Philological Treatises

7-14

Authors: Anokhina, T. О.

The article in question deals with the problem of lacunarity (negation), its properties in the English and Ukrainian languages. The poems «The Arrow and the Song» (H. W. Longfellow) and «The Bells of St. Petersburgh» (Th. Moore) are being contrastively analyzed. Topicality of the theme is verified by the problem itself, which awaits its discussion, and is due to the growing interest of linguists to emerging science – lacunology. At present there works a great impulse to research speech and speech moduses. The paper is aimed at identification of lacuna types, their environment, and synergetic powers of words. The achievements of native and foreign scientists are taken into consideration, let alone subjective generalization. Attention is being paid to the inner laws of related languages. T. Shevchenko idiolect is being briefly touched upon in terms of negation endozone. The differences of languages tell upon their usage. Cf. phenomenon of polynegation or the use of articles. The English language prefers mononegation in contrast to the Ukrainian language. The latter does not like articles. But the communicative effect works wonders in both languages. It is the most lacunar and universe into that. Translation works on and its ways are compression, decompression, lacunarity, modification. Translator texts cope with the original one due to their equivalent pragmatico-semantic loading. Keywords: lacunae, lacunarity, translation, adequacy, interlanguage and intercultural communication

18-24

Authors: Guseva, A. G., & Skryl, O. I.

The article reveals the specific nature of lingua-cultural sources of the child’s comic discourse based on small (jokes, tricks, taunts, teases) and large (films, cartoons, stories) forms of precedent texts. Special attention is given to lingual (stylistics, syntax, morphology) and extralingual (prosodics, graphics) aspects of the comic sources and their functional and ideological ergonomics. The article employs a number of complementary methods including content analysis (for finding lingual components of the precedent texts of the child discourse) and linguostylistic analysis for highlighting the stylistic means of creating the comic effect). Keywords: child, comic discourse, lingua-cultural sources, precedent texts, function

34-72

Authors: Marchenko, T. A., & Marchenko, Ye. O.

The article deals with the changes in the terminological system of vegetable names by borrowing lexical units at all levels of the Ukrainian language, which makes it possible to predict further modifications in the system. The analysis of phonetic, lexical and grammatical derivational changes in terms of this group and syntactic features of borrowed terms in modern Ukrainian literary language had been also considered. The illustration of examples from the literature shows the diversity of the terms’ use in the artistic style of speech. A characteristic feature of this terminology is such that it can freely, without changing the form, move from one language style to another. We used the methods of comparative, etymological analysis, which allowed proving the fact that German and Polish were the most effective languages for the system of vegetable names because of their grammatical structure being very close to Ukrainian, and this contributes to better learning in the future new terms on the basis of the Ukrainian language. Keywords: terminological system, vegetable names, borrowed words, producer-language, Ukrainian Literary Language, foreign words.

49-54

Authors: Prokopenko, N.

The article is devoted to a complex linguostylistic category, that of expression, which is considered in a relation to othe problems associated with connotative resources of a language system, its norms and usage. The essence of expressiveness as a notion and its implementation in certain functional styles are paid attention too. The nature of expression isrealized at the intersection of stylistics, semantics and pragmatics of the language. The article includes a theoretical grounding of the category of expression in the linguistic works of famous scientists (V. V. Vinogradov, O. I. Smirnitski, D. M. Shmeleva, etc.): theses being important for the research in question. We paid attention on consideration of expression not only as an intralanguage phenomenon, but as a category which can affect the outcome statements. There is proposed a definition of expression as a pragmatic rhetorical category, which includes updating the quality of linguistic expression through connotative possibilities of language resources. Keywords: expressivity, expression, norm, connotation, pragmatics, style

63-71

Authors: Sadovnikova, O. P.

Advertising is a part of national information space, it is born in a particular ethnocultural system, it a priori has a corresponding linguocultural code. To achieve the goal of advertising national, cultural and mental peculiarities of potential recipients should be taken into account. Advertising messages on ukrainian television, particularly their text conten?t became the object of observations. It was found out that about 20% of them are appealing to the cultural ethnic knowledge of the recipients. Verbalization of cultural ethnic content of advertising messages takes place because of the use of nationally marked vocabulary, that includes such concepts as words with no direct equivalents in other languages, namely realia words (exoticisms and barbarisms) and background vocabulary (words-symbols). The selection of nationally marked lexical items in advertising messages was made by the following criteria: 1) semantic ones: presence in the structure of the lexical meaning of seme "national" (ethnic, folk, symbolic), 2) grammatic ones – authentic units and borrowed units, were analyzed according to formal indices, 3) functional-stylisticones creation of national coloring. Keywords: cultural ethnic content of advertising, words with no direct equivalents in other languages, realia words, background vocabulary.

78-86

Authors: Sukhovetska, L. V.

The paper considers how the evaluative activity of human mind affects the process of formation of directive speech acts. The author summarizes and concretizes the interpretation of evaluation. With the previous researches taken into account the article сonfirms the presence of an axiological component in political discourse, determines the correlation between such categories as evaluation and motivation. The results of the research identify the functioning of explicit and implicit directive speech acts, motivated by the negative evaluation of the addressee, demonstrate the speaker’s appeal to general and concrete evaluative meanings. It has been found that the electorate’s evaluation highlights subjects of authority, their activity and the results of their activity. The pragmatic aspect is represented by the functioning of the speech acts of demand, prohibition, warning, appeal and proposition. Keywords: evaluation, pejorative, political discourse, imperative, directive

95-104

Authors: Tsolin, D. V.

This article is concerned with correlation between metaphor and syntax in poetical discourse in two types of versification – the archaic parallel verse which is oriented to certain syntactic models, and later verse patterns which are not bound to syntactic structures. The Biblical Hebrew poetry, its paraphrases in Aramaic, and Jewish liturgical poetry in Aramaic of 4-th – 8-th centuries have been chosen as research materials. The Hebrew poetry (along with other ancient Middle East poetical traditions – Akkadian, Ugaritic and Egyptian) demonstrates the syntactically-oriented type of versification: two parallel lines-clauses have similar syntactic constructions (so called ‘mirror’ parallelism of syntax) which are united with apposition. In this type of poetical structures the parallelism of metaphors coincides with the syntactic parallelisms: it is the most optimal mode of correlation between syntax and metaphor. However, the later poetical traditions (including most of the modern forms of poetry) are not tied to certain syntactic patterns: they are oriented rather to rhythm and phonetic devices than to the syntax models. There are not any syntactic ‘standards’ for these poetical structures: a line can coincide with a clause, its part or phrase (in the ancient syntactically-oriented poetry was the rule line = clause); two lines are not necessary parallel in their structures (without the ‘mirror’ effect). Does it mean that syntax is not important for the metaphorical aspect of poetry? How the metaphors are correlated with syntax in these new poetical forms? To investigate this problem another type of poetry in Semitic languages has been analyzed – the Jewish liturgical poems in Aramaic of 4-th – 8-th centuries. So called piyyutim (פיוטים) – the liturgical poems – are built without any linkage with special syntactic models: the main demands for poetical structures are acrostic, measured rhythm and line-based structure (the pre-classical piyyutim); acrostic, rhythm, strophe-based structure and regular rhyme (the classical piyyutim). This poetry is close to many modern poetical forms, so, our conclusions may cover correlation between metaphor and syntax in poetry in general. In spite of the fact that certain syntactic patterns are not necessary for the new poetical forms, any kind of poetry has rhythm-syntactic nature: even in non-oriented syntactically poetry a colon coincides with a syntagma, a foot coincides with a word; but in the syntactically-oriented poetry the level of involvement of syntax in the verse structures is higher: a line coincides with a clause, and correlation of line is regulated strictly (see above). What about the correlation between syntax and metaphor in the new poetry? Firstly, in the case of the non-oriented syntactically poetry the metaphor is expressed with the same syntactic means which are used in the non-poetical forms of discourse (prose, rhetoric, etc.), but the syntax is adapted to the norms of versification as much as possible. Secondly, emphatic syntactic construction is integrated into the verse structures and harmonized with the phonetic standards of poetry. Thirdly, the special poetical syntax is characterized with terseness of phrases and clauses, as well as rhythm-syntactic discrecity of a poetical line. In combination with semantic, rhythmic and phonetic devices, these specificities create possibilities for hypersematization of elements of language and strengthening of emotional expressivity in the poetical text. The main conclusion of the article is: in the poetical discourse syntax has two functions, both of which are realized in close interaction with the rhythm-phonetic system of the verse – coherent and emphatic functions. This interaction yields some specificities of the poetical syntax: the preference for short constructions (including ellipsis), the freer word-order (in comparison with prose), and the measured syntagmatic discrecity. The most intensively the means of semantic and emotional expressivity are used just in poetry.

113-122

Authors: Shchyhlo, L. V.

The main point of this article is discourse analysis as a tool for translation and for linguistic research. Discourse analysis is productive for translation theory only if translation itself is an interdiscourse activity considering both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Integrative translation studies make it possible to understand the translation process as a kind of cognitive translators’s activity taking into account the creativity of the language personality, as well as a whole range of factors that determine and accompany translation process. In linguistics, discourse analysis can also be a helpful tool for the translator. The author focuses on the correlation of the terms “text” and ”discourse”, on the semantic and lexicographical aspects of translation process. Keywords: discourse, text, discourse analysis, integrative approach, lexicography, translation.

130-137

Authors: Zhylenko, I.

The article deals with the publicistic heritage of the Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun. It is being pointed out that the thematic constituent is changing as the years go by. In his early works he pays attention to the evolution of the literature, gives lectures on the works of famous men of letters. The second period is devoted to themes of a village, youth, and social issues. Itinerary essays tell about other countries – Finland, Russia, Turkey, and Persia. The latest period of his creative work is political rhetoric in support of the Hitler’s policy and diary notes. Attention is paid to the genre peculiarities of the writer’s works. Keywords: worldview position, esthetic program, civilization advance

146-154

Authors: Kleymenova, T. V.

The article analyses the anti-war novelette of a little-known Ukrainian writer Ivan Sadovy “The Dance of Death”. National, social, psychological, philosophical, moral and ethical problems, ideas and style features of the work about the life of a western Ukraine village during World War I are determined. It is proved that the novelette “The Dance of Death” is a result of the writer's modernistic search. It clarifies the specific interpretation of war as nonsense, chaos that wants to destroy humanity and the peculiarities of the Ukrainian teacher image at the background of war reality. The author pays attention to autobiographical elements in the event presentation and in the main characters, and his inner world. It emphasizes the requirements of the author (teacher) to the teacher personality in difficult and dangerous conditions. Keywords: novelette, anti-war pathos, ideological and thematic originality, existential component of the style, an image of people's teacher.

163-169

Authors: Cherkashyna, T. Y.

The article is devoted to the theoretical study of the autobiography, autobiographical novel and autofictional novel as genres of the autobiographical writing. The author of the article establishes that autobiographical writing, as a component of the literary documentary works, is directed to the integration of factuality and fiction at all text levels. But different autobiographical genres have different degree of their correlation. A typical classic reference autobiography directs its attention to the criterion of the factuality. Truthfulness and realness are the basic characteristics of this genre, they are present at all its poetical levels. In the genre of autobiographical novel factual basis takes the shape of the literary work and has fictional traits. In the genre of an autofictional novel, there is an opposite tendency. Factuality becomes component of the fictional literary story. Keywords: autobiography, autobiographical novel, autofictional novel, factuality, fiction