Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

6

Authors: Ján PETRÓCI, Martin MANTIČ, Jozef KUĽKA, Róbert BOSLAI

Initially, the development of a dual-purpose clutch was based on racing experiences and application requirements, as well as the results from testing the new power unit in the existing prototype vehicle. In order to achieve the highest possible driving range of the prototype vehicle, it has been necessary to eliminate the maximum possible losses and drive in unnecessary components. The design aimed to achieve simple access, reliability and low weight.

8

Authors: Robert GREGA, Jaroslav HOMIŠIN, Jozef KRAJŇAK, Matej URBANSKÝ

Dangerous vibrations of mechanical systems’ components are causes of failures and reduction in service life, as well lead to negative effects on the environment and the health of operators. In order to reduce these unwanted vibrations, it is necessary to pay attention to the proper design of components in mechanical systems. The aim of this article is based on the experimental measurements and demonstration of the effects of different types of flexible couplings on the size of vibration in a gearbox that forms part of a mechanical system.

8

Authors: Jozef KUĽKA, Melichar KOPAS, Eva FALTINOVÁ, Martin MANTIČ, Peter BIGOŠ

The main purpose of this article is to present a possible description of kinematic characteristics concerning the direction of travel of a selected mobile working machine in motion, namely, a hinged loader. This description is presented in the form of equations, which define the circumferential velocity as well as the angular velocity of the vehicle wheels during a ride involving a curve. In this way, it is also possible to describe a function of the axle differential.

9

Authors: Wojciech GÓRA, Jarosław JANUSZ, Jacek KŁOSIŃSKI

In this paper a control system of air compressors in a university laboratory is presented. The control system, which is built using the Astraada RCC972 and the GE 90-20 drivers, is an extension of the two states’ inputs and outputs of Astraada. To visualize the work stand, the PC computer class and the Proficy Machine Edition (ME) View software were applied. Selected results from the tests of the built control system are presented.

9

Authors: Igor OSTASHKO, Boris VINOGRADOV

The study presents the results of an investigation into centrifugal mills with an energy-saving working body. Rational geometric parameters of the working body of the centrifugal mill, which grinds the solid residue from the pyrolysis of used tyres, have been justified on the criterion of the lowest specific energy consumption during the grinding process. A method to determine the dependence of the in-grinding power consumption on the basic parameters of the working body has been developed, while an analytical expression to determine the power consumption for grinding the solid residue from the pyrolysis of used tyres has been obtained. It has been found that the power consumption in the grinding process linearly depends on the rotational speed of the working body, which is to the 0.3 power on the average size of solid particles.

11

Authors: Ondrej KOHL, Lubomir PESIK

The springing support in a driver’s seat is a very serious issue, such that manufacturers are increasing their efforts to optimize the dynamic properties of this kind of seat. The main optimization criterion is vibration insulation efficiency with regard to health research and associated health standards and regulations. This article deals with the definition of the optimal driver’s seat properties in relation to two examples of springing systems with different kinds of damping. The first case involves the springing support of a driver’s seat that uses a pneumatic spring and a telescopic hydraulic damper. In the second case, the damping effect is achieved by two pneumatic springs whose forces effect a phase shift due to a throttle valve located in the connecting piping system.

13

Authors: Józef DREWNIAK, Paulina GARLICKA, Aleksandra KOLBER

The article presents the design for a bi-planetary gear train. The project description is supplemented with calculations of kinematics, statics and meshing efficiency of the gear wheels included in the gear train. Excluded are calculations of strength and geometry of gears, shaft and rolling bearing, since they are similar to classical calculations for planetary gears. An assembly drawing in 2D and assembly drawings in 3D of the designed bi-planetary gear train are also shown. This gear train will form the main element of the research in hand.

7

Authors: Dagmara GOLBA, Katarzyna TUROŃ, Piotr CZECH

Diversity management is a long-term process, which more and more attention to attach organizations in all industries, including in the area of TSL (Transport-Shipping-Logistics). The key is to notice and appreciate the differences between employees and understand that proper working conditions allow for optimal use of the potential of a diverse team. The article explains the concept of diversity and corporate social responsibility, and also presented the organization's approach from the TSL sector to diversity.

8

Authors: Henryk JAFERNIK

The article presents results of the researches of the range to determine of the transmission’s data with using of the standard modems UHF Satellite on the transmission frequency of the 460 MHz and the regulating power 1-10W. Because of this reason there was created programme of the researches in the air. The researches revealed the possibility increase a range of monitoring and coordination of the airships on the distance of 80-120 km.

9

Authors: Tomasz BALCERZAK, Radosław FELLNER

The paper attempts to characterize changes occurring in EU transport policy, taking into account innovation of airports and aerodromes. To face challenges like: increase in air traffic, ensuring safety of flight operations, regional development or requirements of passengers it is necessary to determine desired direction network of airports and aerodromes within the aviation policy, which is part of the national and European transport policy. Overview of national and EU studies, strategies and legislative plans enable to specify changes taking place in the EU aviation policy, as well as to create potential scenarios of its development with particular attention to the innovation of aerodromes and airports. Based on the above analysis it should be noted, that aims of the European institutions and agencies are: reduction amount of restrictive rules on general aviation (including GA aerodromes), spread concepts of multimodality and Small Aircraft Transport Systems, enhance competitiveness of the EU aviation sector but also reduction investment funding at airports. Conclusions may be a theoretical inspiration in the process of updating master plans of aerodromes and airports.

10

Authors: Andrzej FELLNER, Radosław FELLNER, Eugeniusz PIECHOCZEK

The purpose of this document is to show evidence of the work carried out as part of the pre-flight flight validation activities of one RNAV approach Instrument Flight Procedures (IFP), down to LPV minima, at Katowice Airport (EPKT). The document is a deliverable of the TEN-T funded project “Support to the EGNOS APV Operational Implementation – APV MIELEC”.

10

Authors: Jan WARCZEK, Mateusz JUZUŃ

The article presents the aims and objectives of the process of non-destructive testing of turbine aircraft engines using visual methods indirect use of endoscopy. Presents brief characteristics of the construction of engines tested, analyzed the diagnostic procedures used in non-destructive testing methods are shown diagnostic equipment used in research. The paper presents examples of the results of diagnostic checks obtained for the test aircraft engine.

12

Authors: Katarzyna CHRUZIK, Andrzej FELLNER

Analyzing the level of Polish transport safety culture can be seen that it is now dependent on the culture of safety management within the organization and the requirements and recommendations of law in this field for different modes of transport (air, rail, road, water). Of the four basic types of transport requirements are widely developed in the aviation, rail, and water – the sea. In order to harmonize the requirements for transport safety so it appears advisable to develop a platform for exchange of safety information for different modes of transport, and the development of good practices multimodal offering the possibility of improving Polish transport safety. Described in the publication of the proposal in addition to the alignment platform experience and knowledge in the field of transport safety in all its kinds, it can also be a tool for perfecting new operators of public transport.

13

Authors: Dušan KOLARIČ, Marko KOLARIČ

Modern transport is still based on vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. Due to stricter ecological requirements, the designers of engines are continually challenged to develop more environmentally friendly engines with the same power and performance. Unfortunately, there are not any significant novelties and innovations available at present which could significantly change the current direction of the development of this type of propulsion machines. That is why the existing ones should be continually developed and improved or optimized their performance. By optimizing, we tend to minimize fuel consumption and lower exhaust emissions in order to meet the norms defined by standards (i.e. Euro standards). Those propulsion engines are actually developed to such extent that our current thinking will not be able to change their basic functionality, but possible opportunities for improvement, especially the improvement of individual components, could be introduced. The latter is possible by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) which can relatively quickly and inexpensively produce calculations prior to prototyping and implementation of accurate measurements on the prototype. This is especially useful in early stages of development or at optimization of dimensional small parts of the object where the physical execution of measurements is impossible or very difficult. With advances of computational fluid dynamics, the studies on the nozzles and outlet channel injectors have been relieved. Recently, the observation and better understanding of the flow in nozzles at large pressure and high velocity is recently being possible. This is very important because the injection process, especially the dispersion of jet fuel, is crucial for the combustion process in the cylinder and consequently for the composition of exhaust gases. And finally, the chemical composition of the fuel has a strong impact on the formation of dangerous emissions, too. The research presents the influence of various volume mesh types on flow characteristics inside a fuel injector nozzle. Our work is based upon the creating of two meshes in the CFD software package. Each of them was used two times. First, a time-dependent mass flow rate was defined at the inlet region and pressure was defined at the outlet. The same mesh was later used to perform a simulation with a defined needle lift curve (and hereby the mesh movement) and inlet and outlet pressure. In next few steps we investigated which approach offered better results and would thus be most suitable for engineering usage.

16

Authors: Michał GERATOWSKI, Mateusz SOBALA

Flights conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules (IFR) allow to perform flights below the minimums for visual meteorological conditions. Nowadays, in Poland none of the uncontrolled aerodromes have implemented any IFR procedures. The paper presents an analysis of the international and national law in terms of establishing the appropriate IFR procedures at the uncontrolled aerodromes. The exemplary solutions, based on European uncontrolled aerodromes, are presented.

19

Authors: Piotr GOLDA, Robert KONIECZKA

In its preliminary part, the article characterises Boeings 737-400 as due to undergo further tests as well as the basic materials used in their construction. It also defines to what extend these materials are prone to damage in the course of their regular use over the planes’ working lives. The object of the analysis is the most prevalent structural damage to the fuselage of the planes discovered during overhaul type C and the definition of the best preventive service. Further on the article categorises the discovered problems and provides their genesis. The main part of the article is devoted to the definition of the sources and reasons for the damage. Consequently, the article forms guidelines how to prevent the occurrence of such and similar damage to the fuselage.

4

Authors: Peter KAŠŠAY, Matej URBANSKÝ

This article deals with the use of pneumatic flexible shaft couplings as device for tuning torsional natural frequencies of mechanical systems. These couplings are using air bellows as flexible elements. Their torsional stiffness can be changed by air pressure change, the natural frequencies of whole mechanical system may be adjusted on desired value.

7

Authors: Andrzej FELLNER, Adam MAŃKA

The article presents a summary of current methods used in aviation and rail transport. It also contains a proposal to adjust the method of the FMEA to the latest requirements of the airline industry. The authors suggested tables of indicators Zn, Pr and Dt necessary to implement FMEA method of risk analysis taking into account current achievements aerospace and rail safety. Also proposed acceptable limits of the RPN number which allows you to classify threats.

7

Authors: Wojciech STACHURSKI

In the paper evaluation of the influence of axial feed on the hob wear in hobbing with minimal quantity lubrication technique has been done. As a work material C45 carbon steel has been investigated. Wear resistance of the hob made from high speed steel HS6-5-2 without coating has been investigated. For comparison tests with conventional fluid supply method have been carried out. Gears have been generated with full depth of cut and with two axial feed with constant cutting speed value. During hobbing cutting forces have been measured by experimental stand. Tool wear has been measured directly as a width of flank wear land of the hob cutter teeth. During investigation any significant wear changes on the rake faces haven’t been detected, so those results haven’t been taken into consideration. A constant length of cut parameter has been established as a criteria value. Results of investigation have been presented in the form of graphs describing changes of wear land width parameter in comparison to the most loaded tooth wear land parameter. Also changes of cutting forces in time are presented too. On the base of obtained results conclusion has been formulated that MQL technique might be used as an alternative solution for supplying cutting fluid into the cutting zone during hobbing process.

8

Authors: Kamil KRASUSKI

The PPP method is applied in aeronautical navigation as a new technique for determination of aircraft’s position. In this paper preliminary results of recovery aircraft’s position were presented. The raw GPS observations from Topcon dual-frequency receiver were utilized to position obtained with temporal resolution 1 second. Service on-line CSRS-PPP was used for estimation vehicle coordinates and receiver clock, troposphere delay and ambiguity term also. Preliminary results of aircraft’s position show that accuracy of horizontal coordinates is about 3 cm and less than 7 cm for vertical coordinate, respectively. The high level accuracy of coordinates is assured by using precise products such as GPS ephemeris and clocks.

9

Authors: Tadeusz MARCINIAK, Dariusz OSTROWSKI

The main factor that characterize the durability of worm gears are the materials from which the elements are made. Distinct from toothed gear, in which, in most of cases collaborating elements are made from toughened steel, in worm gears the standard is collaborating of toughened worm and relatively soft worm wheel, made from bronze. Applications of different materials have not given good results. Due to this reason a worm gear operating barriers, which not similar to different types of gears, take place. The article presents the mechanism of worm gears utilization, which in most of cases decide about its durability. Theoretical basis of operating barriers have been given, with particular emphasis on fatigue and abrasive wear barriers, which are most common reason of durability limitation. Operating test results have been presented as well as trials, that were to determine the durability depending on operation conditions. Recommendations have been formulated for proper material selection, operating conditions as well as valuations of gear durability stage.

9

Authors: Stanisław NOGA, Tadeusz MARKOWSKI, Roman BOGACZ

This work deals with transversal vibrations of the toothed gear, which is discussed as an annular plate with a complex geometry. The procedure for determining the proper distorted normal modes of vibrations of the wheel with discontinuous geometry is discussed. The required models are created by means of the finite element method. The pre–stress effect is included by means of the ANSYS code. The problem of modelling utilizing cyclic symmetry of the system under study is discussed. It is important to note that the issues presented in this work have a practical value for design engineers dealing with the dynamics of rotating systems.

10

Authors: Jaroslav HOMIŠIN

In general terms the mechanical systems (MS) means the system of driving and driven machines arranged to perform the required work. We divide them into MS operating with constant speed and MS working with a range of speed. In terms of dynamics we understand MS as a system of masses connected with flexible links, it means systems that are able to oscillate. Especially piston machines bring heavy torsional excitation into the system, which causes oscillation, vibration, and hence their noise. Governing of the torsional vibration, as a source of MS excitation, on a basis of results of our research, can be achieved by applying a pneumatic coupling tuned by the proposed universal control system. On this basis, it can be concluded that with given connection a new continuous tuning method in steady state a connection of MS is created.

10

Authors: Wojciech MAJEWSKI

A paper presents the possibility of laser welding using micro-jet cooling. The effect of micro-jet cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal deposit was carried out. New welding process was analyzed for use in the automotive industry. Studies have confirmed the positive effect of cooling micro-jet cooling both for the MIG welding and laser welding.

11

Authors: Tadeusz MARKOWSKI, Michał BATSCH

Thesis presents the results of simulations, aiming at examining the influence of chosen Novikov gear parameters on its contact region. The parameters which influence have been established include the overlap ratio, ratio of radius of teeth profiles, ratio of convex tooth profile radius to pitch radius, normal pressure angle, translation of convex tooth profile along the contact line and axes distance error. Knowledge of the influence of gear parameters on its contact pattern enable to efficient establishing these parameters, which allows to compensate assembly errors or edge contact.

14

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

The article analyzes law enforcement legislation in force on the roads of Kingdom of Poland in the period between 1815 and 1830. The general description of these regulations was mostly concerning characterics, protection and control processes of Polish road system of that time. Aditionally the research was focusing on the outline of law in terms of general police of road regulations as well as a number of specific issues. Among the latter are: inspection staff clothing, rules related to animal and human traffic; liquor licenses for road entrepreneurs.

6

Authors: Radosław FELLNER

The article presents synthetic approach to the funding of GNSS research in the context of the implementation the last phase of the SESAR program. Author characterized the basic instruments and funds, which companies and research units may use. Their active participation in the EU program is necessary to internationalization the Polish science and technology.

7

Authors: Sebastian KAMIŃSKI, Tadeusz ŁAGODA

The theme of this work is to know about the current state of knowledge in the field of materials processing using a distributed circular pellet of shot peening steel surfaces. The paper presents an analysis of the issues and test their own dedicated fatigue life specimens made of steel S355 J2 + N subjected to shot peening, and to compare these results with the strength of the specimens not subjected to this treatment. The results will be presented in the fatigue characteristics S-N double logarithmic system.

8

Authors: Jacek SKORUPSKI, Piotr UCHROŃSKI

Checked baggage, placed in the hold of an aircraft, screening is one of the most important elements of the airport security system, affecting the safety of entire air transport. In various airports, technical equipment but also the organization of checked baggage screening process vary widely. The paper presents an analysis aimed at creating a model of the organization of the screening process. Using this model can help airport managers in selection of the variant of screening organization depending on the current situation in the terminal. The essence of the method is to determine the relationship between factors such as: technical equipment, staff training and the number of staff errors, and also a variant of the organization of screening process and the effectiveness of the screening. This relationship cannot be defined in a precise and accurate manner, so it is necessary to use methods appropriate for the case when we have the information imprecise, uncertain and subjective. The obtained results allow to assess how effective is the checked baggage screening process at each of the possible variants of the organization. This allows the selection of a variant according to the technical equipment we have and also what passengers stream must be serviced.

11

Authors: Przemysław CHRÓST, Jerzy MARGIELEWICZ

This paper presents the results obtained on the basis of the mechatronic model of a passenger car. In order to minimize the induced mechanical vibrations during drive event on a coarse road surface, a modification of the structure of the vehicle suspension has been applied. The proposed modification introduces additional active damping element, which task is to reduce the vertical displacement of the vehicle body. In the real world such a target can be achieved by use of appropriate control units, which drive the electronic and hydraulic components of the suspension. Additionally, the phenomenological models of the passengers have been included into the computer simulation model.

11

Authors: Katarzyna TUROŃ, Michał JUZEK, Piotr CZECH

The article was presented a practical approach to the non-profit national transport of domestic animals. Authors tried to create a kind of tutorial which would facilitate decisions associated with the animal transport. The article contains advices related to the safety of pets and their caregivers during the transport. Authors also discussed aspects of the dangers and penalties waiting drivers that transport their animals in incorrect way. In addition was presented range of security forms used in domestic transport (transporters, cages, transport bags etc.) and practical advices connected with parameters that need to be considered during buying appropriate security form.

12

Authors: Andrzej FELLNER, Henryk JAFERNIK

The purpose of this document is to develop a Business Case for implementing a new RNAV approach to LNAV and LPV minima for the Mielec aerodrome (EPML). This business case aims to assist the management of small airports such as MIELEC, in their decision to implement RNAV procedures, by providing as much as possible relevant information. The basic methodology can be therefore reused in similar airports as long as the assumptions made for each case are updated. The document is a deliverable of the TEN-T funded programme “Support to the EGNOS APV Operational Implementation – APV MIELEC.

13

Authors: Adam BAWORSKI, Krzysztof GARBALA, Piotr CZECH, Kazimierz WITASZEK

This work presents division and classification of wind turbines according to the location of the axis of rotation and generated power. The work introduces applications of the wind turbines in electric energy generation with their direct development. The paper discusses indicators and exploitation parameters that characterize particular types of wind rotators. Dimension and construction factors, as well as work parameters, have been analyzed in order to choose the optimal rotator in the road infrastructure application. The aim of the analysis was to conduct further investigation to restore a mass of air from passing vehicles.

6

Authors: Artur FLOROWSKI, Jacek SKORUPSKI

Traffic organization in the airport area is one of the most difficult tasks for air traffic management services. This is due to the large number of aircraft performing complicated maneuvers in limited airspace. One of the key processes occurring in this area is the scheduling of landing aircraft. The aim of this study is to present the concept of implementation of a system for the evaluation of this process. The assessment method is based on determining the number of viable landings per unit time at a given aircraft schedule. On the basis of real air traffic measurements real landing aircraft schedules were analyzed. This shows that algorithms used by air traffic controllers in practice allow for a much smaller number of landings per unit of time than would result from the regulations. This indicates the existence of a large capacity to implement controller support systems in the process of aircraft landing scheduling.

6

Authors: Karolina PROBIERZ

Disturbances that occur in the course of transportation and storage tasks has been identified and analyzed. Disturbances occurring the most frequently in the ongoing processes of transport and storage have been selected. The article also shows possible ways of improvements of occurring disturbances. The article is of a practical nature.

7

Authors: Grzegorz SZCZĘŚNIAK, Paulina NOGOWCZYK, Rafał BURDZIK, Łukasz KONIECZNY

The article presented part of the guidelines used for the modification of special purpose vehicle bodies. For example brand vehicles are details about the possibility of limiting the extension of the vehicle overhang, weight distribution, etc., and construction methods used in practice when extending the overhang of the vehicle. Describes the applicable rules for different technologies, ie. riveting, bolting, welding used in the modification of the frame.

8

Authors: Mirosław WITASZEK, Kazimierz WITASZEK

This article presents data that concerns emission of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particles by different transport means. The road, rail and air transport were taken into account. The data published in references were analysed. To compare freight and passenger road transport emission expressed in grams per kilometre was presented. The emission in mg per passenger-kilometre enabled comparison of cars trains and planes in terms of air pollutant discharge. The data comparison revealed significant differences between transport modes. For aviation significant influence of flight distance on emission was observed. For flights running evenly with a parallel of latitude also the direction – according or opposite to the Earth rotation is significant.

9

Authors: Joanna WALASEK

This article is an attempt to approach essential issues in designing modern information systems. The key to successful information system is good design. A modern design requires looking from a number of different perspectives. Different people use different information in different contexts. These problems should be analyzed and requirements should be documented before solutions are designed and implemented. Satisfying the business needs is a baseline standard for information system.

13

Authors: Adam Marek WITTEK, Bogusław ŁAZARZ

The article outlines the calculation and production methods for stabilizer bars. Modern technological and structural solutions in contemporary cars are reflected also in the construction and manufacturing of stabilizer bars. A proper construction and the selection of parameters influence the strength properties, the weight, durability and reliability as well as the selection of an appropriate production method. The selection of the manufacturing process has a fundamental impact on the quality and durability of the stabilizer bars.

15

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

The article analyzes functioning in Kingdom of Poland, both military and civilian, water transport services since 1831. Some important activities of Russian Guard Equipage (Gvardiejskij Ekipaz) during period of 1831/1832 year and in years 1863 to 1864 were deliberated, as well as so-called. ”Flotilla of Warsaw”, patrolling Vistula river during January Uprising. Another described aspect of the activities of Russian water services was the control and management of some strategic bridges leading to tsarist citadels located in Poland. Analysis of the civil aspect of water transport surveillance in the Kingdom focuses on Banks of Vistula Service / Service of the Vistula River Rafting (dated as of 1837) and the Guidelining Service, erected between 1858 and 1865.