International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJIMS)

1-18

Authors: ড.অভিজিৎ গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়

‘Kali’, the Goddess in hindoo mythology is entitled as the Goddess of Power or Supreme Energy. In fifteenth century the famous bengalee pandit named Krishnananda Agambagish transcripted his idea about the image & spirit of Goddess ‘Kali’ in his ‘Tantrasar’ book, has taken as a considerable and consented model of ‘Kali’ in entire Bengal. In great Indian legendary like ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Haribansham’, Upanishadas and other vedic literatures the description of Goddess ‘Kali’ has been admitted in various ways. ‘Devi Kali’ was also being imaged and prayed differently in ‘Raghubansham’ and ‘Kumarsambhabam’ written by Kalidasa as well as ‘Kadambari’ and ‘Malatimadhaba’ written by Banbhatta and Bhababhuti respectively. In the Primitive cult of our country, Goddess ‘Kali’ was being signified as a Non-Aryan odyssey. The Aryan invasion theory says that ‘Asuras’ were being worshiped outside of India mythologically and brought to India by the Indo-Aryans. Once the Aryans has started to worship ‘Kali’ as to get the power of destruction from ‘Devi’ against ‘Asuras’. In the middle-age history of our country, ‘Jayadratha-Yamal’ book described ‘Devi Kali’ by the name of ‘Ishan Kali’, ‘Raksha Kali’, ’Birjya Kali’, ‘Pragya Kali’ etc. In our country the rituality and doctrine of ‘Shakto’ is fully sovereign in respect to the other two like ‘Shaiba’ and ‘Bhagabat’. ‘Kali’ or ‘Kalika’ is being keenly worshiped by bengalee in the name of ‘Shyama’ or ‘Adyashakti Mahamaya’ also. She is also reckoned as ‘Dashamahavidya in ‘Tantra’. In eighteenth & Nineteenth Century ‘Devi Durga’ and ‘Devi Kali’ was being vastly devoted as ‘JagatJaanani’ or ‘Jaganmata’ (The eternal mother of country) by Bankim Chandra Chottopadhyay, Ramakrishnadev, Vivekananda, Netaji Subhaschandra Bose and others. Even today the idea has been changed. Now we find and celebrate ‘Dussehra’ Festival as a day of lightning the prosperity and defeating the evils from our soul and society. Recently US President Barack Obama greeted Hindoos, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists across the globe on the occasion of ‘Diwali’, saying ‘The flame of the ‘Diya’, or lamp reminds us that light will ultimately triumph over darkness’.

33-38

Authors: শম্পা দেব কানুনগো

Swami Vivekananda was a great Indian philosopher who wanted to build a society of equal order and spiritually rich. His view was that the people must be educated so that they can manifest themselves in right direction and work for the development of the country. True education is the only path of development of a country and the development will be possible only when all the classes of people be educated. According to Vivekananda, people are the main wealth of a ‘Nation’ or ‘Country’. Women are the essential strength of it. They must be educated in a true way and right direction so as to develop the country. Women are not given right place in society at present in the patriarchal societies. They are subordinated in the society. But actually they are the main strength and source of inspiration in all time in all the society. They must be emancipated and educated so as to have a civilised society. Moral education according to Vivekananda is an essential part of human development. Spirituality with moral and physical education is the main aim of true education. Vivekananda desired a society in which there will be no class consciousness. All people will be of equal respect. There will be no exploitation of man by man. Truly speaking, there will be a classless, educated, morally and spiritually rich society where women will be given due respect and a high status.

46-55

Authors: চন্দন দাস

Handloom industry is an ancient cottage industry in India as well as in the World and also there are different handloom centers in India providing unique characteristics by the weaving process and techniques. The design of Santipuri hand woven saris in West Bengal had special characteristics by its process of weaving. So, my study is focuses on the ongoing debate on handloom industry specially in India and West Bengal and also I want to see those debates are how much suitable to the industry or I want to rethink Santipuri handloom industry on the basis of such arguments.

71-85

Authors: Sham N Kashyap,Chandrika Shetty,

The human development status of the tribal population of Kodagu in dire contrast to its impressive overall district figures displays the unique disposition of these communities. Isolated by inaccessible physical terrains, low penetration of infrastructure and health services in rural areas, lack of land ownership and political voice and unique mainstreaming challenges, sizeable portion of Kodagu’s tribal communities continue to delve at the bottom of the human development ladder. This paper argues that local institutions matter and are to be understood not just on the basis of conformity of their structure against prescribed norms, but against the backdrop of their expected role in boosting the status of human development of local tribal communities. This paper analyses the status of human development of scheduled tribes in Kodagu using a comparative approach. It provides an overview of the government efforts for the development of tribal communities and highlights issues related to local governance, which hinder the overall human development of the district’s tribal population. While empirically analysing the specific areas for improvement in the areas of education, health, livelihood and governance that hasten tribal human development, the paper contributes to the conceptual understanding of how local de-jure inclusive institutions like PRIs and bureaucracy contribute to the human development of tribal communities in the district. The secondary data for the paper is based on the district human development report of Kodagu, whereas primary data is derived from personal interviews with tribal communities and leaders, government officials and local plantation owners.

1-16

Authors: Dr. Abhijit Gongopadhyay

The Partition of Bengal was took place in the year 1905. Depending upon this background Rabindranath Tagore wrote his Sparkling political novel named ‘Ghore Baire’ which was published in the year 1916. The main role three characters of this novel are Nikhilesh, Bimala and Sandip has been formerly discussed in many ways. In this article, I want to draw my attention in these characters psychologically. In my point of view, Bimala is such an astonishing lady character by whom the most sensitive oscillation of unconscious was immensely reflected likewise the other two. On the one side, Nikhilesh’s contradictory ‘feeling of authority’ towards Bimala and on the other, Bimala’s conflict of mind rounding about Nikhilesh and Sandip has given a dramatic turn in its whole story. Obviously, Bimla is the centered character and Sandip runs through its periphery. The reticent character Nikhilesh has always tried to enact its symmetry in himself. According to the theory of Sigmund Freud, the mind unfolded into three parts and those are conscious, sub-conscious and unconscious. In my article, I have tried to judge that how they co-relates in a single character’s stroke with the other two in different situations. The psychological counter attack of indirect characters like Chandranath babu and Amulya are also very important in this sphere.

29-48

Authors: Rahul Kumar Deb

The New religious movement of the 19th century Bengal which had sprung up as an alternative to the religious tradionalism, had a positive outlook on life and aimed at reforming the socio cultural maladies of the people, was called Brahmo Samaj movement. The Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in 1828 based on his conception of theism and ethical precepts. It is noteworthy that during his stay at Rangpur, as a clerk in the collectorate under Mr. John Digby the concept of monotheism grew in his mind. At that time Rammohan carried on religious controversies with the pundits, wrote tracts in Persian, translated portions of the Vedanta, studied the tantras and made a study of the kalpa sutras and other Jaina scriptures. Thus it was a time of strenuous preparation for his future work. Besides, he used to hold vigorous religious discussions every evening at his Rangpur residence in which he used all the weapons of his armory in exposing the absurdities of idolatry. So we can say that Rangpur was the birth place of Brahmo dharma. After the death of Rammohan under the leadership of Keshab Chandra sen and Shivnath sastri, Brahmo movement spread its wave all over India. In the late 19th century Brahmo samaj had formed its branches in district of Rangpur too. History of the Brahmo samaj in Rangpur district is somewhat difference from other districts of North Bengal in the sense that the emergence of Brahmo samaj in this district was not limited in Rangpur town only. In other sub-divisional town and village area especially sayedpur, kurigram, Nilfamari and saddaypuskorini Brahmo samaj find its root. Though some serious study has been made on the life and activity of Rammohan during his Rangpur days but the Rangpur Brahmo Samaj movement in the post Rammohan period remains still a relatively unexplored field. Therefore in order to widen the area of investigation the role of the Brahmo samaj in the sayedpur, kurigram, Nilfamari and saddaypuskorini in the district of Rangpur in the late 19th and 20th century has been chosen for in depth study in my research article, whose development will be described in this following.

61-75

Authors: Dr. Pendo N. S. Kasoga

Culture is an important factor that influences acceptance of microfinance institutions lending models. Many scholars have applied Hofstede’s cultural model to understand how values affect people’s behaviors or decisions. However, researchers had overlooked applying Hofstede’s cultural model on microfinance institutions lending models. This study integrates Hofstede’s cultural model with borrowing decisions incurring joint vs. individual liability. To address these challenges, a study is conducted from two microfinance institutions namely, PRIDE (T) and FINCA (T) located in two regions within Tanzania namely, Dodoma and Arusha. The study employs explanatory research design involving 420 respondents. Selection of respondents was conducted using systematic technique. Questionnaires were used to collect information. The Structural Equation Modeling was used to perform the analysis. The findings have shown that individualism exist among the majority of joint liability borrowers and influences negatively borrowing incurring joint liability making joint liability an inappropriate lending model. Likewise, collectivism was found to exist among few joint liability borrowers and influences positively borrowing incurring joint liability, making joint liability an inappropriate lending model. Therefore, cultural values influence the appropriateness of the microfinance institutions lending model. It is recommended that more emphasis should be put on improving the microfinance institutions lending model to take into consideration differences in cultural values. This will in turns encourage the majority of low income people to borrow from microfinance institutions, thereby improving the chances for the achievement of the goal of poverty alleviation.

87-105

Authors: Idıl Karademirlidag Suher,Cisil Sohodol Bir,Aysel Yapar

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility is recently so outstanding because companies have started to understand they can grow not only with financial investment, but they can also grow with focus on social problems. Many companies have started to evaluate CSR principles in order to compete better in the global market and to promote products and services by emphasizing corporate social responsibility activities. Corporate social responsibility activities are also seen vital due to their contribution to employee satisfaction and loyalty. In this article, it is researched if there is a relationship with corporate social responsibility works with the employees’ job satisfaction and their loyalty to their company. To reach to the results, a survey study has been done and according to the survey results, companies’ corporate social responsibility activities have positive effect on employees satisfaction and loyalty.

114-124

Authors: Sajjad Hossine Sharif

Telecommunication is a crucial part of our modern life style and has significant influence over the growth of economy. Telecommunication is one of the most impact factors that support the promotion of business sector as well as other vital aspects of economy. In one sentence, telecommunication is the blood flow of the modern economy which intensifies the productivity level that will in return make contribution toward the various important economic factors like increasing the growth rate of GDP or GDP per capita. This paper is developed with an aim to determine the relationship between telecommunication and economic growth. To investigate this article pursues secondary data of last 41 years time horizon (1975-2015). This article implement OLS regression models where economic growth is determined in term of relevant influential variables such as teledensity, investment in telecommunication sector, revenue from telecom industry, revenue percentage of GDP, internet users. This research paper indicates that telecommunication industry might have strong and positive relationship with the economic growth.

134-142

Authors: Topgyal Zimba

The commercialization of Agriculture that characterized the Indian economy in the 19th Century did not leave far flung area as Darjeeling unaffected as an outcome Darjeeling became specialized in Tea production. Through the accounts of Western travellers in Tibet, British had learned that Tibetan were fond of tea; it was much in demand in Tibet and the Chinese used to cater to their demand. The close proximity of Tibet from the tea producing Darjeeling hills coupled with the knowledge of favourable trade potential with Tibet instigated the Colonial Government to nourished high aims of selling tea across the Himalayas, but ironically instead of selling tea to Tibet, Colonial India found itself importing tea from Tibet into Darjeeling. It is in this context that my article attempts to understand the prospect of Darjeeling Tea in the Trans Himalayan trade, it aims to reconstruct the attempts of colonial Government to promote Darjeeling tea in Tibet, discusses the nature of Tibetan tea and subsequent failure to woo Tibetans who instead preferred tea from China.

1-9

Authors: Biplab Kumar Das

শিক্ষা একটি সভ্য জনপদের উন্নয়ন পরিমাপের সবচেয়ে নির্ভরযোগ্য মাপকাঠি। সমাজের মেরুদন্ড শিক্ষা, সৃষ্টির সূচনাকাল থেকেই সভ্যতার উন্নয়নের ধারাকে অব্যাহত রাখতে প্রধানতম ভূমিকা পালন করে চলেছে। আক্ষরিক অর্থে ‘শিক্ষা’-র উৎপত্তি সংস্কৃত ‘শাস্’ ধাতু থেকে, যার অর্থ শাসন করা, শৃঙ্খলিত করা বা নিয়ন্ত্রিত ইত্যাদি। শৃঙ্খলা ও নিয়ন্ত্রনের মাধ্যমে শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থায় একদিকে যেমন সমাজের অতীত ঐতিহ্য-সংস্কৃতি সময়ের পরম্পরা অনুযায়ী সঞ্চালিত হয় পরবর্তী অপত্য জনধারায় তেমনি বহিঃবিশ্বের সঙ্গে ব্যক্তি মননের তথা সৃষ্টিশীলতার আদান-প্রদানও সম্ভব হয় শিক্ষার মাধ্যমে। ফলে ব্যক্তিকল্যাণ এবং সামগ্রিক অর্থে সমাজকল্যাণ তথা সামাজিক উন্নয়ন ও আধুনিকীকরণের সর্ব্বোত্তম উপায় হল শিক্ষা। আবার একথাও ঠিক যে, শিক্ষাব্যবস্থা পরিচালিত হয় সংশ্লিষ্ট সমাজের সামাজিক দর্শন দ্বারা। ভারতবর্ষের এই সুপ্রাচীন সভ্যজনপদে এদেশের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থা যুগেযুগে সমৃদ্ধ হয়েছে বহু মনিষীর উন্নত জীবনদর্শন ও শিক্ষাভাবনা দ্বারা। প্রাচীন বৈদিক যুগ থেকে শুরু করে আজকের সমসাময়িক শিক্ষাভাবনাতেও ভারতীয় সমাজদর্শনের প্রভাব সুস্পষ্ট। মূলত সামাজিক চাহিদার নিরিখেই পরিচালিত হয়েছে আমাদের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থাপনা। ফলে শিক্ষাআঙিনায় বিভিন্ন সামাজিক প্রেক্ষাপট, স্তরবিন্যাস, সামাজিক পরিবর্তন, গতিশীলতা, প্রথা-রীতি ইত্যাদি উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে উপস্থিত। প্রাচীনকাল থেকে অদ্যাবধি ভারতীয় সমাজ লক্ষ্য করলে দেখা যায় বর্ণভেদ তথা জাতিভেদ ব্যবস্থা আমাদের সভ্যতার সবচেয়ে আলোচিত ভয়ানক তথা চিরপ্রাচীন একটি ক্ষত, যা যুগেযুগে শুধুমাত্র সমাজব্যবস্থাকেই ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করে নি, শিক্ষাব্যবস্থাও যথেষ্ট ব্যাহত হয়েছে এই অমানবিক অসাম্যের দ্বারা। যার প্রত্যক্ষ ফলস্বরূপ শিক্ষায় আজও আমরা সঠিকমানের সমানাধিকার বাস্তবিক অর্থে প্রতিষ্ঠা করতে পারি নি। স্বাধীনোত্তর সময়ে আইন প্রনয়ণ, নীতি গ্রহণ, সাংবিধানিক প্রতিশ্রুতি বা সংরক্ষণের মতো রাজনৈতিক মর্যাদাদান সবই হয়েছে নিম্নবর্ণীয় মানুষের সেবার্থে কিন্তু এই আশীর্বাদ সর্বজনীনতা বা সার্বিক সাফল্য লাভ করেনি সেভাবে। আজও সমাজের সেই ক্ষত নিরাময়ের আন্তরিক ও যথার্থ প্রচেষ্টার অভাবে শিক্ষাব্যবস্থাপনা বারবারে আঘাতপ্রাপ্ত হচ্ছে এই ঘৃণ্য সামাজিক কাঠামো বিন্যাসের দ্বারা। ফলে সঠিক মানের প্রত্যাশাপূরণে ব্যর্থ হচ্ছে আজকের আধুনিক শিক্ষাচিন্তাও। যদিও এই ব্যর্থতার কারণসমূহ বয়ে এসেছে কালের বহমানতায়। প্রাচীন বর্ণভেদ প্রথা কালক্রমে সংকীর্ণ ব্যক্তি-স্বার্থ বা অন্যান্য সামাজিক কারণে আজকের জাতিভেদে রূপ বদলেছে । ফলে এই অসাম্যেরও গঠনগত পরিবর্তন এসেছে সময়ের সাপেক্ষে, যা প্রতিটি যুগের শিক্ষা উদ্দেশ্যকে ব্যহত করেছে বিভিন্নভাবে। সভ্যতার উষালগ্নে প্রাচীন যুগের বৈদিক শিক্ষায় সর্বপ্রথম এই অসমসুযোগের ধারা পরিলক্ষিত হয়, যা পরবর্তীতে মহাকাব্যের যুগ ধরে মধ্যযুগে এমনকি আধুনিক যুগেও বিভিন্ন রূপে ও মাত্রায় প্রকাশিত। বর্ণভেদের মতো অসামাজিক প্রথার উপস্থিতির কারণেই প্রাচীনবৈদিক কালের শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থাপনার বিভিন্ন অসাম্যের রূপ আমরা দেখতে পাই, যা সমসাময়িক কালেও সমানভাবে প্রাসঙ্গিক। যদিও এর ব্যাতিক্রমী দর্শনও ছিল। প্রাচীন কালের ভারতীয় শিক্ষায় একমাত্র বৌদ্ধভাবনাতেই সামাজিক সাম্যের ও শিক্ষায় সমানাধিকারের সুর ধ্বনিত হয়েছিল। আবার বর্ণাশ্রমকে স্বীকার করেও মহাকাব্য যুগের শিক্ষা হয়ে উঠেছিল অনেকটাই বাস্তব ও বৃত্তিভিত্তিক। অর্থাৎ প্রাচীনকালের ভারতীয় শিক্ষায় শূদ্রের অবস্থান বিভিন্ন সময়ে ভিন্নভিন্ন আঙ্গিকে পরিলক্ষিত ও আলোচিত হয়েছে দৃঢ়তার সঙ্গেই। এই লেখায় প্রাচীনকালের ভারতীয় শিক্ষায় বর্ণভেদের উপস্থিতি বা শিক্ষায় শূদ্রের অবস্থান তুলে ধরার প্রচেষ্টা করা হয়েছে মাত্র। বৈদিকযুগের বিভিন্ন সময়ের সামাজিক বিন্যাসকরণের আলোকে সেযুগের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থাপনার অসম দিকটি আলোচিত হয়েছে প্রত্যক্ষভাবেই। প্রকৃত অর্থে এটি একটি অসমাপ্ত অধ্যয়ন ……

17-29

Authors: Dhanjit Pathak

The following research paper will explore the influence of consumer and the response of customer towards green marketing. The study will help to develop a trend for green marketing and will help to take decision for investing in green marketing projects to produce green products. Green-Marketing is a very vast topic with limited scope of research. The objective of the research is to analyze the response to green marketing and the influence for green marketing which helps to analyze whether green marketing should be adopted by the companies. The results of this research project (Green-marketing) shows that customers have a high level of involvement regarding environmental issues as a consequence of growing environmental consciousness. The study has shown the significant influence of environmental knowledge and consciousness on consumer environmental attitude. Consequently, companies that communicate their ‘green product’ in their packaging, advertisement or manufacturing process, gain satisfied customers. Because of the green trend, companies that fail to ‘go green’ are not failing to fail in their industry. Customers want to associate themselves with companies and products that are eco-friendly. Environmental Safety is not an easy task to implement. There is now a real sense that environmental protection is highly necessary. Everyone believes a green life is a better and healthier life for present and future generation. Most consumers’ spending pattern shows that they have a desire for brands that ‘go green’. Consumers not only want to buy their products but are willing to pay more for it. Consumers are motivated to buy from companies that are eco-friendly in the production.