International Journal of Environmental Problems

89-98

Authors: Valery I. Glazko, Gleb Yu. Kosovsky, Tatina T. Glazko

A comparative analysis of distributional density of the DNA regions potentially predisposed to quadruplex formation was conducted on proviral DNA encoding hemagglutenin (HA) and neuroaminidase (NA) of the avian influenza virus, and also on the env and pol genes of bovine leukemia virus. We discovered that increased genetic heterogeneity of the HA gene coincides with the high frequency of appearance of nucleotide sequences predisposed to G4 quadruplex formation compared to the NA gene. Similar tendency was observed during the comparison of distribution of potential G4 quadruplexes in the env and pol genes of the bovine leukemia virus. Data obtained allowed to suppose that non-overlapping sequences with relatively heightened predisposition to G-quadruplex formation can reflect, to a large extend, recombination events. And variable sequences can reflect the nucleotide context that contributes to appearance of new mutations. In the present article we discuss possible connection between increased density of non-canonical nucleotide structures in genes, products of which interact with receptors of target cells, and their genetic heterogeneity supported in the host-pathogen system.

131-148

Authors: Fedor N. Lisetskii, Alexander V. Matsibora, Vitaliy I. Pichura

The purpose of the study was the reconstruction of palaeoclimatic conditions of the second half of the Holocene on the results of the study of floodplain soils and qualitative composition of humus in the chronological series of buried soils in the south of the East European Plain. Database palaeogeographic studies in the steppe of East European plain zone were created. On its basis the analysis of chronological series, which were compiled by the archaeological and radiocarbon dating of automorphic and floodplain soils. It was established 10 stages of formation Subboreal floodplain soils in the territory of Bug, which are mainly related periods of aridity and reducing the intensity of the processes of accumulation of alluvium, while subatlantic Holocene was characterized by a decrease in temperature and increase in humidity. The connection between climate change and soil types in Subboreal and subatlantic Holocene was analyzed. According to the results of comprehensive research palaeopedological three main lines of evolution of soils over the past 5000 years have been found. Spatial and temporal variations of the Holocene soil types due to the dynamics of hydrothermal climate indicators, which led to the displacement of natural areas to the north in subboreal and south — in Sub-Atlantic. In the south the East European Plain in automorphic soil conditions climatically favorable conditions identified during periods of 7-5 thousand. Liters. n. and 2200–1300 liters. n. The most notable aridity in the Late pedogenesis stories emerged in the V century. BC. e. The mathematical relationship between the indicators such as the value of total annual energy costs on soil formation, climate assessment of intra-building (through the duration of the biological activity of the period) and production plants have been developed. This helps to explain the zonal features of display of soil-forming process and, in particular, the formation of qualitative composition of humus (the ratio humic and fulvic acids). Applying established spatial differences of soil and climate on the interim status, climatically conditioned stages of pedogenesis in the Holocene history of automorphic soils were identified. Conducted a comprehensive study palaeopedological Holocene pedogenesis soil formations different stages within the autonomous position of the relief and in river valleys allows us to solve a number of fundamental problems of soil development history, to determine the direction of their evolutionary development, to establish the general trends of soil properties changes in space-time aspect. The results of the study at different times of soil can be used to build predictive models of soil development trends in the context of climate change on the basis of knowledge about the past, for the reconstruction of the living conditions of ancient man, as well as to determine the extent of anthropogenic load on soil.

4-13

Authors: Le Hung Trinh

The Khanh Hoa coal mine is a surface coal mine in the Thai Nguyen province, which is one of the largest deposits of coal in the Vietnam. In recent years due to many reasons such as backward mining techniques and unauthorized mining caused subsurface coal fire in this area. Coal fire is a dangerous phenomenon which seriously affects the environment by releasing toxic fumes, causes forest fires and subsidence of infrastructure surface. This article presents study on the application of LANDSAT multi – temporal thermal infrared images, which help to detect coal fire. The results obtained in this study can be used to monitor fire zones so as to give warnings and solutions to prevent coal fire.

26-57

Authors: Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Natalia I. Sanzharova, Rudolph M. Alexakhin

It was shown that on the territory of 30-km area around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant highlighted 2 zones, which differ in the form of depositions of radionuclides. The first, which was called the "near" zone, dominated by the fuel component; the second, named "remote" zone, dominated by the condensation component. In the "near" to the reactor zone properties of 137Cs were largely determined by the occurrence of the radionuclide within transformed fuel particles and composite reactor’s materials (primarily, graphite) besides of SAC (soil adsorbtion complex). The radiocesium incorpoprated in composition of graphite particles, during the entire period of study (1986-1992) have been gradually leaching out of them, while remaining readily available for plant uptake. At the same time, most of 137Cs located in SAC, due to irreversible fixation by clay minerals of the soil became inaccessible for plants. As a result, during the period of research the mobility of radiocaesium in the system "soil-plant" was higher in "near" to the reactor zone, than in "remote" with a predominance of condensation forms of the radioactive fallout: the transfer factors (TF) of 137Cs in "near" zone, in average, turned out in 1988 to 1.6 in 1989 to 2.4 in 1990 to 3.1, and in 1992 to 4.0 times higher than in "remote" zone. In lysimetric waters collected at sites with a predominance of the fuel components of the radioactive fallout, there was marked increased 137Cs volume activity. Nevertheless, in the soil of the area located in the "near" zone, the content of the exchange form of the radionuclide was 2.5-7 times less in comparison with other plots, located in the "remote" zone. This may be due to the transition of 137Cs in the lysimetric water by leaching from graphite particles and transformed nuclear fuel. However, in the whole, the concentrations of 137Cs in the lysimetric waters have been negligible, which have lead to the very slight removal of radionuclide from the upper layers of the soils with the help of gravitational current of moisture. So, outside the layer 0-2 cm of soils for both "near" and "remote" zones with the help of gravitational moisture current during the growing seasons in 1988 and in the 1990's, there were removed, respectively, from 1.1×10-2 to 6.0×10-2 % and from 6.0×10-3 to 2.6×10-2 % of the total 137Cs content in the layer. The main factor influencing the uptake of 137Cs by plants within a 30-km zone around ChNPP, as revealed by the research results, was a deposition form of the radionuclide. Next, in order of decreasing influence are following: type of soil water regime, then follow the agro-chemical and physical properties of soil (in order of decreasing the influence on radiocaesium uptake by plants: pH, the content of mobile forms of phosphorus, manganese, potassium, CEC). Uptake of 137Cs in natural grass herbage decreases over time exponentially. Periods of half-decreasing of 137Cs accumulation by plants, from 1987 to 1992, ranging between 2.1-7.3 years for automorphous and hydromorphous soils of "near" and "remote" zones. Experimental data on vertical distribution of 137Cs in the soils of permanent sample sites were processed using two-component quasi-diffusion model of the radionuclide migration in the soil. As a result, the calculated effective half-reducing periods of the radionuclide from the layer 0-5 cm ranged from 18.8 to 27.7 years, from the layer 0-10 cm from 27.3 years to 30.1 years. Environmental half-reducing periods of radiocesium (not taking into account the process of radioactive decay), differed for hydromorphous and associated automorphous soils. For hydromorphous soils, a period for the layer 0-5 cm 172-461, 0-10 cm – 282-758 years. For automorphous soils the relevant periods is 393-763 and 646-1253 years respectively.