Enfoque UTE

pp. 1 - 15

Authors: Ariosto Vicuña, Orlando Erazo

Interaction based on hand gestures has experienced a great progress in recent years. Its utility has been verified in several areas, particularly in the educational field, where it can contribute to enhance the quality of education. However, there are still some topics that have received little attention, such as the use of drawing gestures executed in the air with the hand. For this reason, this article analyzes the feasibility of using this type of gestures with educational purposes. With this aim, we conducted a study in which the participants interacted with the developed application by means of several drawing gestures. The obtained quantitative and qualitative results confirm the validity of our proposal. Specifically, the participants’ performance was acceptable according to the values of the used metrics. Moreover, the participants indicated the proposal is interesting and enjoyable. As a consequence, the use of applications of this type, in the classroom or at home, could contribute to increase the students’ interest in the corresponding subject, which should lead to obtain better marks.

pp. 31 - 42

Authors: Marcelo Muñoz, Jessica Reina, María Belén Aldás

A pilot aerobic horizontal plug flow reactor filled with pieces of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), from plastic bottles was installed for treatment of a synthetic substrate prepared from lactic whey with COD values of 800 to 2100 mg/L. A bacterial inoculum previously acclimated to the substrate was used. Organic material removal efficiencies of 62.2%, 85% y 94% were obtained with retention times of 5.14, 6.01 and 8.01 hours, and with volumetric organic loads (Lv) of 7.68, 6.19 and 4.61 kg/day.m3, respectively. Also, the kinetic mass transfer constant (k) was calculated and it presented a value of 0.02 m/day. On the other hand, an F/M ratio of 0.4 was determined, indicating that the process had a similar performance to an extended aeration system. Finally, the biomass generated inside the reactor was analyzed, obtaining a value of 11560 mg /L, which is a higher value than those of conventional systems.

pp. 55 - 70

Authors: Patricio Lozano, Aracely Armas, Verónica Machado

To drive conservation processes and sustainable use of an ecosystem implies, on the one hand, the understanding of the territory as a socio-ecosystem, and on the other hand, the application of the ecosystemic approach. For this reason, this is a tool that contributes to the highland ecosystem management of the communities Pulinguí San Pablo and Chorrera Mirador. This process was based on the socio-ecosystem characterization, determination of conservation elements and formulation of conservation and use of sustainable strategies. Data show that 186 habitants live in these socio-ecosystem and mainly benefit from three types of ecosystemic services: supply, regulation and cultural, carrying out agricultural, livestock and touristic activities. These settlements exert a moderated anthropic pressure in the socio-ecosystem due to the fact that only 98,65 hectares (out of 4567,20 hectares) are used for these activities. This is reflected in the state of the identified conservation elements that, evaluated according to their size, condition and landscaping context, obtained a mean of 3,3/4,0 (points) which means that they are in a decay process, nonetheless, their impacts may be diminished using established and executed strategies by local populations.

pp. 86 - 95

Authors: Rodolfo Najarro Quintero, Eduardo Samaniego Mena, Freddy Fares Vargas, Amilkar Puris Cáceres

The development of this research is done with the aim of finding the relationship betweenweather conditions and the loss of wireless connection. The data were obtained by ameteorological center of the area and a telecommunications company that operates in the sameplace. We studied different models based on fuzzy logic due to the easy interpretation the easyinterpretation of the rules and data management. We used the Weka application that providestools for pre-processing of data and Keel software tool for data classification. Nine classifiersbased on fuzzy rules were applied, where the Furia-C was that better results obtained in orderto quality and quantity of rules. In this scenario, a preprocessing of data were computed, wheresome techniques to improve the information was performed. Some of the obtained rulerscorroborate the influence of heavy rain over the loss of the signal, but other relationships thatincorporate new knowledge in the area, such as dew point and the average relative humidityappear.

pp. 111 - 126

Authors: Carlos Banchón, Ricardo Baquerizo, Diego Muñoz, Leila Zambrano

Industrial and agricultural pollution has generated undoubtedly a high environmental impact on the natural resources of our planet. Deficiencies in the provision of water for human consumption due to pollution from natural sources are expected. In response to this, the application of iron and aluminum coagulants are the first choice for wastewater treatment. However, the abundant use of aluminum is subject of discussion because of the potential impact on humans. Therefore, this article highlights the latest advances in the field of natural coagulation, an ancestral technology used for water decontamination. Its proven effectiveness is based on electrokinetic destabilization mechanisms that remove turbidity up to 99%. Experimental evidence agrees that concentrations of tannins and mucilages allow the remediation of effluents from chemical industries such as textile and tanneries.

pp. 1 - 13

Authors: Tomás Darío Marín Veláquez

Soil pollution has a strong impact when oil activity takes place within a savanna ecosystem. Any oil spill affects agricultural soils. Biostimulation with orange peel extract (Citrus sinensis) is an alternative for remediation of soil contaminated with crude oil and in this research the corn plant (Zea mays) was used as a biomarker of contamination level of a savanna soil after their treatment. Three samples of savannah soil contaminated with oil light crude were treated with dissolutions 1, 3 and 5% of extract of orange peel in water at a dose of 150 mL per kg of soil treated. The content of oils and fats was measured every 7 days, up to 42 days. Corn seeds were planted in soil samples, their growth was measured every 5 days for a period of 35 consecutive days, comparing their growth with seeds planted in a soil sample without contamination. According to an analysis of rank contrast, the plant growth was statistically the same in all samples up to 20 days; from there, evident differences regarding the pattern were shown.

pp. 26 - 40

Authors: Miguel Guallpa, Sonia Rosero, María Samaniego, Eduardo Cevallos

There is limited information on the growth and yield of the Tasmanian blue gum plantation in Tunshi-ESPOCH homestead in varying physiographic conditions, soil properties and management; for this reason it was decided to assess its forest mass. Circular plots were installed with 12.62 m radius at an intensity of 5-6% ha-1. Through systematic unaligned sampling for lifting dasometric information and digging three pits stand-1, using stratified sampling for variables of the place. The application of statistical estimators, determined at an altitude of 2755 amsl, a total average tree volume estimated-1 of 2.32 m3 compared with 0.25 m3 at an altitude of 2929 amsl. Two areas of conservation and other forest use were defined. There are significant associations between total unit volume of T. blue against altitude, organic matter content, cationic exchange capacity at surface level and level of boron underlying level, generating a management strategy for each defined area.

pp. 57 - 69

Authors: Isidro Gutiérrez Cruz, Edgar Rivera Carrión, Gloria Roldán Reascos

In the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve near Laguna Grande and Cuyabeno river, several ecological hotels have been built to meet the touristic demand; therefore these eco-lodges generate wastewaters. The Ministry of Environment, responsible for biodiversity conservation, has ordered the implementation of biodigesters for the treatment of these waters. After three years of implementing the system, it is proposed to check the quality of these waters, through the analysis of physical-chemical parameters: temperature, conductivity, pH, sulfates, nitrates and nitrites, detergents, COD, BOD5, oils and fats; and microbiological such as faecal coliforms. These results were compared with the current environmental legislation: TULSMA "Limits discharged to a body of fresh water." Sampling was subject to the provisions of standard Regulation INEN 2 169: 2013 and sampled at the time of high and low rainfall. The results determined that biodigesters only meet the standard regulations in three parameters: nitrates and nitrites; sulfates and temperature; and violate the following regulations: BOD5, COD and pH; while in the remaining four parameters, there is a variation among the results. In conclusion all digesters violate the regulations, at least on one of the parameters.

pp. 82 - 94

Authors: Fernanda Iza, Ximena Rojas-Lema, Yolanda Argüello

A proposal for improvement in the performance of the food chain of castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus) in order to potentiate their productivity can only start from a baseline or situational diagnosis of the quality of the fruit and hence identify the main points of improvement. The food chain of the fruit identifies three stages, harvest, post-harvest (storage and transport) and marketing or sale. The diagnosis in each stage began with reverse mode. It was identified the most representative producer and the supplying for traders to the point of sale. The quality evaluation of the fruit was performed through chemical and physical characterization in the four stages. Weight loss or losses were evident in all stages, light no significant changes of color from bright red bluish hue in the collection stage until opaque bluish red or off, at the stage of sale due to the short cycle time and the characteristics non-climacteric fruit. However, at all stages of collection, storage, transportation and sale, they presented significant changes in the indices of maturity which meant an increase of sugars, decreased of pH, and increase acidity. The results indicate that the fruit changed its physicochemical characteristics during the stages of the food chain affecting its productivity.

pp. 110 - 119

Authors: Jaime Fernando Antamba Guasgua, Guillermo Gorky Reyes Campaña, Miguel Estuardo Granja Paredes

The environmental pollution is a problematics that concerns all countries about the world as result of this pollution there take place the phenomena of climate change, greenhouse effect, acid rain, and diseases in people. To delimit the issues, there were selected the countries that integrate the Andean Community, the project goal is compare by means of static and dynamic tests the values of emission of pollutant gases, with the fuel that is distributed in each of the selected countries. The process of measuring and testing of static tests were developed under NTE INEN 2203:1999 standard, considering the idle condition (820 rpm) and high engine speed (2500 RPM), in both these cases, an constant engine oil temperature of 94 ° C and dynamic tests carried out according to ASM 25/25 and ASM 50/15 cycles, the results that have been achieved with the different fuels in a vehicle Chevrolet Sail, the best-selling in the country. Based on tests developed, the evaluated vehicle will be able to circulate without any disadvantage with any of the fuels of the Andean Community according NTE INEN 2204:2002 standard. Accordingly, the fuel with the lowest levels of emissions of gaseous pollutants is the distributed one in Peru.

pp. 22 - 32

Authors: Diego Prócel, Paola Posligua, Carlos Banchón

One of the environmental aspects of high impact in dairy industries is the discharge of wastewaters, because of contaminating organic matter as well as the substantial generation of effluents. In the present study, a biofiltration of effluents from a dairy industry in San Miguel de Nono (Ecuador) with a pollution load of 10.000 mg/L in terms of chemical oxygen demand and turbidity of 799 NTU was implemented. The system with a capacity of 55 L per batch consisted of three biofilters in series and activated zeolite assisted clarification. Organic degradation reached 98,9%; turbidity removal was 95,2%, 94,4% of nitrogen and 89,1% of phosphorus. The presence of milk fat did not decrease the efficiency of the biofiltration but increased the removal of suspended matter and pH neutralisation in the clarification. The optimal operating time was 6 hours under aerobic conditions.

pp. 46 - 58

Authors: Iván Cristian Naula Reina, Guillermo Alexis Albuja Proaño, René Alfonso Carrillo Flores, Carlos Fabián Izurieta Cabrera

One of the most important natural resources we have is the soil and it is of great interest to the society to take care of them and not to pollute it. In the study of this issue, we are going to consider one of the most common forms of soil contamination due to an infiltration process. It is therefore that it is essential to address study and clearly understand this process by developing a mathematician model, which will be a representation of this physicist phenomenon. Then design and implement a computer program that simulates the infiltration of liquid pollutants in a given area. In this paper we will develop a mathematical model for two-dimensional infiltration in the saturated zone of porous media, based on the equation in nonlinear partial differential Richards Also, It will present a numerical solution through finite element method and first order This paper shows the computational implementation using a simulator that presents graphically the process of pollution afflicting the ground, exposed to certain pollutants, such as the oil spill in regions of eastern Ecuador, wastewater near industrial complexes, among others, over a certain period of time. Finally, this paper will allow for remedial studies in the case are already contaminated soils or preventive areas established as hazardous.

pp. 75 - 90

Authors: Andrés Alcocer, Gonzalo Olmedo

Electronic money is a payment tool implemented by the Ecuador’s Central Bank, it allows people to make commercial transactions using their cellphones; it can be used to pay into big chain stores like supermarkets, known as "macro agents", but it also can be employed for the consumption of goods and services into particular businesses such as restaurants or small shops by using “person to person” transfers known as P2P. However, the particular businesses present some disadvantages compared to the macro agents, the main one is the lack of a system that allows them to have a record of the transactions made with electronic money. This article details the design and implementation of a technological platform that allows all types of businesses and people to keep records of their P2P transactions into an automated system with the ability of generating payment’s balance sheets which can be easily viewed through Internet. A research was conducted in order to look for the most efficient technical solution to optimize the available resources. The use of this platform as an external tool extends the capabilities currently provided by the electronic money system.

1 - 12

Authors: Jorge Viteri Moya, Edison Matute Déleg, Cristina Viteri Sánchez, Nadya Rivera Vásquez

The current industrial competitiveness requires companies to adopt better production methodologies, in order to reduce costs and maximize profits. This is where the adoption of lean manufacturing culture in organizations can generate changes in mentality that focus on free trade of all types of waste, without neglecting the quality. This research aimed to implement the thinking and principles of this philosophy in a food processing company to use resources efficiently, reduce costs and generate higher profits. More than performing a process map and detailed description of key operational processes, three tools of lean manufacturing were used. With 5s was established a clean and orderly work, with the tool just in time waste of different nature including cycle time production decreased; and with VSM the value chain and the new way of working was plotted, without waste.

pp. 1 - 9

Authors: Wang ZhaoZheng, Fang Xi, Henry Paúl Romero Cortez, Fausto René Ramos Aguirre

This article describes the essential ideas of an experimental procedure performed in order to check the filter-cake removal system is suitable for use like filter-cake removal system for pay zone. This system is made on aqueous phase and its concentration depend of the quantity of filtercake estimated in the wellbore of horizontal wells. This optimized the wellbore cleaning and increase the worth of well. The results of tests show that system could work, but it needs further analysis for determine the compatibility with fluids and rock from reservoir.

pp. 25 - 40

Authors: José Estrada, Mayra Calva, Ana Rodríguez, Christian Tipantuña

Telephony is a global service and thus telephone networks have been a coveted target for criminals. Now that voice can be transported over IP and that multiple services are integrated in a convergent model through Internet, there are more incentives to attack and more attackers. Moreover, the development of open source telephone applications has encouraged the massive use of IP telephony, but not an increased awareness about embedded security risks. Due to the current and intensive adoption of IP telephony systems in Ecuador, we conducted an exploration based on public information to obtain statistics about telephone systems connected to Internet in Ecuador. Additionally, using a deliberately vulnerable IP telephony system, we collected more data to do a preliminary analysis of threats to such systems. We found that hundreds of telephone systems were publicly available on the Internet and using outdated versions of Asterisk-based applications. We also found thousands of malicious interactions on the IP telephony system we deployed on the Internet.

pp. 55 - 68

Authors: Carlos Alfredo Pérez Albán, Alexis Cordovés García, Jorge Román Terán Benalcázar

The goal of this paper is the design and implementation of a system for controlling the quality of the combustion gases in a fire-tube boiler of 5 BHP. Based on the percentage of O2 present in the combustion gases, measured by a lambda sensor, the percentage of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere is determined. PID proportional control is responsible for the automatic regulation of the entry of air to the boiler by an actuator, according to the percentage of the oxygen concentration in the combustion gases. The control system has an HMI display and a modular PLC. The results achieved ensure pollutant gases emissions within the parameters established by current environmental standards, achieving the required quality of combustion gases and reducing the fuel consumption of the boiler.

pp. 82 - 96

Authors: Ximena Aguirre Ulloa, Alexandra Endara

The forest near the Hostería Selva Virgen, located in Pichincha, northwestern Andean Chocó area, is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world, reason that determined the analysis of the vascular flora in the zone. For this study we did a temporary transects of 50 x 4 and 50 x 2 m covering an area of 0.1 hectares. We calculated Sorensen, Simpson and Shannon indexes, using the Past software, obtaining the following results: 159 species (spp.) registered corresponding to 121 genera and 54 families. Families with more species were: 15 spp Moraceae, Rubiaceae 10 spp, Arecaceae 9 spp, Fabaceae 9 spp, Melastomataceae 8 spp and Meliaceae 8 spp. The diversity obtained has a value of 0.95. It is interpreted in the Simpson index as a high diversity. Richness was 0.33, interpreted as an average richness. Sorensen index identifies areas that share more species. Endemism is low: 6.25%. The high biodiversity found in the studied forest shows an important biological richness; therefore more studies are suggested, because this zone has been rarely explored from the biological point of view.

pp. 109 - 119

Authors: Paola Vallejo Choez, Carmen González Moya, Fredy Mena Mora

This is a preliminary investigation on the environmental quality of the city of Pujilí, made from the collection of samples of particulate matter and vehicular traffic counts on six points of the city. The methodology is based on the provisions of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation for measuring atmospheric particulate matter, and the use of count tables for vehicle registration. The results reflect the impact of vehicular traffic, the characteristics of the rolling road layer, soil erosion, and climate on air pollution and its impact on the health of the population.