Computer Optics

147-154

Authors: S.S. Stafeev, V.V. Kotlyar

In this article we numerically investigated tightly focusing an optical vortex with sector-wise azimuthal polarization by a Fresnel zone plate with numerical aperture NA = 0.95. The focal spot produced by a six-sector beam was shown practically not to differ from the focus produced by an ideal azimuthally polarized optical vortex, with the difference in the size of the focal spots not exceeding 0.001 of the wavelength of light.

160-168

Authors: S.I. Kharitonov, L.L. Doskolovich, N.L. Kazanskiy

An asymptotic method for calculating the complex amplitude of a light field in the case of diffraction by non-periodic band gap structures. The novelty of the approach consists in the expansion of the solution of the integral equation into a basis that describes the propagation of light through a DOE within the geometrical optics approximation and changes into a basis of plane waves used in the calculation of diffraction gratings. We present the results of focusing into a point by a gradient-index diffractive optical element with a band-gap structure. Simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.

175-182

Authors: S.I. Kharitonov, S.G. Volotovsky, S.N. Khonina

In this work we propose a new approach to calculating the distribution of light fields in the framework of geometrical optics. A new integral operator for computing the intensity distribution in the geometrical optics approximation is suggested. Using the proposed method, we derive the intensity distributions of previously studied wavefronts. Singular points of these distributions are found and the intensity distributions near the caustics are calculated. The developed method is used to calculate the formation of caustics by harmonic diffractive optical elements in the axially symmetric case.

192-201

Authors: Yu.Ts. Batomunkuev, A.A. Dianova

We discuss the results of calculating the spectral range boundaries for given diffraction orders of a thin focusing holographic optical element (HOE) with the corrected third-order spherical aberration. The variations of the spectral range boundaries are realized by varying the HOE characteristics such as shrinkage, diffraction order, recording wavelength, and the magnification factor at the recording wavelength.

208-217

Authors: S.V. Karpeev, V.D. Paranin, M.S. Kirilenko

The propagation of Laguerre-Gauss vortex beams through a random phase distorting medium is numerically and experimentally investigated. The influence of the order of the mode on the degree of conservation of vortices of different orders in a random environment is analyzed. An increase in the stability of the detection of a vortex in a beam with a small defocusing of the output Fourier cascade of the optical correlator is shown experimentally.

227-236

Authors: N.A. Lomov, S.V. Sidyakin, Yu.V. Vizilter

The paper considers a problem of shape representation and classification. We propose a skeleton-geodesic histogram of thicknesses and distances for this purpose. It is based on the statistics of pair distances between shape elements. It is computed using skeleton-geodesic distances and thickness differences between pairs of skeleton edges. This differs from conventional geodesic histograms that are calculated for all figure points. The switch to the skeleton edges and areas of their attraction significantly speeds up the calculation of skeleton-geodesic histogram of thicknesses and distances, while maintaining many useful properties inherent in usual geodesic histograms. Extensive experimentation has been conducted on the most difficult binary shape database. Obtained classification results indicate the high potential of the proposed descriptor.

245-253

Authors: V.V. Pechenkin, M.S. Korolev

This paper discusses the usage of devices of various types and configuration in the developed software for blind zone minimization via optimal placement of the surveillance devices when observing targets in a complex three-dimensional dynamic scene. We describe the architecture of the software complex, the principle of operation of the surveillance devices, and a blind zone detection algorithm. We propose a formalization of the problem, also describing specific tasks of object visibility definition, reduced to solving the optimization problems of different complexity classes based on a special visibility graph.

266-275

Authors: M.V. Gashnikov

An adaptive parameterized interpolator for image compression based on hierarchical grid interpolation is developed and investigated. For optimizing the interpolator parameters an approach is proposed based on the minimization of the entropy of the quantized post-interpolation residuals, which is used as an estimate of the volume of compressed data. A recursive procedure for calculating the parameters of the developed interpolator is proposed, and theoretical estimates of its computational complexity are calculated. As part of a hierarchical image compression method, the developed interpolator is experimentally investigated, as well as making its comparison with averaging interpolators and an adaptive interpolator based on optimizing the sum of the absolute values of the interpolation errors. The developed interpolator is shown to have an advantage over the prototypes in terms of the compressed data size for various compression errors.

284-290

Authors: I.S. Kholopov

An algorithm for projective geometric distortion correction of images at low altitude shooting with a virtual camera is considered. The algorithm is based on the orientation of the virtual camera so that its optical axis is collinear with the normal to the plane of shooting and evaluating a homography matrix linking the coordinates of corresponding pixels of the real and virtual cameras. The homography matrix evaluation is possible based on information from additional sensors – an angular orientation sensor and a rangefinder, or altimeter. Their signals allow one to estimate the camera angular orientation and the distance to the observed plane. The impact of the angular orientation error, estimated using a triaxial microelectromechanical accelerometer, on a criterion-based correction quality is investigated. The experimental results with pre-calibrated cameras Logitech C270 and uEye RE 5240 show that when the roll and pitch errors of the camera orientation are no more than 1° then the correction algorithm with the virtual camera provides a quality index value of at least 0.97.

5-12

Authors: V.V. Kotlyar, A.G. Nalimov, S.S. Stafeev, L.O'Faolain, M.V. Kotlyar

We designed, numerically simulated, fabricated and characterized a thin metalens in an amorphous silicon film. The lens has a diameter of 30 µm, a 633-nm focal length equal to the incident wavelength, a 220-nm period of the subwavelength features, and a 110-nm relief depth. The lens simultaneously controls the phase and polarization of the incident laser light, transforming linear polarization into the radial one and generating a sharp focus. The metalens was fabricated using electron lithography and reactive ion etching. The focal spot obtained from an incident linearly polarized Gaussian beam of wavelength λ measured 0.49λ and 0.55λ on the x- and y-axes. This is a record-breaking focal spot ever obtained using metalenses. Experimental results agree well with the numerically simulated focal spot size of 0.46λ and 0.52λ.

22-29

Authors: V.V. Kotlyar, A.A. Kovalev, A.P. Porfirev, E.G. Abramochkin

We theoretically and experimentally study asymmetric Gaussian optical vortices generated via diffracting a Gaussian beam by an off-axis spiral phase plate or amplitude "fork" hologram. It is shown that depending on the magnitude of the off-axis shift the laser beam can acquire a crescentshaped cross-section, which rotates on propagation. We obtain an analytical expression for the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of such a beam, which appears to be fractional. We show that with increasing off-axis shift, the OAM decreases parabolically. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with theory and numerical simulation.

37-45

Authors: R.A. Shatalin, V.R. Fidelman, P.E. Ovchinnikov

In this paper, we propose novel method for abnormal behavior detection in the video surveillance. The method constructs a normal behavior model using training samples, which makes possible application in a wide range of conditions and scenes. The method was tested in controlled and real conditions. The result shows that the method can be used to detect abnormal behavior in simple and crowded scenes.

59-66

Authors: V.B. Nemirovskiy, A.K. Stoyanov

In this paper a multi-step algorithm for clustering face images is proposed. This algorithm is designed to split a collection of images into groups of similar images. The algorithm is based on clustering the proximity measures between brightness-based segmented images. As proximity measures, the Euclidean distance and the Kullback-Leibler distance were used. Brightness-based image segmentation and clustering respective proximity measures were carried out with the help of a software model of a recurrent neural network. Results of experimental studies of the proposed approach are presented.

79-87

Authors: N.I. Evdokimova, A.V. Kuznetsov

Embedding of duplicates is one of commonly used methods of image forgery. During this process, an image fragment is copied and pasted to another position in the same image. This is performed to conceal some important part of the image. A copy-move forgery detection algorithm aims to recognize duplicated areas in the image. This algorithm is based on calculating the characteristics in a sliding or overlapping window. In this paper, we compare the performance of copymove detection algorithms that utilize a local binary pattern, a local ternary pattern, a local derivative pattern, and some extensions thereof. A distinctive feature of the used characteristics is their resistance to distortions inserted into the copy, such as linear contrast enhancement and impulse noise. This method also has low computational complexity.

95-102

Authors: I.G. Palchikova, E.S. Smirnov

Influence of the analog-to-digital conversion of an input signal from a sample onto the color rendition of a colorimetric device is studied. It is shown that irrespective of the light source choice, a specific systematic quantization error is introduced to the color rendition. We analyze the quantization error for a color photomatrix with a resolution of 8 bits per channel. An algorithm for finding the interval of values of the dominant wavelength and the color saturation of the sample is developed. It is shown that the similarity of two colors in a sample can be estimated by means of the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The spectral dependence of the intervals of color parameters, calculated from digital images, is found by means of a computing experiment. It is found that lower-brightness colors have a larger interval and are calculated with a lower accuracy. A hypothesis explaining the emergence of MacAdam ellipses on the chromaticity diagram is offered, namely the coding process of the visual neural signals can include procedures similar to the analog-to-digital conversion.

110-117

Authors: P.V. Yarashevich, R.P. Bohush

In this paper, a classification algorithm of parking space images is proposed to improve the accuracy of parking space classification, which can be used in smart parking management systems based on video surveillance. The descriptors of a parking space image are formed on the basis of a histogram of oriented gradients by performing the following steps: computation of vertical and horizontal gradients of the original parking space image, computation of the modulus of the gradient and orientation vectors, the gradients are then accumulated into separate cells according to their orientation, the cells are united into blocks, and the orientations of block's cells are normalized. A support vector machine is used to classify the descriptors of the parking space. The purpose of the research was to determine the most efficient parameters of the parking space descriptor and a kernel function. The paper presents the results of experiments.

126-133

Authors: I.M. Kulikovskikh

This paper considers a problem of improving the accuracy of identifying human activity in buildings based on an ecological feature space. To solve this problem a model of logistic regression was implemented on the assumption of the unstable estimation of logistic regression parameters for near linearly separable classes. To reach a compromise between the presence of outliers and the accuracy of recognition an algorithm of anomaly detection was proposed. Computational experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the algorithm and its theoretical consistency.

139-141

Authors: N.L. Kazanskiy

At the Editorial Board's request I summarize interim results achieved in pursuing tasks the Editorin-Chief, academician Victor Soifer formulated in the article "Quo vadis" (Computer Optics, 2014, Vol. 38, No. 4). I analyze results the journal has attained in key bibliometric indicators in the Scopus database by the end of 2015. I compare these indicators with those of journals covering similar topics. I also notify the journal's readers and authors on some Editorial Board's events scheduled for 2017.

181-186

Authors: R.V. Skidanov, S.V. Ganchevskaya

We proposed an algorithm for calculating the DOE forming vortex beams with a preset distribution of minima and maxima. We reviewed several versions of this algorithm. We presented the calculation of some configurations of traps to capture transparent and non-transparent micro-objects.

211-217

Authors: S.V. Karpeev, S.N. Khonina, S.I. Kharitonov

A dispersive element in the form of the diffraction grating on a convex mirror surface is investigated. The groove profile of the grating is measured and the intensity distribution between the diffraction orders is calculated as a function of wavelength for the visible spectrum. Optomechanical elements for the required alignments of the spectrometer elements are designed and fabricated. Adjustment of a prototype optical scheme is implemented and point images for three monochromatic incident wavelengths are obtained. The energy distribution between the diffraction orders and the intensity maxima positions are in agreement with the simulation results.

370-375

Authors: P.A. Semenov, S.D. Pol’skikh

Phase-locking system based on the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm is discussed. A global optimization strategy for retrieving phase information is proposed. The system reduction block-structure method is considered. The system is simulated numerically for different configurations of phased channels.

420-428

Authors: O.V. Mandrikova, E.A. Zhizhikina

This paper describes a method developed by the authors for estimating the state of the geomagnetic field. The method is based on the combination of wavelet transform with radial basis neural networks. The method includes decomposing of recorded geomagnetic field variations on different scale components, estimating their disturbance degree and forming conclusion about the state of the field. For approbation of the method, we used geomagnetic data from the “Paratunka” station (Paratunka, Kamchatka region, data registration is carried out by IKIR FEB RAS). The analysis of the spectral-temporal characteristics of geomagnetic field variations during periods of moderate and strong magnetic storms was performed. Weak perturbations were detected in the geomagnetic field before the storms. Obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.

529-535

Authors: G.I. Greisukh, E.G. Ezhov, S.V. Kazin, S.A. Stepanov

The chromatic correction of the optical systems consisting of the elements manufactured by compression molding, are investigated. The discovered advantages are demonstrated.

592-599

Authors: R.V. Eruslanov, M.N. Orehova, V.N. Dubrovin

This article presents the method of solving the problem of segmentation of the retroperitoneal space organs from the tomographic images; the method bases on the level set function. The method of image pre-processing is based on the nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filter which smooths the image while maintaining the edges between the segments. The segmentation algorithm of tomographic image based on the level set function are synthesized.

635-643

Authors: I.M. Sizova

A method for the approximation of encircled energy in a definite solid angle in the Fraunhofer zone by the simulation of optical transfer function derivative is proposed. The selection of free model parameters allow one to obtain true expansion of encircled energy in the origin of the angle coordinate and at infinity, and good approximation in intermediate domain.

728-737

Authors: A.Kh. Sultanov, I.L. Vinogradova, I.K. Meshkov, A.V. Andrianova, G.I. Abdrakhmanova, A.A. Ishmiyarov, L.Z. Yantilina

It’s proposed to connect radio antenna array in Radio-over-Fiber light guide line through the special optical device, which provides splitting the optical signals in accordance with defined frequency bandwidths. The field calculation inside the device working body is done.

765-771

Authors: V.V. Kotlyar, A.A. Kovalev, M.A. Volynov

We have considered circularly polarized vectorial Hankel beams. These beams are a generalization of the spherical wave with embedded optical vortex. Explicit analytical expressions have been derived for all six components of the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field. These expressions are an exact solution of Maxwell's equations. We have shown the difference in free space propagation for Hankel beams with left and right circular polarization. For the far field, we also obtained expressions for the components of the Umov-Poynting vector and angular momentum

781-792

Authors: V.V. Kotlyar, A.A. Kovalev, A.P. Porfirev

It It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that if a cylindrical lens is placed into a laser beam, having an optical vortex with integer topological charge n and on-axis intensity null, then at the double focal distance behind the lens, the n-fold degenerate intensity null is split into n isolated intensity nulls. These intensity nulls lie on a straight line in the transverse plane at an angle of + 45 or – 45 degrees to the axis of the cylindrical lens, depending on the vortex helicity direction (i.e. sign of the topological charge). Experiments show that such a method can be used to determine higher-order topological charges up to n = 100.

802-809

Authors: D.S. Lushnikov, A.Y. Zherdev, V.V. Markin, S.B. Odinokov, A.V. Smirnov

In this paper, dependencies of the angular and spectral selectivity on the incidence angle of the reference beam in a scheme for obtaining reflection and transmission holograms are obtained and analyzed. It is shown that for obtaining color holographic stereograms a scheme for obtaining transmission holograms is more suitable. While the angular selectivity of reflection and transmission color holograms is the same, the spectral selectivity of the reflection hologram is much higher at all wavelengths of recording. A method and equipment for one-step digital recording of color full-parallax holographic stereograms with rasterless image are developed. Samples of color fullparallax security holographic stereograms with a “flip-flop” effect in the image were obtained. The quality of the reconstructed image verifies high spectral selectivity for this type of holograms.

818-829

Authors: A.G. Poleshchuk, V.P. Korolkov, R.K. Nasyrov, V.N. Khomutov, A.S. Konchenko

Development of dedicated methods for nondestructive testing of microstructured optical elements is a prerequisite for the wide-scale manufacturing of diffractive, micro-optical and conformal elements. A variety of approaches to the characterization of diverse types of microstructured optical elements were developed at the laboratory of Diffractive Optics at IAE SB RAS. These methods are intended to test wavefront errors, etch depth and diffraction efficiency during and after the manufacturing of elements with binary and multi-level surface profile. The review of the developed techniques and measuring circuits given in the work takes into account specific features of the elements' parameters and application areas. Testing results for the manufactured elements are discussed.

837-843

Authors: N.A. Ivliev, V.A. Kolpakov, S.V. Krichevskiy

We present a method for determining the concentration of organic contaminants on the silica surface by using lateral force maps and surface topology images obtained with scanning probe microscopy. In this study, we optimized the scanning frequency to increase the contrast of images and facilitate interpretation of the data btained. We also proved experimentally that the sensitivity of the method reaches 10−11 g/cm2 .

850-854

Authors: D.S. Mikhailova

In a number of situations, the resolution of modern spectrometers may be not high enough. This communication describes the use of an auxiliary interferometer together with a diffraction spectrometer, thus enabling its resolution and sensitivity to be enhanced during spectroscopy of adsorbed molecular layers. In this way, the industrial device is turned into a combined diffractioninterference monochromator. Numerical calculations and experiments show that the resolution of the combined diffraction spectrometer can be enhanced by an order of magnitude. In addition, the described device is a tunable multi-beam interferometer, allowing scanning through the spectrum. Scanning is done by turning the multi-beam interferometer. The article provides experimental data on adjusting the interferometer by tilting it with respect to incident radiation. Provision is made for the adjustment of the device by using a piezo plate. The increased sensitivity of the combined device allows it to be used as a spectrum analyzer of adsorbed substances. The design of the attachment provides an easy-to-install fitting for the input of the substance under test.

863-870

Authors: M.A. Zavyalova

An experimental laser system for studying the processes of micro– and nanostructure direct formation in a silica glass by picosecond laser pulses is described. A method of ablation monitoring based on the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is proposed. Ablation craters on the surface of the silica glass varying in depth from 23 ± 4 to 144 ± 18 nm with good edge quality with the power density varying from 0.57 × 1012 to 31 × 1012 W/cm2, respectively, are synthesized. Higher-intensity modes of laser processing lead to the formation of cracks and chips on the surface of the material, with lower-intensity processing leading to the appearance of melting edges. The obtained structures are characterized using an atomic force microscope. The ablation rate of the silica glass is established.

878-886

Authors: V.A. Fursov

A problem of the restoration of defocused images is considered. For this purpose, we construct an FIR-filter by identifying the model from a special class of parameters with use of test images. The model of impulse response is defined in a class of univariate functions, which approximate the required frequency response in the radial direction. Samples of the twodimensional impulse response are defined by discretization and the subsequent sample normalization. The approximation function class is defined so as to amplify low and suppress high spectrum frequencies. Important advantages of the method are high-quality image restoration and fast identification of filter's model due to the fact that the approximating function is determined by a small number of unknown parameters. In this article realization examples are given. These examples show the possibility of achieving the higher-quality restoration in comparison with the Wiener filter from the open-source image processing library OpenCV.

895-903

Authors: A.V. Umnov, A.S. Krylov

In this paper we suggest an algorithm for ringing suppression based on a sparse representation method. As one of its steps, the suggested method includes image deblurring based on the Wiener-Hunt deconvolution algorithm. The ringing suppression algorithm uses the signals' mutual coherence and sparsities analysis when dealing with the ringing effect based on the sparse representation method. We also analyze the mutual coherence and sparsities for blurred images and images with white Gaussian noise.

911-918

Authors: A.V. Akimov , A.A. Sirota

The paper describes mathematical models and algorithms of warping grid functions with discrete parameters. For images, three warping models, applied to the generation of extra training data to build face recognition algorithms, are examined: the one based on harmonic functions, the one based on offsetting user-specified control point coordinates, and the one based on the computation of the optical flow between entropy-filtered images. For the training sets, both initial and those synthetically generated using the above three models, learning of face detection algorithms based on the ViolaJones framework was performed and corresponding detection rates were compared. It is shown that this approach is applicable for synthetic data generation when training image recognition algorithms for recognition of objects characterized by inherent structure.

929-938

Authors: N.S. Vorobiova, V.V. Sergeyev, A.V.Chernov

The paper deals with the development of information technology for early crop identification in the region of interest by using satellite images. With the early identification being performed in the first half of the growing season, it is characterized by the lack of ground-based and space-based data to configure recognition algorithms. The proposed technology allows one to generate a training dataset by using information from the past years and then use it for crop recognition for the current year. The technology consists of two stages. At the first stage, models of time series, crops and agroseasons are built using data from the past years. At the second stage, data of the current year are processed. First, a suitable model of agro-season, which is close to the development of crops in the current year, is selected by using a tiny set of control fields with known crops. Next, a training dataset is generated based on the characteristics of the agro-season model and the recognition of crops in the current season is performed. The paper assesses the quality of recognition offered by the proposed information technology and the possibility of its application in a particular region. Data collected for the years 2011 -2015 in the Samara Region are used for the experimental research.

947-957

Authors: A.A. Morozov, O.S. Sushkova

Object-oriented logical means for a real-time analysis of video were developed. The software includes a translator of the Actor Prolog object-oriented logic language to Java, an open source Java library that contains built-in classes of Actor Prolog, and a programming environment of the Actor Prolog language. An example of using the software for intelligent video monitoring of abnormal behavior in people is considered. Object-oriented means of the Actor Prolog language make it possible to divide a logic program into several parallel processes corresponding to various stages of the video processing. The translation of logic programs to Java provides reliability, portability, and openness of the intelligent video surveillance programs.

968-971

Authors: R.V. Skidanov, V.A. Blank

We considered the feasibility of using a dual-range diffraction grating on the convex mirror in an imaging hyperspectrometer based on the Offner scheme. We conducted modeling in Zemax software. It is shown that the use of a dual-range grating allows one to use the hyperspectrometer based on the Offner scheme in two spectral ranges: the visible and mid-infrared.

605-624

Authors: V.A. Soifer, О. Korotkova, S.N. Khonina, Е.А. Shchepakina

The review covers publications concerned with propagation of laser beams through turbulent media described by the Kolmogorov theory and generalizations thereof to describe signal transmission in optical communications and detection systems. In this case, the turbulent medium is interpreted as an optical channel with random parameters. Various optical signals considered include partially coherent beams, non-uniformly polarized vector beams, as well as specifically configured spatial laser beams. Special attention is given to vortex laser beams. The latter are shown to have a number of remarkable properties that give them an advantage over conventional Gaussian beams.

629-634

Authors: E.S. Kozlova, V.V. Kotlyar

In this work a solitary surface plasmon-polariton was obtained by using a frequency-dependent finite difference time-domain method for the TM- and radially polarized light at 532 nm, which was propagated through silver nano-elements (a nano-strip and a nano-ring), placed in an aqueous medium. The device's height and width were equal to 20 nm and 215 nm respectively. The intensity of surface plasmon-polariton was four times higher than that of the incident radiation. The full width at half maximum of the nanojet was 138 nm and 158 nm for the case of using a nano-strip and a nano-ring respectively.The results can be used to design devices that allow capturing and moving particles in water or other biofluids.

642-648

Authors: V.V. Kotlyar, A.G. Nalimov

Using simplified Richards-Wolf formulas we show that laser light with azimuthal polarization and singular phase can produce a smaller focal spot than that from a laser beam with radial polarization, other conditions remaining the same. It is numerically shown that when focusing an azimuthally polarized laser beam with phase singularity using a zone plate a 1.3 times smaller focal spot can be attained than when an aplanatic lens is used. A spiral phase plate can be replaced with a phase step with a π-phase shift. In this case the subwavelength focal spot from a laser beam with azimuthal polarization, which is formed near the zone plate surface, loses circular symmetry, while becoming smaller and acquiring an elliptical form with radiuses of 0.273λ and 0.314λ (NA = 1).

654-658

Authors: D.A. Fadeev

Methods of numerical simulation of two-dimensional short laser pulse nonlinear dynamics are discussed. In this work parallel processing methods for modern CPU (central processing units) architectures supporting non-uniform memory access are considered. The method of adaptive mesh subdivision is proposed to reduce non-uniform load of each CPU during processing of nonlinearity. The results of the tests performed on the Intel Nehalem based a workstation with eight cores are presented.

668-673

Authors: P. Verma, V.S. Pavelyev, B.O. Volodkin, K.N. Tukmakov, A.S. Reshetnikov, T.V. Andreeva, S.A. Fomchenkov, S.N. Khonina

This paper reports the design and fabrication of a 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) decoupled vibratory gyroscope based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS process. The 2-DOF capacitive comb structure is deliberately designed to have a decoupled drive and sense mode oscillation to prevent the unstable operation due to mechanical coupling, resulting in a low zero rate out-put drift. It is well known that the closer are the drive and sense resonances, the higher is the angular rate resolution of the gyroscope. Generally, this is achieved by using symmetric suspensions, but it results in a reduced bandwidth. The proposed design has been configured to achieve a bandwidth of about 150 Hz, while ensuring the decoupled operation of the drive and sense modes. An analytical method has been employed to study the steady state response of the 2-DOF structure. FEM analysis has been carried out in CoventorWare® MEMS Design software and the simulation results show that the drive resonance occurs at 21.48 kHz and sense resonance at 21.63 kHz, which are in close agreement with the theoretical results. The structure is designed with a 15 µm thick device layer. Fabrication of the design is proposed using a two mask process based on Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) and sacrificial wet release etching on a SOI wafer. DRIE etching with an aspect ratio of 1:5 has been successfully carried out as desired and the results have been presented.

679-684

Authors: S.P. Murzin, R. Bielak, G. Liedl

Based on the use of methods for solving the inverse problem of heat conduction, we developed an algorithm for calculating the power density distribution of the laser beam to create a desired thermal effect on technological objects. It was shown that the redistribution of power density of moving distributed surface heat sources can adjust the temperature distribution in the treated zone. The results of thermal processes calculation show the ability of the developed algorithm to create a more uniform temperature field across the width of the heat affected zone. Equalization of maximum temperature values is achieved in the center and on the periphery of the heat affected zone with an increase in the width of the regions, where required temperature is reached. The application of diffractive optical elements gives an opportunity to obtain the required properties of treated materials in the heat affected zone. The research performed has enabled parameters of the temperature field in chrome-nickel-molybdenum steel to be adjusted for laser heat treatment. In addition to achieving uniform temperature conditions across the width of the heat affected zone, the proposed approach allows the increase of the width of the isotherms of the temperature fields; this provides an opportunity to process a larger area per unit time at the same laser beam power.

689-712

Authors: M.V. Gashnikov, N.I. Glumov, A.V. Kuznetsov, V.A. Mitekin, V.V. Myasnikov, V.V. Sergeev

In this paper, we consider methods for hyperspectral image processing, required in systems of image formation, storage, and transmission and aimed at solving problems of data compression and protection. A modification of the digital image compression method based on a hierarchical grid interpolation is proposed. Methods of active (on the basis of digital watermarking) and passive (on the basis of artificial image distortion detection) data protection against unauthorized dissemination are developed and investigated.

721-728

Authors: V.A. Fursov, Ye.V. Goshin, A.P. Kotov

In this paper a procedure of building a digital terrain model (DTM) from the satellite images is researched. The procedure is based on the authors' previously developed algorithms of fast image matching for building disparity maps implemented on GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). In this paper we propose a computational procedure for constructing a DTM from the satellite stereo images. Experimental studies have shown that while this procedure constructs a DTM that may be less accurate than the one achieved with the use of the ENVI software, it offers a significantly shorter time of processing.

740-745

Authors: V.B. Nemirovskiy, A.K. Stoyanov, D.S. Goremykina

In this paper problems of featureless face recognition are considered. The recognition is based on clustering the proximity measures between the distributions of brightness clusters cardinality for segmented images. As a proximity measure three types of distances are used in this work: the Euclidean, cosine and Kullback-Leibler distances. Image segmentation and proximity measure clustering are carried out by means of a software model of the recurrent neural network. Results of the experimental studies of the proposed approach are presented.

752-758

Authors: M.S. Boori, K. Choudhary, A.V. Kupriyanov

City vulnerability is an assessment of priorities for implementation in a city. Thus, it is imperative to determine vulnerable regions in the city to identify priority areas that may require immediate intervention. Several methods used for national, international and local level vulnerability assessment are based on remote sensing and GIS technology. This paper aims to determine the vulnerability of Hyderabad city using a geospatial based vulnerability index for sustainable development of the city. We use an urbanization and vulnerability concept for the development of city policy measures. We assessed the city vulnerability using a conceptual diagram composed of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. For Exposure, we considered the elevation (contour), watershed, waterway, roads, railways and airport thematic layers. For Sensitivity, the built-up area, industry, manages (?) system such as farmland and land use/cover map from GIS data were used. To examine the adaptive capacity, we addressed the natural vegetation layer, economic points and infrastructure. Results show that the center and northern part of the city are highly and extremely vulnerable due to industry and high socio-economic activities when compared with the southern part of the city. We divided the whole city into 5 types of vulnerability: Resilient 2.24 %, at risk 13.20 %, vulnerable 46.15 %, highly vulnerable 7.26 % and extremely vulnerable 31.15 % , in terms of the city area percentage. The vegetation area (50.51 %) has the maximum vulnerable area and the vulnerable class covers the maximum area (46.15 %) of the city. All this information is very indispensable and can be used to address management issues, such as resource prioritization and optimization.