Enfoque UTE

pp. 1 - 15

Authors: Elías Portilla Olvera, Daniela Lis Godoy

Social tagging consists of classifying web resources using words or tags freely chosen by users. The simplicity and openness of social tagging systems to organize resources is the key to your success on the internet. There are numerous approaches to facilitate the user the labeling process, allowing them to reuse labels and thus optimizing their limited reading and writing time. This document proposes a different hybrid approach that simply solves the problem of recommendations based solely on the content of the resource, merging the list of recommendations with the most popular tags in the user's tag history, thus allowing them to reuse terms assigned to others resources.

pp. 27 - 36

Authors: Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Wasim Abbas, Asad Abdullah, Usama Hassan

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important insect pest of the cotton crop worldwide. Sex-pheromone and light traps were used to monitor the adult P. gossypiella population in Bt cotton field for the years 2017-18 at southern Punjab, Pakistan. The sampling of infested bolls was done to record the damage level of P. gossypiella. The sex-pheromone traps captured approximately 2-3 times more adults than light traps in all locations during 2017-18. For sex-pheromone traps, temperature showed negative and strong relation (R2 = 0.63-0.80) with trap catches. Fewer bolls (7.0-9.0%) were infested in plots where sex-pheromone traps were installed compared to check plots (32-37%). Therefore, the pheromone trapping proved an effective and eco-friendly tool for the monitoring and management of P. gossypiella. Our findings enable forecasting of seasonal P. gossypiella population providing additional information for the development of an integrated pest management program for this pest.

pp. 48 - 56

Authors: Eduardo Salazar, Roxana Valenzuela, Margarita Aguilar, Natali Aranda, Alejandrina Sotelo, Gabriela Cristina Chire-Fajardo, Milber Ureña

Cocoa is used in the manufacturing of different products. Fermenting microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria use the high nutrient content of cocoa. This research evaluated physicochemical properties and microbial group behavior of fresh cocoa bean and four treatments to compare among them (A, A-farmer, B, and B-farmer). Moisture content, mold and yeast count, and Salmonella were determined in fresh cocoa beans and treatments. The results of fresh cocoa beans were moisture content of 56.30 ± 0.02 % and microbiological count below control. Treatments results were moisture content of 3.10 ± 0.02 %, 10.30 ± 0.20 %, 4.80 ± 0.00 %, and 11.40 ± 0.20 % (p ≤ 0.05), mold and yeast count were statistically similar (p > 0.05). Salmonella was not detected in any of the treatments. These findings indicate that regardless of post-harvest process, there is no fungal contamination in cocoa when carrying out good manufacturing practices.

pp. 71 - 86

Authors: Andres A. Sánchez-Escalona, Yanán Camaraza-Medina, Yoalbys Retirado-Mediaceja, Ever Góngora-Leyva

This research proposed an optimized water distribution scheme in order to increase the heat transfer on a hydrogen sulphide gas coolers system. The system is comprised by two jacketed shell and tube heat exchangers, installed in a series-parallel arrangement. Each equipment operates with three streams, hence two major thermal communications are present. The water flowrates optimization was performed through genetic algorithms, using a model based on the ɛ-NTU method for simulation of the heat exchangers. The heat transfer incremental was estimated within the range 3695 to 10514 W, while the gas temperature reduction at the system outlet was projected between 2,9 and 9,8 K. Calculated heat recovery varied from 3,90 to 22,16%, averaging 12,44%. Multivariate linear regression was implemented for determination of the functions that solves the studied problem from a technological point of view.

pp. 101 - 115

Authors: Moisés Filiberto Mora Murillo, Walter Alfredo Mora Murillo, Digvijay Pandey

In Ecuador, in the Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province, a Special Operations Committee (SOC) was created to take containment measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). This research deals with an analysis of the possible spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus causing the infectious disease caused by new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) using the Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Recovered (SEIR) model as a prediction method according to the rigor of the containment measures evaluated. with the acceptability of people through a survey (95 %, CI) in which three parameters (α) severity of containment measures, (k) social impact of the pandemic and (β) transmission rate, are determined, which we then used as β (t) with initial value of β = 1. All this considering the rapid proliferation of the virus in the province and having an average of α = 3.23 (95 % CI: 3 - 4) and for k = 4.10 (95 % CI: 4 - 5) that the authorities will use to mitigate the spread of the virus, as well as future outbreaks of the disease.

pp. 1 - 14

Authors: JUAN DAVID RAMIREZ, Krissia Cabezas, Pedro Jiménez, Raúl Canelos, Bolívar Escobar

This paper presents the voltage distributions along the insulator strings of a 500 kV overhead transmission line of Ecuador. The electrostatic problem related to the voltage distribution was solved using the Finite Element Method. A 1: 1 scale drawing is done on a CAD type drawing tool and then exported to the FEMM program that solves the problem and the results related to the voltages in the insulator string are obtained. The voltage differences in the different insulators that constitute a string are appreciated and the difference between the strings determined by the geometric location in the solution space is observed

pp. 25 - 34

Authors: Maritza Quijia-Quijia, Stephanie Castillo-Torres, Wilson Vasquez-Castillo, Mauricio Racines-Oliva

The research was carried out in the Nayón-Quito, Ecuadorian Pichincha-Province, with temperatures ranging between 18 - 22 ° C, located at an altitude of 2325 meters above sea level. Ice cream bean is a species used to provide shade in some crops such as coffee and cocoa. In this study, 15 ice cream bean trees were selected in which 30 vegetative buds/plant were marked to follow them in time and observe their development. Weekly observations were made of the transition of the vegetative to reproductive structures of the crop in order to establish the duration of each stage presented by the plant as well as the thermal cumulation necessary for these changes to occur. During the study, the selected trees selected presented constant bud break, foliage fall and fruiting. These changes varied according to the climatic conditions of Nayón. It was finally determined that ice cream bean flowering stage lasted 155 days and a total of 497 thermal units were needed to fruit harvest. The BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) describes the phenological development of crops from germination to senescence, comprising 8 main stages that are germination, leaf development, bud formation, inflorescence formation, flowering, fruit development, fruit ripening and senescence. Based on this scale a visual-phenological description of the ice cream bean fruit setting was obtained with the most relevant subphases presented by the plants (521, 525, 529, 621, 625, 629, 723, 725, 729). This information constituted basic and outmost useful and relevant data to better understand the process of development of this crop and improve field and production practices.

pp. 46 - 54

Authors: Jorge Luis Miguel Loo Miranda, Gabriela Cristina Chire Fajardo , Milber Oswaldo Ureña Peralta

This study linked the fermentation index of two varieties of cocoa beans: CCN 51 and ICS 6 with electrical conductivity (EC) of the water where they were immersed using a laboratory conductimeter. Mixtures of 11 fermented cocoa beans and unfermented were performed in order to obtain fermentation index from 0% (unfermented beans) to that reached by the fermented cocoa beans. Immersion times tested for determination of the electrical conductivity were 90 and 180 minutes. The results of electrical conductivity for CCN 51 and ICS 6 were 56.1 ± 12.0 to 1375.0 ± 28.0 mS/cm and 150.0 ± 19.9 to 1199.3 ± 44.5 mS/cm, respectively. Subsequent conductivity values ​​did not represent significant increases over time. The relationship between the fermentation index and electrical conductivity for CCN 51 showed positive trend, achieving a R2 = 63.1%. The following function by regression: EC (CCN-51) = 1196 + 10.83 * (FI) – 0.06 *(FI)2 got a model with significant adjustment to be used to determine its fermentation index.

pp. 69 - 86

Authors: Bimael Justo Quispe Reymundo, Ronald Héctor Révolo Acevedo

The effect of surface temperature on the state of the vegetation in the forest of Polylepis spp and to relate it is the objective of this research. As methodology 9 satellite images of the Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS Sensor were used, evaluated using remote sensing, applying Pearson r correlation and statistical t student hypothesis. The following results were obtained: the relationships during the 9 months of the year 2018 - - 2019 between LST - NDVI r = 0.11, t = 0.29; LST - NDWI r = -0.43, t = 1.27; LST - SAVI r = 0.13, t = 0.34 and LST - MSI r = 0.56, t = 1.77; the average ratio of 9 images classified in Jenks Natural Breaks values ​​between LST - NDVI r = 0.99, t = 47.12; LST - NDWI r = -0.98, t = 28.93; LST - SAVI r = -0.99, t = 65.39 and LST - MSI r = 0.99, t = 30.39; and the effect of “TVX” for NDVI (East: -0.0778 / 0.0549; West: 0.6434 / -0.0120), NDWI (West: -0.6128 / -0.0463; East: 0.3057 / 0.0474), SAVI (West: 0.4089 / 0.0232; East: -0.0073 / -0.0011) and MSI (East: 0.5565 / 0.1856; West: 1.3993 / 0.0362). In conclusion, it is confirmed that during the 9 months that the monitoring lasted, there was no statistical correlation and that on average of the 9 images classified in Jenks Natural Breaks there is a correlation; TVX confirmed the influence of surface temperature on the state of vegetation within the forest over time.

pp. 102 - 110

Authors: Jaime Antamba Guasgua, Vladimir Azanza, Gorky Reyes, Alvaro Remache, Soraya Ruiz

All powered vehicles have a braking system adopted according to the type of vehicle and work for which they are designed. In Ecuador, there is a great variety of auto parts that are proposed as alternative replacement, varying in cost and quality. This research aims to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of the brake disc material between original and alternate auto parts. This research analyzes three brake disc samples (A, B, C) from different manufacturing sources, using the ASTM E415-08 spectrometry test and the metallography test under the ASTM A247-16A standard. The spectrometry detects 15 elements in each sample, the carbon equivalent of sample A is 18% and 20% higher in relation to sample B and C, which significantly influences the microstructure. The metallographic tests indicate a pearlitic matrix in each sample, however, there is a different distribution and size of the graphite flakes. According to the SAE J431 standard, each auto part meets the material conditions for the brake disc function.

pp. 01-10

Authors: Ernesto Cañarte-Bermúdez, Bernardo Navarrete-Cedeño, Silvia Montero-Cedeño, Hugo César Arredondo-Bernal, Onésimo Chávez-López, Néstor Bautista-Martínez

Efficacy of neem on Citrus Leafminer (CLM) and effect on its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola was evaluated, using field, cage and olfactometer tests. Treatments were: aqueous extract of neem (50 gL-1), formulated oil of neem (10 mL L-1) and control. Field study was done in a Citrus aurantifolia orchard, three applications were carried out, which were evaluated every 48 hours until ten days after the treatment. Cage and olfactometer tests were performed in a greenhouse and repeated twice each time. In the cage, it were used 50 infested Citrus reticulata plants per experimental unit, while for the olfactometer test, as experimental arena, transparent plastic jars with 20 adults of CLM inside were used. Variables evaluated were: CLM infestation, dead, live and predated larvae, pupae, emerged adults and parasitized pupal chambers. The highest mortality of the CLM was caused by the aqueous extract of neem with 77.17%, which began 48 hours after application, suggesting inhibition of feeding. The aqueous extract of neem showed in average 88.80 % of repellency of adults of CLM and neem oil 85.64%. The high mortality of CLM and the repellent effect of neem, seem to influence negatively in parasitism which fluctuated between 9.45 % and 20.16 % in treated trees.

pp. 21-28

Authors: Mercedes Elizabeth Navarrete Párraga, Silvia Madeleim Zambrano Marcillo, Walter Ramón Zambrano Sabando, Martha Alicia Romero Pizarro, Marcelo Rafael Racines Jaramillo, Ernesto Ricardo Paredes Puga, Leonardo Andres Quintero Roman, Digner Santiago Ortega Cedillo

This work was performed in the oil extraction laboratory of the African Palm Program, of the Experimental Station “Santo Domingo” of the INIAP. The main objective was to determine the efficiency of three oil extraction equipments, in three oil palm genotypes. The equipments used were Velp solvent extractor, Soxhlet extractor and a 1500 psi hydraulic press. The genotypes evaluated are part of the germplasm bank of the Palm Program at INIAP: Elaeis guineensis (african palm), Elaeis oleifera (american palm) and E. oleifera x E. guineensis (interspecific hybrid). The experimental design was a complete random design (DCA), with 20 observations, followed by student’s test and Tukey test at a 5 significance, to determine differences between treatment means. The results showed highly significant differences between the different factors evaluated. The higher percentage of oil per bunch was obtained with the genotype E. guineensis in the Soxhlet extractor (18.43 %) and the lowest percentage for E. oleifera with the hydraulic press (0.34 %). The analysis of costs determined that the lowest cost was obtained with the hydraulic press with USD 8,20 per sample.

pp. 47-57

Authors: Monica Iza, Pablo Viteri, Milton Hinojosa, Anibal Martínez, Andrea Sotomayor Correa, William Viera

The genus Rubus is one of the most diverse in terms of morphology and genetics, presenting a wide spectrum of wild and cultivated species that are desired by their edible fruits. In Ecuador, the cultivation of blackberry (R. glaucus and Rubus sp.) is present along the Inter-Andean region, grown between 2000 and 3100 masl. This fruit crop is economically important for its high demand for fresh and processed consumption. This research was carried out in the Tumbaco Experimental Farm of INIAP (Ecuador) with the objective of finding characters that allow the morphological, phenological and pomological differentiation of four blackberry cultivars (Castilla, Andimora, Colombiana and Brazos). The multivariate analysis showed three conglomerates (C). Cultivars Andimora and Colombiana (C3) do not have spines unlike Castilla (C2) and Brazos (C1). Colombian was the earliest cultivar (161 days of sprouting to harvest) and Castilla the latest (186 days). Brazos cultivar showed the highest fruit weight (5.85 g). Andimora reached the highest content of soluble solids (11.86 ºBrix) and had firm fruits. The differentiating characters observed in this study make possible to establish parameters of distinction between the cultivars that are currently cultivated in Ecuador.

pp. 71-84

Authors: Yeison Núñez-Sánchez, Antonio González-Torres

Outsourcing allows organizations to reduce costs, optimize the use of resources, provide added value in services and goods, and concentrate on achieving the strategic objectives of the business. However, many software projects have failed due to the lack of knowledge of the factors involved in its planning. Some of these elements are poor communication with the supplier, weak monitoring of the status of tasks, lack of active participation of users and stakeholders at all stages of the process, and software quality assurance. Consequently, this research aims to aid the management of the outsourcing process and proposes a methodology for its management during system development. The methodology comprises 7 phases, each one with its inputs, tasks, and outputs, which are used by the following stages. In summary, it synthesizes the best practices for the management of third parties.

pp. 95-108

Authors: Anthony Xavier Andrade Cando, William Quitiaquez Sarzosa, Luis Fernando Toapanta

Low and medium solar heating systems used for domestic and industrial applications, such as water and space heating, usually utilize solar flat plate collectors in order to absorb solar thermal energy converting it into heat and then transferring the heat to a fluid (usually water or air) that flows through it. The aim of this study is to evaluate the solar flat plate collector’s efficiency and the fluid behavior inside the pipeline with three different cross sections, whose hydraulic diameters are 10, 5.12 and 6.16 mm, by using ANSYS Fluent. The results obtained from the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool showed that the collector with the Type I cross section reached temperatures up to 330 K at the pipe outlet obtaining an efficiency of 68 %, higher than those of Types II and III, whose efficiencies were 51 % and 60 %, respectively. Type I cross section also presented the lowest values in both speed and pressure drop, these being 0.266 m/s and 108.3 Pa, respectively.

pp. 119 - 129

Authors: Janeth Fabiola Proaño Bastidas, Erika Rivadeneira, Pablo Moncayo, Elizabeth Mosquera

The work documented in this essay is focused on harnessing the properties of Passion fruit seeds Passiflora edulis f.flavicarpa Deg to achieve the design of a cosmetic product: an exfoliating cream containing passion fruit seed oil and solid residue generated from oil extraction. The applied methodology for the formulation of the cream was initially based on a combination of a mechanical process through pressing, and oil extraction from the seeds by the use of organic solvents, ethyl ether. The physicochemical analysis variables evaluated in the exfoliating cream were pH, extensibility and emulsion capacity. The physical properties were considered as listed, colour, odour, brightness and grittiness. Furthermore, the absence of lumps was evaluated as macroscopic indicators of adequate particle size distribution and uniform texture. It was concluded that the oil from passionfruit seeds due to its composition in protein and liquid elements, optimally conserves the inherent properties of a product designed for skincare and conditioning. The use of solid residue that for primary industries is considered as unstable waste, represents an innovative alternative in the range of available semi-finished raw materials with properties capable of enhancing the products for human consumption.

pp. 108 - 118

Authors: Edwin Chamba, Edilberto Llanes, Andres Cardenas, William Vega, Juan Carlos Rocha

There is a wide variety of materials with various properties available for designers to meet different design requirements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of the relevant materials available in Ecuador through the multicriteria meth-od such as: Proportional complex evaluation (COP-RAS), Technique for the order of preference for similarity to real solution (TOPSIS), Optimization multi-disciplinary and compromise solution (VIKOR), in order to indicate which material would be a potential substitute for the original. It was concluded that 1045 steel is the best choice as a substitute for a safety compartment compared the base line the Aluminum-Magnesium alloy, considering that, despite being a light material, has low resistance to impact forces.

pp. 15 - 27

Authors: Higinio Alberto Facchini, Santiago Cristobal Pérez, Alejandro Dantiacq

Currently, there is a significant change in data traffic on networks, both local and Internet, across the spectrum of possible customers, whether fixed or mobile. The consumption of video traffic increases day by day in all its formats. Service providers are required more bandwidth, quality and performance, for all products, but mainly those based on video. This article presents an improved version of our laboratory tests for generic networks with four sub-scenarios, which allow injecting multicast video traffic, represented in different codecs. The topology of network used includes a streaming server and up to 20 desktop computers as clients. The most important metrics to be analyzed have been defined, based on performance and quality of service (QoS) measurements under limited bandwidth conditions. Experimental numerical results can be useful for administrators, simulation analysts, designers, and data network planners. But, also, this document aims to serve as a guide for the management of similar networks and the efficiently use available resources, without compromising performance and QoS.

pp. 56 - 67

Authors: Marcos Patricio Orellana Cordero, Priscila Cedillo

The detection of outliers in the field of data mining (DM) and the process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is of great interest in areas that require support systems for decision making. A straightforward application can be found in the financial area, where DM can potentially detect financial fraud or find errors produced by the users. Thus, it is essential to evaluate the veracity of the information, through the use of methods for the detection of unusual behaviors in the data. This paper proposes a method to detect values ​​that are considered outliers in a database of nominal type data. The method implements a global algorithm of "k" closest neighbors, a clustering algorithm called k-means and a statistical method called chi-square. These techniques have been implemented on a database of clients who have requested a financial credit. The experiment was performed on a data set with 1180 tuples, where, outliers were deliberately introduced. The results showed that the proposed method is able to detect all the outliers entered.

pp. 41 - 55

Authors: EDWIN MARCELO GARCIA TORRES

The intelligent microgrids are an efficient alternative, which allows to supply the demand decreasing the losses of the electrical system and at the same time; the environment and the consumers are the main beneficiaries. This article develops a heuristic based on an energy management model based on the real price of electricity, which will allow end users to encourage the implementation of a policy of response to demand, in order to optimize their consumption, for which a micro smart grid is analyzed, with conventional and non-conventional renewable generation, In addition, a mechanism of "real energy price" will be implemented as a policy of response to demand, with the aim of optimizing the costs of energy that will be transferred to users depending on the stratum to which it belongs, these costs will have a short-term horizon with hourly intervals, achieving a reduction in the purchase of energy from the system