Science and Transport Progress

7-15

Authors: M. M. Biliaiev, L. Ya. Muntian

Purpose. This research focuses on the development of an applied numerical model to calculate the dynamics of atmospheric pollution in the emission of dangerous chemical substances in the event of transportation by railway. Methodology. For the numerical simulation of transport process of the dangerous chemical substance in the atmosphere the equation of convection-diffusion pollutant transport is used. This equation takes into account the effect of wind, atmospheric diffusion, the power of emission source, as well as the movement of the source of emission (depressurized tank) on the process of pollutant dispersion. When carrying out computing experiment one also takes into account the profile of the speed of the wind flow. For the numerical integration of pollutant transport in the atmosphere implicit finite-difference splitting scheme is used. The numerical calculation is divided into four steps of splitting and at each step of splitting the unknown value of the concentration of hazardous substance is determined by the explicit running account scheme. On the basis of the numerical model it was created the code using the algorithmic language FORTRAN. One conducted the computational experiments to assess the level of air pollution near the railway station «Illarionovo» in the event of a possible accident during transportation of ammonia. Findings. The proposed model allows you to quickly calculate the air pollution after the emission of chemically hazardous substance, taking into account the motion of the emission source. The model makes it possible to determine the size of the land surface pollution zones and the amount of pollutants deposited on a specific area. Using the developed numerical model it was estimated the environmental damage near the railway station «Illarionovo». Originality. One can use the numerical model to calculate the size and intensity of the chemical contamination zones after accidents on transport. Practical value. The numerical model, developed by authors, can be used to estimate the size and intensity of the chemical contamination zones during emergency on transport. The developed numerical model solves the problem of assessing the impact of emergency emission of ammonia near the railway station «Illarionovo».

25-35

Authors: M. S. Kravchenko, N. V. Marchenko

Purpose. Successful activity of the large-scale industrial enterprises is carefully thought out strategy of management by innovative activity. Object of the article – to designate the existent problems of management by strategic potential at the large-scale industrial enterprises, their functioning and forming during adaptation in a world market and to work out the mechanism of strategy of management of innovative activity that can be applied at large-scale industrial enterprises; as well as to carry out a systematic analysis of the problem activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises mainly in the carriage-building branch. Methodology. The main factor of economic growth of any country is the innovations that are implemented at the enterprise to improve economic growth. Theoretical and methodological basis of research is systematic analysis of the strategy problem of innovative activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises, especially of the carriage-building branch, which is at the present moment on the decline and in need of reform. Rightly developed strategy of management of innovative activity will allow to balance the internal and external environment of the enterprise, as well as to compare the existing capacities at the enterprise, and the most importantly, will ensure survival in a changed political situation. Findings. The authors improved mechanism of the strategy of innovative activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises. Effective implementation of the strategic innovative activity of the industrial enterprises can enhance the competitiveness of not only some industrial enterprises but also the economy of Ukraine in general. Originality. The authors gave theoretical generalization and improved scheme of a mechanism of strategy of innovative activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises on improvement of indicators of intellectual activity and competitiveness in the market, as well as the resumption of communication between higher education institutions and research Institutes. Practical value. Rationally applied measures on the proposed by the author’s diagram of a strategy mechanism of innovative activity at the industrial enterprises will significantly improve the measures of innovation at the large-scale industrial enterprises, including the carriage-building branch, and to increase the competitiveness in the market.

47-60

Authors: S. I. Muzykina, M. I. Muzykin, G. I. Nesterenko

Purpose. The scientific paper has a purpose to choose rational technological parameters of the transportation organization process, which would enable the freight train movement with the most efficient train traffic arrangement, the decrease in idle time due to the increased speed of cargo delivery and the increase in the working capacity of the marshalling yard. Methodology. The work presents the technical and operational characteristics of marshalling yards in Europe and Ukraine. The research methods include the station operation analysis, the car traffic flow analysis, analysis of the train sheet, the DU-1 natural sheets upon arrival and departure of trains. Schemes were developed for calculating working capacity of necks, rehandling capacity of marshalling hump, acceptable levels of system loading. Findings. The research resulted in the calculated working (rehandling) capacity of the main elements of the station. Daily loads of marshalling hump and turnout tracks vary significantly by variations and gradations of movement volume. This affects the idle time of trains and, in general, the value of the criterion according to which the optimal technical equipment, optimum interaction of the subsystems and gridiron of the station will be chosen. This criterion must take into account the costs of technical equipment, construction of tracks, locomotives, as well as related operating costs in all cases. Thus, the selection of the optimal interaction should establish the economically viable level of operational reliability of the sub-systems, their technical and track capacity. Originality. By increasing the productivity of train departure channel, marshalling hump and turnout tracks it is possible the thetrain handling processes and reduce the car idle time. Intensification of production processes in marshalling yards provides a reduction in car turnover and in idle time and high economic efficiency of capital investments. The work covers the issues related to improving the efficiency of functioning of marshalling yards in the railway transport reforming conditions. Practical value. Using the methods of determining the rational working (rehandling) capacity of marshalling yards for distribution of train traffic flows between them makes it possible to improve the quality indicators of marshalling yard operation.

70-77

Authors: S. M. Ovcharenko

Purpose. The system of train sheet analysis (TSA) in the information system of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» provides work with passenger and suburban trains and has considerable potential. Therefore it is necessary to establish the prospects of development of the system. Methodology. Departments’ setup and the train delay causes should be carried out at every station and span, where such delays took place. This requires the fixation of condition deviations of infrastructure from normal and other adverse factors. In the sector of freight transportations the train schedule analysis is insufficient, since this analysis does not account for deviations from the terms of delivery. Therefore it also is necessary to analyze the delivery graphs. The basis for monitoring the cargo delivery is the method of control time points (CTP) of technological operations performed with cargo at railway stations. On the basis of CTP to assess the quality of the transport process one should calculate the values of the analysis of cargo delivery schedule (performance level of the cargo delivery schedule, the coefficient of ahead of schedule/delay delivery). Findings. The article proposes to develop the system TSA using the input and display of the train delay causes on-line by transportation service employees, expansion of statistical databases and processing of the input delay causes during its calculation train sheet analysis of freight trains and quality assessment of the delivery schedule fulfillment. It is also appropriate before the new operator companies had appeared to make changes in the instructions TSCHU-TSD-0002 on the list of departments, which include delayed trains, by adding «the department» «The fault of operator companies» and corresponding causes of delays. Originality. The scheme of automated TSA in the information system of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» was improved. The author proposes to determine the cargo delivery quality on the certain polygon using the following levels: high, satisfactory, low and ultralow. A schedule to determine the levels of delivery quality was developed. Practical value. The implementation of the proposed solutions will improve and enhance the formation of statistical reporting of TSA in JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia».

88-97

Authors: V. I. Shynkarenko, H. V. Zabula

Purpose.The second part of the paper completes presentation of constructive and the productive structures (CPS), modeling adaptation of data structures in memory (RAM). The purpose of the second part in the research is to develop a model of process of adaptation data in a RAM functioning in different hardware and software environments and scenarios of data processing. Methodology. The methodology of mathematical and algorithmic constructionism was applied. In this part of the paper, changes were developed the constructors of scenarios and adaptation processes based on a generalized CPS through its transformational conversions. Constructors are interpreted, specialized CPS. Were highlighted the terminal alphabets of the constructor scenarios in the form of data processing algorithms and the constructor of adaptation – in the form of algorithmic components of the adaptation process. The methodology involves the development of substitution rules that determine the output process of the relevant structures. Findings. In the second part of the paper, system is represented by CPS modeling adaptation data placement in the RAM, namely, constructors of scenarios and of adaptation processes. The result of the implementation of constructor of scenarios is a set of data processing operations in the form of text in the language of programming C#, constructor of the adaptation processes – a process of adaptation, and the result the process of adaptation – the adapted binary code of processing data structures. Originality. For the first time proposed the constructive model of data processing – the scenario that takes into account the order and number of calls to the various elements of data structures and adaptation of data structures to the different hardware and software environments. At the same the placement of data in RAM and processing algorithms are adapted. Constructionism application in modeling allows to link data models and algorithms for their processing with the performance criteria in the framework of unified approach and applied means. The developed models allow us to study the process of adaptation and control it. Practical value. The developed model and methods allow automatically changing the data placement in the RAM and their algorithmic connection depending on the operational requirements, the design features of the hardware and software operating environment.

109-118

Authors: L. I. Vakulenko, D. M. Bolotova, S. V. Proydak, M. A. Grischenko, I. O. Vakulenko

Purpose. The paper aims at estimation of resource of strength increase for railway wheel disk. Methodology. The material for research was carbon steel of railway wheel containing 0.57%C, 0.65%Si, 0.45%Mn, 0.0029%S, 0,014%P, 0,11%Cr. A railway wheel was heated to the temperatures above and was held at this temperature until the completion of аustenite homogenization processes and then the disk was cooled at a growing rate to a certain temperature. A temperature interval of completion of the speed-up wheel disk cooling was 200-450C. Structure was studied with the use of research methods under electronic and light microscopes. After accelerated cooling the estimation of metal structure imperfection degree was carried out with the use of X-ray structural analysis method. The stress and yielding limit of carbon steel were determined at tension, at a speed of deformation . The microhardness of steel structural components was estimated using the microhardness tester of PMT-3 type. Findings. The properties complex of railway wheel carbon steel depending on the temperature of the accelerated cooling termination is determined by the correlation of soften and work-hardening processes development. The effect of work-hardening is based on blocking of mobile dislocations due to a precipitation carbon atoms and dispersion work-hardening from the formed particles of carbidic phase. At the temperatures of the accelerated cooling termination of carbon steel higher than 300-350C the decrease rate of strength properties is determined by the exceeding of total soften effect from disintegration of solid solution, acceleration of spheroidithation and coalescence of cementite particles above the dislocations blocking by the carbon atoms and dispersion work-hardening. Originality. Authors proved that the strength level of the railway wheel carbon steel from the temperature of accelerated cooling completion is determined by the influence ratio of the solid solution satiety degree and dispersion work-hardening from a carbidic phase. For the temperatures of accelerated cooling termination 200-300C a decrease of solid solution satiety degree is a basic factor, which determines the level of the strength characteristic. Practical value. When making the whole-rolled railway wheel one can increase the strength limit of disk metal using the accelerated cooling to the middle interval of temperatures, which was successfully proven by authors.

129-147

Authors: L. O. Neduzha, A. O. Shvets

Purpose.To conduct the research at all stages of design, development, operation, residual operation life determination, namely, preliminary study, action principle choice, design of draft and technical projects, their optimization, preparation of design documentation and control information for automated production, comprehensive engineering analysis, it is required to use the latest computer technologies. Their use can not only present data and information in some way, but also gives the opportunity to effectively and directly interact with the information object that is created or demonstrated. Methodology.To perform engineering calculations associated with the analysis of the strength of machines, mechanisms, constructions one uses both analytical and numerical methods in practice.The most common method for analysing the stress-strain state of object models, obtaining their dynamic and stability characteristics at constant and variable modes of external load is the finite element method, which is implemented in many famous and widespread software products, providing strength calculation of models of machines, mechanisms and structures. Findings.The use of modern software for designing machine parts and various types of their joints and for strength analysis of structures is justified. Colour charts for distribution of stresses, displacement, internal efforts, safety factor and others allow accurate and quick identification of the most dangerous places in the structure. The program also provides an opportunity to «look» inside the elements and see the resulting distribution of internal force factors. Originality.The paper considered the aspects, which are unexplored at present, associated with the current state and prospects of development of industrial production, the use of software package for design and calculations in the mechanical industry. The result of the work is the justification of software application for solving problems that are aimed at using research findings for various practical tasks in specific fields of mechanical engineering. Practical value.Compared with other software systems, popularity of the considered one is explained by easy mastering of the system, quick implementation both in training and in production process The organizational structure, «friendly» graphical interface and accessible language make learning and use of the program very convenient. These and other factors actually reduce the time for project implementation, emphasize the relevance and the practical importance of the software system, which is appreciated by its users.

157-164

Authors: O. H. Reidemeister, A. V. Kivisheva

Purpose. In this paper it is necessary to conduct: 1) research and analyse the influence of throttle element pneumatic resistance on elastic and damping parameters of air spring; 2) to obtain the dependence of air spring parameters on throttle element pneumatic resistance value. Methodology. The work presents the elaborated model of the air spring as a dynamic system with three phase coordinates (cylinder pressure, auxiliary reservoir pressure, cylinder air mass). Stiffness and viscosity coefficients were determined on the basis of system response to harmonic kinematic disturbance. The data for the analysis are obtained by changing the capacity of the connecting element and the law of pressure variation between the reservoir and the cylinder. The viscosity coefficient is regarded as the viscosity ratio of the hydraulic damper, which for one oscillation cycle consumes the same energy as the air spring. The process of air condition change inside the cylinder (reservoir) is considered to be adiabatic; the mass air flow through the connecting element depends on the pressure difference. Findings. We obtained the curves for spring viscosity and stiffness coefficients dependence on the throttle resistance at three different laws, linking airflow through the cylinder with the pressure difference in cylinder and reservoir. At both maximum and minimum limiting resistance values the spring viscosity tends to zero, reaching its peak in the mean resistance values. Stiffness increases monotonically with increasing resistance, tends to the limit corresponding to the absence of an auxiliary reservoir (at high resistance) and the increase in cylinder volume by the reservoir volume (at low resistance). Originality.The designed scheme allows determining the optimal parameters of elastic and damping properties of the pneumatic system as function of the throttle element air resistance. Practical value.The ability to predict the parameters of elastic and damping properties of the pneumatic system as function of the throttle element air resistance will improve the running performance of carriages, the comfort of passenger transportation and reduce the wear of the rolling stock and the track caused by interaction of carriage and rails.

174-189

Authors: V. V. Kovalenko, Yu. L. Zayats, P. O. Pshinko, S. V. Kovalenko

Purpose. The work involves identifying the dependence of structural and mechanical properties of the concrete on the composition of used modifier additives, the nature of changes of structural and mechanical properties depending on the period of concrete hardening of test and modified samples. Methodology. The applied microstructural, fractographic, microprobe analyses and physico-mechanical tests revealed the required dependencies. Findings. The microstructure of the cement stone under equal conditions of concrete mix selection depends on the composition of used raw materials and production technology. This paper investigates the structural changes in the setting time of hard mixture concrete and effect of component parts of the complex modifier additive PLKP (produced by «Logia», Dnepropetrovsk) on morphology, dispersion and chemical composition of the cement stone, as well as the mechanical characteristics of concrete for the foundation slab. The study of the structural and physical-mechanical characteristics of the test samples and modified concrete at various hardening stages showed that the use Ukrainian hyper-plasticizer PLKP contributes to the formation of nano-structured concrete. The addition of hardening accelerators to the super-plasticizer additive reduces the diameter of crystal whiskers, increases the structural homogeneity and stability and improves the complex of the concrete mechanical characteristics. Application of new PLKP polycarboxylate additives in the production of concrete mixtures for the foundation slab allows eliminating the steaming from the foundation slab production technology. The absence of salt component in the additive improves the concrete durability. Originality. The paper showed that modification of the concrete with complex additive PLKP facilitates the formation of the most homogeneous structure of cement stone, which consists of compact crystals surrounded by fibrous crystals that are tightly intertwined in the pore space. This structure contributes to the maximum characteristics of the concrete compressive strength. Herewith the steaming by traditional technology helps to increase the size of the primary ettringite crystals having a tendency to restructure during the operation of concrete products at temperatures of around 200°C. Practical value. Adjustment of foundation slab production parameters, namely – steaming temperature reduction or elimination of this operation from the concrete sleeper production cycle, using PLKP additives, can improve the structural homogeneity and stability, increase the density of the concrete and result in positive effect on its durability.