Security and Defence Quarterly

16-30

Authors: Ayesha Jawad

Terrorism has changed the national and international security milieu over the last few years; however, there have been metamorphoses in the phenomenon of defining security in light of new threats of terrorism. This research critically evaluates the anti-terrorism legal regime of Pakistan along with its structural flaws. While vigorous efforts to defeat terrorism have taken place in Pakistan, much needs to be done to achieve de-radicalisation along with identifying and addressing areas of vulnerability. This research moves in three directions: firstly, it looks into the background of extremism in terms of ethnic and sectarian conflicts that led Pakistan to embark on the journey to combat terrorism; secondly, it evaluates how these laws aimed exclusively at countering terrorism have not been as effective as hoped; and thirdly, it offers an in-depth analysis of flaws in the judicial system and analysis of capacity gaps in relation to prosecution of terrorist offences in Pakistan. Lastly, this research makes recommendations for eliminating the causes of institutional and legal inefficiencies that feed and nurture terrorism in Pakistan. The qualitative method is used in this research, which holds that Pakistan needs to make effective structural changes to implement counterterrorism strategies constructively, such as, capacity-building of judiciary and law enforcement agencies, acceptance of innovation in investigation methods, amendments in procedural laws and comprehensive, unambiguous and detailed legislation. Amendments to existing anti-terrorism laws need to be adapted to the changing security trends in the region. In order to combat the high rate of acquittal under these laws, a strong and focused approach is required.

51-61

Authors: Andrius Bivainis

This article contains an assessment of the last war in the Southern Caucasus, referring to it as the second Nagorno–Karabakh war. The assessment is concentrated on the military capabilities built up prior to the major escalation of this war and operational features identified during the battles. The assessment uses analytic categories of processed information and initiatives that sovereign actors took during decision cycles and the conduct of military campaigns. Those analytic categories are named dimensions, with the strategic and military dimensions being the most important for this analysis. The key findings of this article suggest that additional dimensions could be used in researching the complex conditions of the war, which might have a continuous impact even outside the Southern Caucasus. The review of initiatives at the strategic dimension suggested that the built-up of two competing security policy fractions in the South Caucasus was an influential factor. The assessment of the military dimension of that war provided insights regarding the tactical choices of both adversaries. That assessment revealed some significant differences in how the campaign was conducted on both sides. Further complex tensions in the region are expected as national political decisions will drive strategic choices and drive the development of military capabilities. Given the fact that both countries were short of a consensus-based peace deal and Russia sent in peacekeeping forces, further developments in the political and strategic dimensions of this war saga should be expected.

83-85

Authors: Ben de Jong

Books on the subject of arguably the best-known KGB spy ring in the West during the Cold War, the so-called Cambridge Five, continue to roll off the press.1 The Cambridge Five were five British students who were recruited as agents by the NKVD, a forerunner of the KGB, in Cambridge in the 1930s. All five would occupy key positions inside British government agencies during World War II and in the years following its conclusion. In 2015 and 2016 alone, two excellent biographies were published about the man who was undoubtedly the most colourful of the five: Guy Burgess.2 It was his flight to Moscow in May 1951 with Donald Maclean, his fellow diplomat at the British Foreign Office, that sparked the unravelling of the network. Their flight took place once Maclean realised he was in acute danger of being interrogated and arrested for his spying. That in turn caused the suspicion of the British authorities to fall on Kim Philby, another one of the five, who since 1949 had been the liaison of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also known as MI6) in Washington DC. This meant he was in close contact with the FBI and the CIA and was therefore in a position not just to transmit British secrets to the KGB, but many American secrets as well