Ancient Sumy Land

5-12

Authors: Iakimova Antonina

The article focuses on the scientific and epistolary heritage of the famous philosopher, historian, ethnographer and public figure Mykhailo Dragomanov. The attention is focused on the Bulgarian period of his life (1889-1895). Characterized by a collection of documents, materials and epistolary Drahomanov composed of separate funds of the central and regional state archives in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Scientific Archive Historical Archive of the National Library of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Concluded that there was a large complex in Bulgaria variety of sources of scientific heritage of Drahomanov. Key words: archive, Bulgaria, Drahomanov, scientific heritage, library, I.Shishmanov, epistolary.

19-28

Authors: Nikitin M.Y.

The author examines the causes, content and consequences of the County Reform 1890 Shows the relationship between the intensification of the political struggle in the 70th - 80th years of the XIX century in the Russian Empire and the reforms of Alexander III. It is proved that the official authorities saw the territorial bodies of self-government as the cell of the opposition movement. That's why conservatives have urged the government to correct the mistakes those were made during the preparation and implementation of reforms 60th - 70th of the XIX century. The conservative circles desired to limit the power of territorial self-government, caused concern and uncertainty in some Zemstvoes. As the result, the interest to the County work was loss. In the 80th - 90th of the XIX century the ideas to strengthen the principle of centralization and autocratic became more common in the ruling circles. Distrust from the part of the ruling circles to the regional authority organs has increased due to the gradual loss of its leading position in the nobility of individual Zemstvo assemblies, which ousted members of the bourgeoisie. To strengthen the position of its main ally in the countryside, the nobility, the Conservatives called the government and the emperor to amend Status 1864. The Status 1890 contained changed the electoral system. Members had to be selected in the Zemstvo election meetings and polling township meetings. At meetings was elected only authorized to Zemstvo election meetings. Social estates constituencies were restored. Voting by proxy was forbidden. Representatives of the rural bourgeoisie ran from village meetings. Members from rural societies chose parish gathering. The governor argued among elected representatives the necessary number of vowels from the peasants. The new electoral system ensured the predominance of the privileged classes of the unprivileged. The number of persons who had been involved in the formation of zemstvo was reduction. There were restrictions on a national basis. The situation did not allow for the election of the Jews. Rural electoral colleges were canceled, members appointed by the governor from among the candidates elected rural municipality gatherings. The principle of election councils was destroyed. Zemstvo reform of 1890 almost no impact to the volume of the competence of provincial and district zemstvo. Status provided to zemstvoes right to make binding decisions. Law forbade Zemstvo County Council acted with petitions to the government. Redistribution of powers between the district and provincial zemstvo in favor of the latter had been. The greatest attention the power gave to the issue of non-politicization zemstvoes. Local governments should monitor the activities of self-governing Zemstvo institutions. Zemstvo began to turn into another "superior" superstructure existed due to additional levies from the population. In such a situation Zemstvo lost interest in his duties or even ignore the zemstvo meetings. Formation of apathy to the local businesses was a result of variety limitations self-governing institutions, restrictions in the economic sphere. Gradual functions complication was exercised by the Zemstvo, influenced by their structure. To improve the efficiency of their work local self-government initiated the creation of various commissions and departments. When solving urgent issues Zemstvo tried to cover the whole range of problems of their regions. There were attempts at a systematic approach in dealing with economic, health and educational problems. All this had a positive impact on the daily life of the population Zemstvo province during this period. Key words: reform of 1890, the electoral system, local administration, competence, members, committee, departments.

37-42

Authors: Yepik L.I.

The author of the article gives the documents which weren’t published earlier. These documents show practical directions of translation into Ukrainian language the activity of the Soviet staff (machinery) in Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century. The materials from the archives notice about strengthening of attention to preparing, up-bringing and putting out the staff of the native nationality into the staff of the party and state bodies, bringing teaching of the Ukrainian language at schools, organization of cultural – educational establishments, publication of books, newspapers and magazines in Ukrainian language and the language of the national minorities. In fact, it was a complex program in fundamental teaching of Ukrainian language, learning Ukrainian literature, history and geography. Some months’ courses for learning Ukrainian language and Ukraine’s Studies were created for state personalities. Sometimes these courses existed formally, though their visitors could be discharged from their working places in case of failing this exam. At the beginning of such courses many party and economic employees attend them only sometimes. Their reports also were not given in Ukrainian. Nevertheless strong and persistent policy in the sphere of language gave its certain positive results. The documents say that at the beginning of 20 the XX century Ukrainian language confirmed its position in all spheres of public life in Ukraine.The study of the history of Ukraine contributed to the formation. national consciousness. Key words: ukrainization, workshop Ukrainian, history of Ukraine, national morale.

54-64

Authors: Yakowenko H. Н.

Analysing the dynamics of fluidity of shots it is visible in woman gymnasia, that to find position in educational establishment it was enough problematic. In the woman gymnasia of teacher with the rank of "domestic" made a more than half from all personnel of pedagogical collective. It goes to show that this part of teachers held positions long time, not changing job. Places were not freed long time, candidates on position expected in a turn. Domestic teachers called to guidance of gymnasia, ready to expect liberation of any position. The protracted teaching experience of swingeing majority of domestic teachers testifies that they dedicated considerable part of life to the work. Except calling, material reasons(also pension system) induced firmly to hold on to position, not taking break on arranging of the personal life. Among the veterans of labour are widows and unmarried women. The intermediate and final analysis of lists of domestic teachers, that worked in gymnasia, showed that the professional group of domestic teachers had had a very low level of labour mobility. In relation to professional mobility, then teachers promoted the qualifying level very rarely and had an initial level of pedagogical education. Obviously, he fully satisfied to the requirements to pedagogical preparation. Eyelids working mainly presented 30 more than. In relation to the social state, then domestic teachers were not only representatives of the local nobility, although them there was majority. Local noblewomen from the known families actively carried on educational activity. The representatives of petty bourgeois, merchants and families of priests, having a certificate of domestic teacher, carried on pedagogical activity. Keywords: domestic teachers, gymnasia, Sumy

77-91

Authors: Artyukh Vyacheslav

Points Sumy region (Ukraine) protest public moods phenomena and nonconformity during the communist authoritarian regime in 1955-1990 are described in the article. Folksy and dissident aspects of Fronde were educed, as is the case, its constituents: “seditious conversations”, postals and inscriptions distributions, “samizdat” (underground press), creation of underground organizations. Key words: nonconformity, disidens, Sumy’s region, harassment.

99-104

Authors: Myronchuk A.S.

Recently, in modern historiography there is increasing of researcher’s attention to issues of social history and spiritual aspects of society and, at the same time, to historical sources of personal origin. We can say that the creative heritage of Antonii Florovsky (1884 – 1968) is reflected in the literature. As for the historian’s biography, despite a number of biographical researches it hasn’t covered in full. And therefore it is actual to involve in scientific use little-known facts about A. Florovsky which will clarify and supplement the historiography information. In this article an attempt of reconstruction of the biography of Professor of Novorosiysk University A. V. Florovsky based on little-known information about protecting his master’s thesis was made. Antonii Florovsky declared himself as a historian first of all by his works on the history of the Legislative Commission of 1767. To obtain a master’s degree in Russian history at Moscow University, he presented his work “The composition of the legislative commission of 1767 – 1774”, performed under the supervision of Professor I. Lynnychenko and which was a logical continuation of previous researches. Some questions on the Legislative Commission were investigated in this work in a new way and involving a huge number of unpublished archival materials. A. Florovsky first introduced the organization of the Commission as a quite serious political act, which had not equalled the hopes of hope power. At that time it was a significant research innovation. Very interesting information on A. Florovsky master’s thesis defense are in diary of historian Mykchailo Bogoslovsky (1867 – 1929) – Professor of Moscow University, from 1921 Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who together with his colleague and friend Professor of History and Philology of Moscow University Yuri Gauthier was an official reviewer of master’s work of A. Florovsky. For example of doctoral dissertation we can observe the way how the Legislative commission becomes one of the main topics of scientific creations of A. Florovsky. A diary of Mykchailo Bogoslovsky allows to trace the role of M. Bogoslovsky in the development of the future historian and reveals a little known page biography of A. Florovsky. The relationship of thesis respondent and his opponent we can trace not only infrastructure but also personal contacts between Ukrainian historians and academicians of St. Petersburg (Russian) Academy of Sciences in the early decades of the twentieth century. The personal factor was paramount in the relations between M. Bogoslovsky and A. Florovsky. Usually M. Bogoslovsky notes are laconic, but very informative. The diary M. Bogoslovsky demonstrates his ability to rejoice achievements of other people, joining of talented young people to scientific environment. Quite so it was towards A. Florovsky. The notes of M. Bogoslovsky taken during 1915 – 1916 indicated his serious and responsible attitude to the opposing thesis. Indicative in this respect is the M. Bogoslovsky positive attitude to A. Florovsky, despite the fact that the latter was a student of I. Lynnychenko, wereof M. Bogoslovsky has not too high opinion. Master’s thesis of A. Florovsky get a good review of the second opponent - Prof. Yu. Gauthier. In 1916 master’s thesis of A. Florovsky “Structure of Legislative commision 1767 – 1774” was awarded Uvarov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Many famous and respected historians were the winners of this Prize. Not all aspects of the biography of A. Florovsky are reflected in the above mentioned facts, but we can surely say about the prospects of further information sources search and materials about the life and creative work of one of the brightest representatives of national historical science. Key words: biography, dispute doctoral, master's thesis, the Legislative Commission of 1767.

141-142

Authors: Власенко В.М.

З ІСТОРІЇ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В БОЛГАРІЇ