International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJIMS)

. 89-96

Authors: Chuks Daniel Oriogu (Blis, Mlis)

This study focuses on the extent of use of Internet search engines, availability, accessibility and adequacy of information resources to undergraduates’ of university of Ibadan and Lead City University Ibadan in Oyo State, Nigeria. The findings shows that majority of the respondents use Internet search engines very often but do not use Boolean operators and advanced options of search engines in searching information on the Web. However, the study revealed that books, journals, Internet, reference sources, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), library catalogue, newspapers /magazines, theses/dissertation etc are available, adequate and accessible but e-books, e-journals, e-database are available, adequate but not accessible in the university libraries. Therefore, university libraries should sensitize students by creating awareness of numerous functional Internet search engines and their search mechanism and also make provision for access to and use of e-resources. Key Words: Availability of information resources, Use, Internet search engines, Oyo State, Nigeria

1-5

Authors: Dr. Hanumanthappa D. G

It is true and sooth as far as Abraham linkan’s definition of democracy being implausible in a vast global democratic system. The definition of democracy of Abraham linkan is certainly palatable and practically realizable in those ancient times for states, then existed were smaller and nanoscopic and people could directly participate and realize the collective decisions (Abraham linkan defamation –of the people, by the people, for the people). In modern Democracies the Abraham linkan defamation was fast losing its relevance and people were groping in the dark. The citizens were challenging in the system on its essentials/prerequisites the state in modern times not only shirking its responsibility but also getting insulated. It was/is at this juncture the dawn of ICT on the horizon made people redeem nuances of participatory Democracy development rhythm of true democratic ideals ICT’s initiation in good governance heralded a new phase of participatory Democracy development attended to the glorious of direct democracy. The emergency of the ICT filled the vacuum existed between govt.and citizens. It also narrowed down the gap between citizens and govt. by holding out their responsibility in terms of development governance in veritably transparent manner.ICT in other words, the net-work of information accessible to all decision makers and also felicitated in decision makers to have a direct access to the existing situation and there by strengthening the decision making process.ICT by its inner Strength restored the democratic strength to the citizenery.Thus the main properties of ICT such as Transfrancy,Participation,Rule of low, Efficiency and Effectiveness etc. Propped up the governing entity get entrenched in good governance also, it opened new visas for creative discourse based on ICT’s utility in the field of planning and designing of strategies of development at all levels of governing pyramid. The ICT’s the fold opportunities for both ruling and being ruled such that a citizenry could collectively constituency observe the action of ruling class as it is entailed to and in turn the government, in principal, responsibility focus on and positively respond to. Hence, ICT as a potential agency bridging the gap in all aspect of system yielding place for communion development. The role ICT in a wider-Democratic System and good governance was also discussed. Conclusion is also drown keeping in riew its futuristic perspectives and prospects. Key Words: ICT, Governance, Felicitated, Ruling class, Communion development, Wider-Democratic System.

12-16

Authors: Mr. D. Narasimhulu & Dr. K. Eswara Reddy

Most of the finance ministers says that there is a need of dis-investment in public limited companies to reduce the fiscal deficit. And also there is a need of FDIs to expedite economic growth. Both should be needed because of in sufficient financial resources in the country. But its only applicable to the economic arena and does not to political arena. These are not my words, the expenditure of recent 16th Lok Sabha General Elections confirms this. According to the estimates of center for media studies, over 35,000 crores of rupees were powered over 810 million voters against around 10,000 crores in 2004. Despite of the ceiling on candidate expenditure, and election commission observations year by year and from one General Election to another General Election expenditure is scaling up as it is a bullet train. Unfortunately neither the candidate nor the political parties properly maintained the accounts of the funds which they have received from unknown sources, and the manner which they have spent. It reflects that most of the money spent by the candidates and political parties is illicit and ill gotten, funded by business industrial houses and corporate companies on the basis of quid pro quo. To fulfill their expenditure for elections they depend upon corporate companies at the Election time. After the Elections the winning party favors them in the form of allotting lands, assigning contracts and also amend the laws in the favor of their interests. Society have been seeing this kind of quid pro quo and scams for the last decade. The give and take policy taking place between the political parties and corporate companies the elections and politics are turned nothing but business. In this commercial political arena the common man has no scope to participate and contest in the Elections due to the more expenditure. These kind of trends may deprive the good governance and threatens the roots of the Democracy, equality and development in the county. So there is a need to curtail the rising Election expenditure to make the Elections free and fair and protect the common man interests. Then only we would able to strengthen the democracy. In this regard this paper analyzes the reasons for rising Election expenditure and its evils and also how to curb the over expenditure of elections. Key Words: Elections, Expenditure, Reforms, Indian Elections, Indian Democracy

22-25

Authors: Dr. Tapan Ray

Traditional Knowledge is an important cultural trait of a social group. It is an identity and logical creation of a social group and main weapon of livelihood practices. Traditional Knowledge exhibits technological values, scientific thought and idea. It helps to solve day to day problems, practical works, daily life and livelihood practices. The Mawalli community of Sundarban has vast traditional knowledge. They depend on traditional knowledge for their livelihood practice. They collect wild honey by the help of traditional knowledge. They have acquired this knowledge from their father and forefather through continuous livelihood practices. So, the role of traditional knowledge is an important as livelihood study or community development as like as folk science and folk philosophy study. In this paper I have tried to explain actual traditional knowledge of mawalli which involves in honey collection. Key Words: Traditional Knowledge, Honey collection, Honey preservation, Mawalli, Sundarban.

30-36

Authors: Vahid Rashidvash

Caucasia is a broad isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian, traversed by a great chain of mountains rising to a height of 18,000 feet. Caucasian peoples, various ethnic groups living in the Caucasus, a geographically complex area of mountain ranges, plateaus, foothills, plains, rivers, and lakes, with grasslands, forests, marshes and dry steppes. The complex of regions harbours more than 50 separate peoples, ranging from language communities with only a few hundred speakers to large national groups numbering millions. This diversity is not of recent date. In no other region of its size in the world are there so many different races and languages. Key Words: The Caucasus, peoples, History, Folklore

47-64

Authors: Martins Daniel

This paper examines the context and content of Nigeria’s federal arrangements and the missing links in the country’s federal practice. The paper further considers the country’s efforts at national integration and the daunting hurdles to national integration in Nigeria. Presently, the unity and national development of Nigeria is being increasingly threatened by ethnic and religious crises that have continually plagued the nation since independence. The paper reflects that more than half a century after independence, Nigeria is yet to resolve the problems of national integration, stability and development. The difficulty in forging a united nation after independence has often provoked doubts and debates as to the viability of the Nigerian project. The paper contends that the bizarre federal system operated in Nigeria has also facilitated the emergence of violent religious and ethnic militias, while politicians exploit and exacerbate inter-communal and inter-religious tensions for selfish reasons. The paper maintains that the deeply flawed federal system in Nigeria and failure of successive administrations to evolve an integrated Nigeria has left the nation continuously trapped in the vicious circle of poverty. The paper therefore concludes that the prospects of genuine nationhood and development in Nigeria lies in a swift adoption of true federalism and the building of a strongly united, cohesive and integrated Nigeria. Key Words: Federalism; National Integration; National Development; Nigeria

69-73

Authors: Dr. Pritilaxmi Swain

The Abhijnanasakuntalam is a marvelous work of the great poet and playwright Kalidasa, the brightest star in the firmament of Indian poetry. Kalidasa's imagination holds in perfect fusion the two elements of natural beauty and human feelings. Out of three plays of Kalidasa, Abhijnanasakuntalam is generally regarded as a masterpiece. The word ‘Abhijnana’ in the title signifies ‘a token of recognition’ (here a ring), which is instrumental in bringing about the final recognition of Sakuntala by the king. It is a Nataka in Seven Acts, based on the love-story of king Dushyanta and the maiden Sakuntala. Social values form an important part of the culture of the society. Values account for the stability of social order. They provide the general guidelines for social conduct. Values such as fundamental rights, patriotism, respect for human dignity, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide our behaviour in many ways. Values are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives; arrange their priorities and choosing between alternative courses of action. There are Seven Acts in Abhijnanasakuntalam. Each Act of Abhijnanasakuntalam reflects various social values of women which are more beneficial to human society and the present day world. The present paper will try to shed some light on the various social values i.e., emotions, behaviour, attitude, feelings and experiences, mental states, the degree of patience, the quality of forgiveness, reaction to social situations, modesty and decency etc. of Women in Abhijnanasakuntalam. Key Words: Society, Value, Social Value, Social Problem, Behaviour, Attitude, Love, Women

80-88

Authors: Oyedola, David A

This study examines Gilbert Harman’s submission that moral beliefs are incapable of the sort of empirical confirmation characteristic of scientific beliefs, in his work, ‘The Nature of Morality.’ This study argues that the incapability of moral beliefs to be empirically confirmed characteristic of scientific beliefs, as espoused by Harman, has not undermined the nature of moral beliefs and the existence of moral universe. Nevertheless, the study concedes that the fact that Harman’s grounds are appealing, his claim is insufficient. The study will conclude that moral beliefs cannot be reduced to nothingness: because they (moral beliefs) need not be empirically confirmed; a formal relationship between moral beliefs and empirical confirmation is not a matter of necessity; and, they (moral beliefs) have independent existence from scientific observation. The method of philosophical exposition and analysis will be employed. Key Words: Morality, Science, Confirmation, Moral universe, Empirical universe

103-106

Authors: Abhisek Karmakar

Raja Rammohun Roy, one of the makers of modern India was the earliest advocate of liberal economy in India. Like so much about Rammohun his economic ideas were controversial. In his economic ideas, from a broader perspective, Rammohun should definitely be regarded as the earliest member of liberal school. But from a closer observation a huge ambiguity can be estimated in his economic thought. On issues like Colonial economy, Permanent Settlement, Zamindary System, colonization he was so ambivalent that even the contemporary Bengal press remained divided on the question of where to locate him. Did he support the economic policy followed by the East India Company? What was his stand towards contemporary Zamindary System? What was his argument about the free trade or laissez faire economy? These are the interesting questions which the present article is dealing with. So, the main object of this paper is to focus on the economic thought of Rammohun Roy in the early Nineteenth century. Key Words: Colonial Economy, Colonization, Economic Ideas, Zamindary System.

113-118

Authors: K. M. Jahirul Islam

Youth are the main contributor to the development of any nation. In India, where youth constitute one third of the total population, it is obvious that this young population should be provided with all facilities and support to develop them. Only providing adequate support will not suffice for their development, but appropriate measures should be taken to safeguard them from probable danger. One danger, our young India is exposed to is addiction. It has been identified and well established through various surveys and studies that huge portion our young population are suffering from addiction. Addictions not only affect the individual future, but jeopardize the family, community, society and country as a whole. This case study is of 50 young people suffering from drug addiction admitted in New Life Foundation( a de-addiction centre) for treatment and rehabilitation to show case how the our youth are in danger of addiction. The primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed with the help of frequency and percentage distribution. The study revealed that family crisis, unemployment, peer pressure and inadequate social support have mostly compelled them to face this miserable situation at their early age of life. Key Words: Addiction, alcohol, drug, rehabilitation, treatment, youth.

123-130

Authors: Rahul Mishra

Legal services encompass a wide range of activities of economic and social consequences both in the developed as well as in the developing world. An important aspect regarding law is that it has a national character because it is part of local culture and life. This creates the main obstacle to cross-border trade in legal services. But amongst all national laws there is good deal of similarities especially in the basic principles abstracted from the observed practices. Further, in the past decades international trade in legal services has increased rapidly as a result of internationalization of the economy. Sectors such as corporate restructuring, privatization, cross border mergers and acquisition, intellectual property rights, new financial instruments and competition law have generated an increasing demand for more and more sophisticated legal services. Increasingly, lawyers are faced with transactions involving multiple jurisdictions and are required to provide services and advice in more than one jurisdiction. The author has discussed the emerging issues in detail in the article. Key words: Trade, GATS, Cross Border, Law

135-140

Authors: Nishikant Patoa

The process and the principle of his Yoga, Sri Aurobindo elaborately explained in some of his major works such as The Synthesis of Yoga, Letters on Yoga and Records of Yoga. Although it is not possible to analyze the intuitive realization and the spiritual vision of Sri Aurobindo on the rational ground of the mind as it is a vast ocean of eternal Knowledge, an attempt has been made in this paper to recapitulate and to analyze Sri Aurobindo’s Purna Yoga which is a synthesis of essentials of all the traditional systems of yoga and which is at the same time unique in its totality. Key Words: Consciousness, Integral Yoga, Transformation and Surrender.

148-159

Authors: Rahul Sarania

The empowerment of women is crucial for the development of a nation. Evidence across nations suggests that the empowerment of rural women can be achieved through the provision of micro-credit to Self-Help Group (SHG) members. This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of SHGs in economic empowerment of women in Assam. The study was based on primary data collected from Baksa district of Assam through interview of SHG member beneficiaries. A total of 100 members from 50 groups of two blocks (25 SHGs from each block) formed the sample size of the study. The study revealed that majority of the respondents belongs to the age group of 25 to 45 and have educational qualification of primary education and most of them are married and major portion of the respondents have 4 to 6 dependents. A number of income generating activities were undertaken by the members after joining SHGs. The result showed positive change in indicators of economic empowerment, viz., income, employment and savings after joining the SHG. The calculated value of Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test for the economic indicators were significant. It revealed that majority of the respondent’s income, employment days and amount of savings increased in the post-SHG situation as compared to pre-SHG situation. Thus the study concluded that SHGs have been playing a vital role in the empowerment of rural women in the study area. Key Word: SHGs, Women Empowerment, Income, Employment, Savings, Baksa.

165-172

Authors: Mrs. Manashi Mazumdar & Mrs. Marjina Ahmed

Women’s entrepreneurship contributes to the economic well-being of the family and communities and also reduces poverty. It ensures country’s economic growth and development. The empowerment of women to a large extent depends on taking part in some development activities. Therefore the promotion of micro and small scale enterprises has been recognized as an important strategy for advancing the economic empowerment of women. At the household level, women’s microenterprises and small scale businesses play an important role in ensuring the survival of poor household and in building up women’s confidence, skills and socio economic status. However it is seen that women are the most deprived category in the society specifically in developing countries. In India also the economic status of women is very low especially in rural areas and opportunities of earning are very less. In this scenario the Self Help Groups (SHGs) are considered as institutional innovation that fosters empowerment of rural women. Therefore the need for designing exclusive self-employed and other development programmers for promotion of women empowerment is essential. Keeping in view this importance of the research work on women empowerment, the present study aims at discussing some important aspects of women empowerment through micro entrepreneurship development and SHGs. These aspects include status of women SHGs, advantages of micro enterprise in building women empowerment, scope of micro enterprise development etc. Key Words: Empowerment, Entrepreneurship, Micro enterprise, SHGs.

186-190

Authors: Farid Uddin Ahmed

In the present day world ‘humanity’ is the utmost necessary issue to establish in every society; for which many litterateurs used to make efforts to bring the same into the consistence of their writings. In this connection, the Egyptian fiction writer Muhammad Abdul Halim Abdullah also shared his views through his novels; he made portrayal of various issues related to the humanity in particular for showing the moral values in the society. He inquired of the human beings why they are negligent in matters of humanity. In his novels he made depictions of the society in such a way that the humanitarian activities are about to be nullified and subsequently people are oppressed by the dominating sections. In this connection, we find some of his novels that related to the issues of humanity; they are: ‘al-Bahith ‘an al-Haqîqah (Searching for the Truth), al-Jannah al-‘Adhra (the Virgin Garden), Laqîṭa (A Foundling Girl). Moreover, in his short-stories like Ḥâfa al-Jarîma (the Edge of Crime) and al-Nâfidha al-Gharbiyyah (The Western Window); all these novels are concerned with the values of humanity in the greater society of the world. Key Words: Arabic Novel, humanity, fiancé, society, penniless

196-205

Authors: Dr. Santosh Kumar Behera

Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan the name needs no introduction. A philosopher, a great teacher, a scholar par-excellence, a creative genius, a great humanist, a spiritualist, a man of vision, a man of mission, a man of principles, an idealist, an orator with gift of the gab, an original thinker, an eminent author and then the role of the Executive Head of India are few outlines of this personality. He was one of the greatest educationists in India. He not only enlightened India but also the whole world by his outstanding personality and intellect. He shines like a luminous star in the galaxy of intellectuals. He was a great son of India. His birthday is celebrated as the Teacher’s day in India. He was the torch-bearer of the Indian education. His contribution to the field of education, philosophy, religion, culture, science etc. was immemorial. Dr. Radhakrishnan defines education as the instrument for social, economic and cultural change. For social and national integration, for increasing productively, education should be properly utilized. The importance of education is not only in knowledge and skill, but it is to help us to live with others. According to him education should not merely give us some techniques so that we lead successful lives, but should also help us discover “lasting values”. The teaching profession was his first love and those who studied under him still remember with gratitude to his great qualities as a teacher. In this milieu, the present paper has tried to focus on the educational thoughts of Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan- Concepts and Functions of Education, Aims of Education, Curriculum, Methods of Teaching, Discipline, Role of Teacher and Relevance of his educational thoughts in today’s India. Key Words: Education, Philosophy, Religion, Educational thoughts, Man-Making, Character-forming, Life-building.