Journal of Literary Studies (Journal of Literature and Humanities)

43-64

Authors: Hamed Safi ; Farzad Ghaemi ; Mahdokht Poorkhalegi Chatrodi

Houshang, second mythical king of Iran, is introduced as Pishdad in historical texts. He had the most important duties such as collecting water in ponds, ordering to hunt wild animals, clothes making, carpeting using animal's Skin, and encouraging people to agriculture. Arabic historical texts are written in the early Islamic centuries narrating the stories of Persian kings. They were derived from Khodaynameh and then translated. Ferdowsi in Shahnameh has introduced Houshang as the second Persian king and has written on his actions. The analysis and comparison with other narratives based on the hypertextuality not only reveals the origins of these texts, but also shows the differences in narrative texts representing the fact that the texts have used Various versions of Khodaynameh.source of Ferdowsi and tha'alibi was not a common and work of tha'alibi is hypertext that history of tabari is its hypotext.

89-117

Authors: Issa Amankhani ; Mona Alimadadi

When the army of Iran was defeated by Russian army, Iranians began to know the western culture and thoughts and so the pre modern discourse was replacedby the modern discourse. The result of this revolution was ignorance of normal rules of past and important people. In this period some diplomatic and literary rules were rejected, and some famous poets as Sadi and Molavi were credited too. Just Ferdowsi and his work, Shahname, in despite of the discrepancies with modern discourse, were glorified. The most important reason of this glorification is establishment of a national and modern government that nationalism was making is steady. And Pahlavies (the father and son) were supporting. A national government needed somfondations such as the same history, language and country. These are the elements of a national system seen mostly in Shahname than the other works. So in this period Ferdowsi and his Shahname were glorified.

147-170

Authors: Farzaneh Alavizadeh

The image of a notion in the literary works is considered as one of the most productive areas in comparative literature. In five steps, this paper examines the Chardin’s Travel book and his vision of the Iranian culture and identity relqted to Safavid period: In the first part, we discuss the conception of the Other and express the discrepancy between two reality orders and two spaces. Next step includes the efforts of becoming the same with the Other, obligations of a traveler among other nations and understanding identity through the use of the comparison. Our focus in the third step is on the lexical analysis including adjectivising. In the following step, we examine the creation of the Clichés and stereotypes and also the adjustment, verification and enhancement of traveler’s subjective assumptions made when faced with the reality, relating text to its socio-historical contexts. And in the last step, we consider the descriptions of the certain aspects of reality and show how some of the stereotypes dominate others. Finally, we conclude that the image of Iran and Iranian’s identity in Chardin’s narration is influenced by both the reality, his insights, his subjective assumptions, and the socio-historical context at a particular historical period.

27-50

Authors: Zainab Saberpour

Feminist critical discourse analysis is an approach distinguished by its focus on revealing unequal power relations between women and men in their social life. In the present paper, it is suggested that Simone de Beauvoir’s theory of the formation of gender identity and female subject in The Second Sex provides a meaningful theoretical ground to the feminist critical discourse analysis. Although The Second Sex antedates current discourse studies, it reveals a notable compatibility with the ontological and epistemological assumptions of the critical approaches to discourse studies. In this article, The Second Sex has been analyzed in regard to its critical approach, its idea of power and ideology, its relation to social constructionism, its critical approach to common sense and science, its evaluation of historical changes and the role of discourse orders in the formation of subject.

71-102

Authors: mohaddeseh qodsi ; Dr.mohammad-Jafar Yahaqghi ; Dr.mah -dokht Pour khaleghi Mail

Critical discourse analysis has proved to be of great help in analyzing the form and meaning of literary works. Certain scholars such as Norman Fairclough have greatly improved such studies. The present study deals with one of the political letters of Mas'ud I of Ghazni to Arsalan Khan written by his secretary Abul-Fazl Bayhaqi. The complete version of the letter has been recorded in Bayhaqi’s history. Using Fairclough's method, the article tries to study power relations. In this letter, Bayhaqi carefully employs diction, grammatical structure (e.g. active and passive voices), and modality to show the king’s power even after his Dandanghan failure.

125-150

Authors: morteza mohseni ; mehdi serahati jouybari

Throughout the history of Persian poetry, qasida has had an imitative and steady form. Such a characteristic has played a key role in the weakness of the vertical axis of this form of poetry and has always caused poet's imagination to move in a single direction. Furthermore, this form of poetry is frequently associated with a predetermined chain of images. But Nāsir Khusraw's (1004-1088 CE) attempts in introducing changes into the vertical axis of qasida are innovative; the patterns he had presented for the structure of qasida are varied and unique. In this essay, all Nāsir Khusraw 's qasidas are compared in terms of structure with those of his three contemporaries: Onsori (?-1040 CE), Farrokhi (?-1038 CE) and Manoochehri (?-1041 CE). Finally, the study focuses on certain characteristic features of Nāsir Khusraw's qasidas such as lengthy description, allegory, personification, frequency of key words throughout the poem and the cohesion of verses by the conjunctions resulting in the stability of vertical axis of his poetry. Such features are less common in the contemporary poetry.

31-60

Authors: Ali Ziaoddini ; Mahindokht Farrokhnia Mail

Eschatology is a dominant theme in Sanā'ī Ghaznavi’s Seir al-Ebād and Abul ʿAla Al-Maʿarri’s Risālat al-ghufrān - two works from the world of Islam in which the narrative structure is based on the journey of the soul. This study examines the concept of eschatology and briefly deals with the beliefs of different cultures and religions. It then proceeds with the study of three aspects of eschatology in the two mentioned works. The study includes eschatology in the narrative structure of the works, eschatological symbols, and ideological beliefs underlying the notion of eschatology.

87-109

Authors: Leila Sadeghi

Novel-in-stories which came into life around 1914 in western literary tradition has been considered a new genre in which different short stories are connected in a number ways. It has assumed different names and has been classified differently because of the various types of uniting tools used for creating the linked stories. In Iran, although Ebrahim Golestan’s first linked stories took the first step in 1969, his second short story collection went beyond the classification and created a new sub-genre called macrofiction. This paper is going to show what macrofiction is and how it can be formulated. According to this study, macrofiction is a sub-genre of novel-in-stories in which a similar schema in a number of short stories is transferred from the paratext. Consequently, the schema of one space as input 1 projects its features to the elements of another space as input 2. The short stories of a collection have a schematic string for blending and uniting a number of totally different stories. As a final point, macrofiction is made by textual schema refreshment and connects the stories in a coherent way.

135-148

Authors: Leila Seyedghasem

Unlike modern prose, the prose of Tarikh-e Beyhaghi is highly flexible and at times varies based on the expediency factor; hence, it can be used as a very special tool in critical recension of Beyhaghi’s text and those with similar characteristics. To this end, the structures of those sentences different in two editions are determined; then by calculating the frequencies of those structures in the whole text, normal word orders are recognized. Expediency factor is also taken into account at the same time. This enables us to decide which sentence structure is closer to the normal style. This method of critical recension is unprecedented. To demonstrate how word order can be employed, we extract some sentences from Yahaghi and Seyyedi editions and compare them to that of Fayyaz