Ecological safety

4

Authors: A. Avramenko

Analyzed the main ways and factors of pollution of surface and groundwater Mirgorodskogo, Khorolskiy and Semenovski areas of central Poltava region. The modern approaches for environmental monitoring. Established the basic fact technology of water treatment for the population in Ukraine. The main negative factors that affect the water quality of the study area. The changes of the chemical composition of surface water and groundwater in the operation. The main characteristics of bioassay techniques, and determined that it allows you to get information on the integrated totality influential (toxic) agents. Shows the results of calculations that allow us to determine the survival rates of Daphnia in water samples in the studied areas of the Poltava region. An assessment of the quality of surface and groundwater, we selected areas using bioassay methods using test objects. Set prospects for further research.

4

Authors: O. Tymoshchuk, S. Shmarin

Fires that occurred on agricultural lands for the 2005-2012 period were analyzed. Number of fires in different years varies greatly and depends on the poorly regulated and unregulated factors. In result, the area and values of damaged crops were determined, also in accordance with the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inven-tories it was calculated the greenhouse gas emissions amount. Experimentally determined that the fires mostly occur on lands where wheat, barley and maize, which proportions range from 91,2 to 99,9 % of the total area damaged by fire in Ukraine. As a consequence of fires over the years 2005-2012 the environment received 3216,5 thousand tons of carbon and 43,4 thousand tons of nitrigen. The results of the calculations indicated that mainly carbon monoxide, annual emissions which range from 13,7 to 107,1 thousand tons, supplies into the atmosphere. Emissions of other greenhouse gases can be considered as insignificant: methane – 0,5-4,1 thousand tons, nitrous oxide – 0,01-0,13 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides – 0,5-4,6 thousand tons.

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Authors: R. Shevchenko

In research solved the problem of determining issues of Environmental Security objective space that is used in the system of Tourist Services, namely, defined ecosafety characteristics of hotel and restaurant management. Determined the classification of the modern hotel complex Infrastructure and systems catering. Courtesy of terminological study the new definition of “Ecology of Subject-Auxiliary Space", and related scientific terms like "Climate Subject-Functional space" and by polluting factors that are a potential danger to customers these stay indoors. The main research task was solved to find the correlation between radon radioactive emissions and a geopatohenical (eniologicals) areas, to get this recommendation to topographical constraints construction and operation of appropriate facilities of the Eeconomy of State. This in-depth description of other known factors, environmental Safety, provided practical advice to limit their impact.

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Authors: T. Kudryavskaya, A. Dychko

The paper discusses the relevance of the question depending on the level of pollen sterility of concentrations of pol-lutants in ambient air. A classification of current methods for predicting the influence of anthropogenic pollution on the environment are presented. The main pollutants of the atmosphere urboekosystem Kiev and those pollutants that affect abortive plant – indicator are presented. The features of use of mathematical models in bioindication research are established. The algorithm of the correlation and regression analysis is developed. Model of linear multiple regression linking indicators of sterility and pollen concentrations of several pollutants simultaneously is constructed. Accuracy of the mathematical model using Fisher's exact test was verified and its quality by using the coefficient of determination is evaluated. Options for further use of the resulting model are proposed.

5

Authors: T. Ivashchenko, I. Pushkaryova

Paper gives the results of the environmental soils status assessment of Saki State Chemical Plant areas, which stopped operations in 1996-1998, but the area of the plant is covered with industrial waste that had been accumulated over the years of its existence. It was noted that in the analysis of soil samples more than 25 contaminants were found. The effect of the most dangerous toxic substances - heavy metals, in particular relating to the first class of danger: cad-mium, mercury, lead, selenium, zinc, arsenic was studied. Ecological condition of the soil and its pollution category was evaluated respectively overall pollution index (Zc), according to the procedure E. Goncharuk. It was established that in some samples pollutant concentrations exceed the established limits by more than 2,4-43 times. It was determined that, according to the methodology used soil contamination belongs to category III (Zc = 38,67), that is dangerous. An increased environmental risk of toxicants was noted and the characteristics of their negative effects on the plants and human were shown. It was proposed to develop project of contaminated soil remediation.

5

Authors: M. Gomelya, I. Trus, V. Grabitchenko

The forms of existence of iron in natural waters and methods of deferrization are analysed. Application of method of the simplified aeration is well-proven for the decrease of content of iron in water. Experiments were held at room temperature with using microcompressor for water aeration. On the basis of this experiments was established that at initial iron concentration of 0,65 mg/dm3 for initial iron content in the water less then 0,3 mg/dm3 enough initial aeration during 1-5 min. By increasing of iron concentration at outgoing water to 7,0 mg/dm3 aeration during 10 min permits decrease remaining iron content to 0,52 mg/dm3, at standard not over 0,3 mg/dm3. The removal of iron from water was investigated during electrolysis. The iron removal process was conducted in the electrolizer with different iron concentration. . In this work was used single-stage electrolyser, as cathode was used alloy steel plate and as anode was used titanium plate, which was covered by ruthenium oxide. Was established that acceptable iron concentration in water can be achieved at electrolysis time of 1 and 3 min for iron content in outgoing water 0,65 and 7,00 mg/dm3 accordant, at that water treatment level from iron composed 77-88% and 90-100% accordant. The received results testify to expediency of application of electrochemical methods of clearing of water and can be used for development of industrial devices.

5

Authors: О. Kalinihin

Policy of strengthening energy independence, proclaimed Ukraine's energy strategy up to 2030, provides for the re-duction of imported primary energy share in the energy balance of the country more than 40 %. Production of second-ary fuel based on components of municipal solid waste and industrial waste is one of the viable alternatives to imported energy consumption. When this looks promising use as calorific additives in the manufacture of certain types of waste fuels, coke production and coal in particular coal fuse. In turn, the development of technology for the production of secondary fuels based on waste and coal fuse requires studying the behavior characteristics of the components of the fuel mixtures at all stages of the process. The present work shows the results of determining the optimal conditions for transportation of coal fuse with a screw conveyor.

5

Authors: L. Bezdyenyezhnyh, N. Perfilova, T. Martynova, M. Sokur

The results of obtaining biofuels using waste alkali refining of sunflower oil  Soap. The simplest biofuel technology is cyclical, based on the reaction pereesteryfikatsiyi triglyceride vegetable oil with alcohol using an acid catalyst. The advantage of using a catalyst technology is relatively simple process, and hence the relatively low cost of processing line. Determined that the most effective use of technology for biofuels butyl alcohol, which facilitates washing the resulting biofuel can reduce the temperature of the reaction, do it without using excessive pressure, but also allows you to establish a process of continuous removal of the reaction water as azeotropic mixture of butanol. To remove the fat phase of Soap, it acted nanostructured adsorbent derived from sunflower husks. This will solve the problem of recycling waste oil and fat industry and the production of alternative fuels that will reduce the load on the air. Determined physicochemical parameters derived biofuels.

5

Authors: S. Bolshanina, H. Gurets, D. Balabuha, D. Milyayeva

Waste water from electroplating industries, contaminated heavy metal ions. Nickel named as one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants. That's why ions Ni2 + have been the object of study. Currently, more attention is paid to themselves technologies, which allows efficiently to extract metal ions from galvanic sludge and waste water and create the closed circulating water systems. Thus, it is possible to prevent the harmful effects of waste water and solid waste on the environment and transform them into secondary raw materials, thereby reducing their class of hazard and bring considerable profit.To study the effectiveness of the process of absorption of ions Ni2+, as well as establishing the degree of occurrence of ions in the structure of clay minerals research on desorption of used sorbents have been conducted. The results suggest that nickel ions retained securely in the minerals structure. The ability of clay to absorb and retain heavy metals ions allows to use them as natural geochemical barriers.

6

Authors: I. Matveeva

In clause the new approach to creation of system ecological standardization is offered. Such system does not coincide with working system hygienic standardization, as the subject of hygienic standards dose effects on the biota of ecosystems can be critical. Basing on model of radiating capacity and theory of reliability ecosystems the method of an establishment of critical biota on an example lake ecosystem is offered. Through an estimation and control critical dose`s of loading on given biota, through models of radiocapacity the levels of allowable pollution radionuclides of components ecosystem are determined. From the solution of these problems depends on the ability to create, study and application of effective countermeasures to protect biota in the area of radionuclide and other polluting factors of physical and chemical origin (eg, heavy metals). The levels admitted of radionuclide`s pollution are estimated as such, at which dose`s loading on critical biota of lake to not exceed extreme admitted – 4 Gy/year.

6

Authors: A. Perevaryukha

The paper considers the simulation of the reproductive process in terms of multistability of dynamical systems. We have formalized in the system of equations decline of fish abundance in early ontogenesis, which determines the effi-ciency of reproduction and formation of the older generation. Into the model included the assumption that the growth rate increases with the sparseness. The problem of describing a sharp decline in reproduction, which was observed for Caspian populations after overfishing, was solved by functional addition. The model is considered as a discrete-continuous structure in a computing environment. Obtained bistable dynamical system which has besides a couple of stable equilibriums an unstable stationary point - a state with a number of critical spawning stock. Further reduction of the number endangers biological species extinction. Behavior of the trajectory of a new discrete-continuous dynamical system is qualitatively different from iterations of the Ricker model. There are two domains of attraction and the boundary of domains is an unstable singular point of the first intersection of the curve with the bisector of the coordinate angle. Reproduction efficiency of population located in the supercritical state is quite large, which may give rise to erroneous optimistic forecasts of successful fishing. Degradation can be stretched for a long period when the population size will be fluctuating around an unstable equilibrium.