre-precise GNSS measurements may only be achieved by static relative (differential) positioning using a double-frequency receiver. This accuracy level is needed to address certain surveying and civil engineering issues. Relative measurements are performed using a single- or multi-network reference station, whose accuracy depends on a number of factors, such as the distance to the reference station, the session duration, the number of visible satellites, or ephemeris and clock errors. In this work, the author analyses the accuracy of static GNSS measurements according to the number of visible satellites, based on different minimal elevation cut-off angles. Each session was divided into three modes: GPS, GLONASS and hybrid GNSS (GPS+GLONASS). The final results were compared with the corresponding daily EPN solution at the observational epoch in order to determine their accuracy.

12

Authors: Renata ŻOCHOWSKA, Piotr SOCZÓWKA

The structure of transportation networks has been the subject of analysis for many years, due to the important role that it plays in assessing the efficiency of transportation systems. One of the most common approaches to representing this structure is to use graph theory, in which elements of transportation infrastructure are depicted by a set of vertices and edges. An approach based on graph theory allows us to assess the structure of a transportation network in terms of connectivity, accessibility, density or complexity. In the paper, different transportation network structures are assessed and compared, based on graph measures.

15

Authors: Kamil KRASUSKI, Janusz ĆWIKLAK

This article presents research results concerning the determination of the position of a Cessna 172 aircraft by means of the DGPS positioning method. The position of the aircraft was recovered on the basis of P1/P2 code observations in the GPS navigation system. The coordinates of the aircraft were designated due to the application of the Kalman forward-filtering method. The numerical calculations were conducted using RTKLIB software in the RTKPOST module. In the scientific experiment, the authors used research materials from the test flight conducted by a Cessna 172 aircraft in the area of Dęblin in the Lublin Voivodeship in south-eastern Poland. The research experiment exploited navigation data and GPS observation data recorded by the geodetic Topcon Hiper Pro receiver mounted in the cockpit of the Cessna 172 and installed on the REF1 reference station. The typical accuracy for recovering the position of the Cessna 172 with the DGPS method exceeds in the region of 2 m. In addition, the authors specify the parameters of availability, integrity and continuity of GNSS satellite positioning in air navigation. The obtained findings of the scientific experiment were compared with the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s) technical standards.