Journal of Advocacy, Research and Education

136-146

Authors: Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva

Preprints were originally destined to put forward a first version of a version of a paper that was prepared, as best and complete as possible, by the authors, but for which they wanted intellectual input from the community prior to submission to a regular peer reviewed journal. Although arXiv has led the way with physics and mathematics, bioRxiv became popular for the biological sciences. Since the beginning of 2016, after a preprint promotional campaign by ASAPbio, the popularity of preprints has been increasing, as has the number of preprint servers. Three fairly recent (March and May of 2017) preprints published in bioRxiv test the limits and uses of preprints, and bring with them a whole set of ethical questions. The three reprints were published primarily by members of the publishing elite, leaders of ethical bodies and think tanks aiming to establish new rules or guidelines, to address several issues in research integrity and ethics. However, in at least two cases, the texts are in a fairly crude state of intellectual development, and the authors are explicitly using bioRxiv to “fish” for ideas from peers and the public. It is unclear how any individual / group who contributes intellectually to such preprints will be acknowledged, if at all, and the risks of ghost authorship exist with this new exploratory model of preprints. In addition, the use of preprints to accommodate the intellectual ideas of others, while taking all the credit, may be a new form of academic scam in publishing, “intellectual phishing.” Risks to the integrity of publishing are already high, and if preprints are seen as being abused in any way, then this may reduce trust in this new academic model. The risk is compounded by the discovery of multiple hidden conflicts of interest in these and one other preprint.

156-167

Authors: Hellen Kailiti, Nan Adams

Women have historically showed outstanding capability in leadership roles in varying societal spheres and periods across the globe. Although grossly underrepresented in leadership, those who take up the positions bring to the exercise of leadership an arsenal of strengths, which increasingly, are meant to benefit the entities they lead on local, national, and global levels. In the run-up to the Fourth World Women Conference held in Beijing in 1995, there was much hype about the issues of equity, equality and women representation. During the conference, the concepts of equity and equality, in relation to gender were expansively discussed. While the conference ultimately called for equal opportunities and equal representation, an examination of the several sectors in different countries revealed that the percentage of women in the C-Suite is still very low. Can one say that women are discriminated against or do they discriminate themselves? Do they get technically disqualified because they are women? This analysis focuses on the status of women leadership in politics, education, health and religion. While these are not the only sectors where women hardly get to the top management, they mirror the status quo in the other sectors. The few women at the top also face certain challenges, including the fact that they cannot make important decisions concerning their sectors without consultation. Those who do so are considered to be acting like ‘men’. Although affirmative action is adhered to in many sectors, in most cases, women do not aggressively seek for leadership positions.

172-180

Authors: Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Galina D. Bryukhanova

The concept of sustainability is the leading trend of modern world development. This term is found in almost all government programs and strategies. Countries dependent on tourism revenues are extremely interested in sustainable development. This concept allows to minimize their environmental impact and to maximize the overall socio-economic benefits for tourist destinations. Formation and implementation of sustainability programs are long-term and expensive processes, which are influenced by factors of internal and external environment. The aim of this article is to define the role of sustainability in the tourism industry and to reveal the major factors that influence on the process. The objectives of this paper are: (i) to study theoretical base of the sustainability concept, (ii) to analyze current situation in the industry and (iii) to reveal the main factors of Sustainability tourism from Sochi-City.

188-184

Authors: Solomon Kofi Amoah, Anthony Ayim, Danladi Abah, Kobina Abaka Ansah

While research has not yet established the regional consequences of terrorism, its immediate effects on states that have been hit (i.e. Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso and Nigeria), and the spill over effects in neighbouring countries cannot be discounted. This paper analyses the challenge of violent extremism in Africa based on existing evidence from across the West African sub- region. It pays particular attention to the recruitment of young people in Africa into extremist causes on the continent and beyond and proffers measures for their curtailment. The paper argues that terrorism in contemporary Africa undermines democratization, good governance, peace and security and regional development. It also recommends three-pronged strategies for addressing the miasma of extremist radicalism and its associated violence in West Africa, namely, governance, development and security reforms. While it may be difficult to absolutely curtail the activities of terrorist organizations in West Africa. Countries with minimal vulnerabilities like Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia and others should intensify efforts towards increased border and cyber security surveillance, sustained de-radicalization programmes and youth empowerment programmes to curb unemployment in earnest.