Enfoque UTE

pp. 14 - 25

Authors: Rodolfo Najarro, Ringo López, Ruth Elizabeth Racines, Amilkar Puris

This paper aims to analyzing the effect of the inclusion of several constraints that have negative influence in the real manufacturing productions. For the solution of the scheduling problem treated in this paper, known as Flow Shop Scheduling, an efficient Genetic Algorithm is introduced combined with the Variable Neighborhood Search for problems of n tasks and m machines minimizing the total completion time or makespan. Release date, dependent setup-times and transport times are entered. These are common restrictions that can be found in multiple manufacturing environments where there are machines, tools, and a set of jobs must be processed in these, following the same flow pattern. The computational experiments carried out on a set of instances of problems of different sizes of complexity show that the proposed hybrid metaheuristic achieves high quality solutions comparable to the optimum ones reported.

pp. 37 - 45

Authors: Diego López, Iván Naranjo, Olga Pérez, Vinicio Uday

The quality of the algae Ascphyllum nodosum was assessed as a growth promoter in the breeding stage of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its immunostimulant effect with regard to fungal diseases as the Saprolegnia sp. 6000 fingerlings of 77 days of age were used, with an average weight of 0.15 g, distributed under a DCA. For the analysis of the results, it was applied the analysis of variance and separation of averages (Duncan to p<0.05), orthogonal comparisons and chi square. The seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum added as nutritional supplement in the growth stage with a level of 2% and 98% of concentrated food was the one that reached the best zoo technical and economic results: initial weight 0.84 g, daily weight gain 0.30 g, final weight 34.60 g., nutritive conversion 0.19, mortality 4.60%, and the cost of production per kilo of meat is $35.24. Regarding the mycotic challenge (fungus Saprolegnia sp.), the administration of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on the percentages of 2%, 2.5% and 3% as nutritional supplement, provided resistance to the fingerlings.

pp. 53 - 66

Authors: Gabriel Mariño, Manuel Coronel, Carlos González, Elena Beltrán

This research studied the influence of clarification techniques of Castilla's blackberry wine Rubus glaucus Benth on its chromaticity, turbidity and yields of the process. Initially, the tangential microfiltration (TMF) at three different working pressures (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 bar) and then the treatment of the feed with sodium bentonite prior the filtration. The TMF at 1.5 bar obtained the highest Volume Reduction Factor (VRF) and the best performance, standardizing the pressure conditions for the TMF with pretreatment. According the pH, the optimum quantity of flocculant added to each batch of wine was established at 9 grams, carried to rest at 6 ° C (6, 12 and 24 hours), obtaining 610 ± 38 g for the highest proportion of turbid in the batch of 6 hours of rest, product of a greater unstable catch by the clarifier. The TMF of the pretreated batches indicated representative improvements in the yield, up to 40%. All the analyzed microfiltered wine samples with and without pretreatment achieved a turbidity less than 2 NTU, accomplishing with the quality criterion of "bright red", concluding that the TMF separately and with pretreatment improve the quality of the product, but they can cause color deterioration.

pp. 76 - 88

Authors: Vinicio Reyes, Carlos Rosales, Alex Guzmán, Sebastián Reyes

An important participation in the urban public transport offer of Quito is in the hands of the private company. Given the high demand, it will show the safety indicators and the quality of the service. This fact is the fundamental motivation of this article, which verified the compliance with the INEN 2205 standard for passenger and driver seats in a specific urban transport company. A sample of the units is shown and each point shows a body model. In particular, measurements were made of seats using: flexometer, bubble level and inclinometer. In addition, visual inspections and simple experiments of mechanical friction were carried out to evaluate the qualitative characteristics. Finally, a simple verification count was performed on the sample and confidence intervals and hypothesis tests were constructed for the statistical ratio. Population inferences showed that 41% and 55% of seats for passengers and drivers, respectively, did comply with the regulations; while the multivariate analysis allowed to identify sample groups and correlations between them. It was concluded that it exists in the observation of the regulations regarding the state of the seats and angular parameters.

pp. 103 - 109

Authors: Jorge Caranqui Aldaz

Within the National Forest Restoration Plan of the Ministry of Environment of Ecuador, the ESPOCH herbarium identified the species used in the Autonomous Parochial Governments of the provinces of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi and Tungurahua. The different institutions sent samples to the Herbarium of the Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo. We checked that the mentioned species are native and that they correspond to the established zones, for this the catalog of vascular plants was used. We processed the information from which 17 lists of forest species belonging to 21 families, 26 Genres and 49 species were generated. The most frequent species is Alnus acuminata Kunth in all provinces. The species should be generated from the environmental conditions of each of the provinces, and the species to be used in the program should be exclusively native since it is about preserving what little we have, even using known species in the first stage. In addition, not all species can be found in native populations, but only cultivated; this is, therefore, necessary to take into account since the requirements of the species for its development are not the same.

pp. 16 - 26

Authors: Patricia Ludeña-González, Rommel Torres, Manuel Quiñónez, Samanta Cueva

Overhead quantifies how much routing and control information is necessary for the application data to reach the destination node. This is very important in Ad Hoc networks because the mobility of nodes makes routing paths change constantly, therefore, the exchange of control and routing information increases. In this work the overhead for AODV, BCHP and DSVD mobile routing protocols is analyzed. Protocol reliability is used like a metric based on overhead behavior. The results show that the overhead can be between 30% to 60% with respect to the total throughput. BCHP is the most effective protocol because with similar expected overhead it has a better level of application information delivered.

pp. 41 - 52

Authors: Gonzalo M. Cerón López

Is it easy to use geostatistics for reservoir characterization or not? Is SGEMS able to reproduce reservoir geological characteristics in a 3D high resolution model? After years, Geostatistics has been allowing high resolution models generation to increase reservoir lithological detail. This work presents a straightforward methodology to create a facies model conditioned with the porosity model. Therefore, Open source geostatistics software was used to interpolate data. Rock type and porosity data, obtained from 26 well-logs of the Oriente Basin, were loaded in SGEMS. A high vertical and areal resolution 3D grid was built. Finally, 20 facies and porosity equiprobable models were generated. The model that better represents the reservoir characteristics was selected. The result is a high-resolution grid that represents the porosity conditioned to a facies model.

pp. 68 - 85

Authors: Belén Carrillo, Mauricio Mosquera

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are bioactive compounds employed as nutritional supplements in the food and pharmaceutical industry, those are present in blue fish like sardine (Opisthonema libertate). The purpose of this investigation was the recovery of these acids from sardine heads. A basic hydrolysis was carried out in order to extract the oil. NaOH was the hydrolyzing agent, tested in four concentrations. As a result, 3.64 % was the highest percentage of saponified oil recovery, with a concentration of 1M NaOH. This base allowed simultaneously saponify the recovered oil in the extraction. The influence of temperature and the concentration of H2SO4 in the isolation of fatty acids by the acidulation process was analyzed. The best experimental condition of the process was given at 20 °C and 75 % of H2SO4 concentration in the extracted oil, it was determined 2233.70 μg/mL of fatty acids, where 82.55% corresponded to saturated fatty acids, 13.72% to monounsaturated acids and 3.73% to polyunsaturated acids. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids, was emphasized the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (omega-3) with a concentration of 73.12 μg/mL.

pp. 16 - 27

Authors: Tomás Darío Marín Velásquez

Viscosity is the property of fluids to oppose movement when a cutting effort is applied on them to convey them from one point to another. Heavy oil has a high viscosity greater than 1000 cP, which makes it difficult to transport. The present work shows a mathematical model for the prediction of the viscosity of dead heavy oils produced in the fields of Monagas State, Venezuela. For the development of the work, 25 samples of oil were collected and the viscosity was measured at 5 temperatures, in addition to the API gravity and the percentage of Asphaltenes. The data were introduced in the Statgraphics Centurion XVI statistical package and through multiple regression analysis two mathematical models were obtained, 1) linear multiple and 2) multiple nonlinear; The best model being divided according to its coefficient of determination R2 and the average relative error (ARE). The selected model was compared with the Glaso, Bennison and Naseri models. The nonlinear multiple model with R2 of 0.9792 and ARE of 5.05% was obtained as the best model, surpassing the models of Glaso (35.5% ARR, Bennison (107.5% ARE) and Naseri (61.7% ARE).

pp. 41 - 55

Authors: Alex De La Cruz, Juan Donoso, Oscar Gonzales, Ricardo Soto

The present article shows the design and construction of a classifier didactical machine through artificial vision. The implementation of the machine is to be used as a learning module of mechatronic processes. In the project, it is described the theoretical aspects that relate concepts of mechanical design, electronic design and software management which constitute popular field in science and technology, which is mechatronics. The design of the machine was developed based on the requirements of the user, through the concurrent design methodology to define and materialize the appropriate hardware and software solutions. LabVIEW 2015 was implemented for high-speed image acquisition and analysis, as well as for the establishment of data communication with a programmable logic controller (PLC) via Ethernet and an open communications platform known as Open Platform Communications - OPC. In addition, the Arduino MEGA 2560 platform was used to control the movement of the step motor and the servo motors of the module. Also, is used the Arduino MEGA 2560 to control the movement of the stepper motor and servo motors in the module. Finally, we assessed whether the equipment meets the technical specifications raised by running specific test protocols.

pp. 15 - 32

Authors: Nelson Ramiro Gutiérrez Suquillo, Irene Alexandra Saá Arévalo, Alexy Fabián Vinueza Lozada

This work presents the design of an oil extractor from the Sacha Inchi seed with an extruder screw mechanism allows a maximum yield of 34% through a continuous cold extraction process at working temperatures below 45 ° C. The temperature is a critical parameter because when it exceeds 50 ° C, the oil decreases its nutritional value by the loss of its most important properties such as: Omega 3 (48%), Omega 6 (36%), Omega 9 (8%), digestibility (96%), vitamin A and E. The methodology used for the development of the work was the concurrent and simultaneous design according to the recommendations of National Instruments. The prototype consists of the extruder screw, pressure chamber, feed chamber, sieve and filter. The advantage of modular design is the flexibility it offers, so that when changing certain components it is possible to use the prototype to extract oil of different types and sizes of seeds. The products obtained from this mechanism are: 33.34% of oil and the solid residue known as Cake in 66.66% which has many applications in the field of human food and pets. Due to the processing of a food product, the requirements of ISO 22005 were applied for the design and implementation of the prototype.

pp. 44 - 55

Authors: Diego Núñez, Byron Núñez, Henry Vaca, Maritza Ureña

Nowadays, high productivity of machining is an important issue to obtain economic benefits in the industry. This purpose could be reached with high cutting velocity and feed rate. However, the inherently behavior produce high temperatures in the interface of couple cutting tool/workpiece. Many cutting fluids have been developed to control temperature in process and increase tool life. The objective of this paper is to compare the carbide milling tool wear using different systems cutting fluids: flood and minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL). The values of carbide milling cutting tool wear was evaluate according with the standard ISO 8688-1 1989. The experimental results showed that using MQL reduces significantly (about 40%) tool wear in milling AISI 1018 steel at industrial cutting conditions.

pp. 66 - 77

Authors: Felipe Jadán Piedra

Enzymatic browning is one of the most relevant mechanisms of deterioration that take place in fresh-cut fruit and vegetables, as a consequence of the activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme on the phenolic compounds release after cellular lysis . This work is focused on the reduction of these enzymatic activity by an active packaging technology, which make use of a material that incorporates antioxidant active agents. Thus, films of ethylene-vynil alcohol copolymer (EVOH) containing a typical food antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid and a polyphenol oxidase-inhibiting agent, the 4-hexylresorcinol have been developed and used to wrap apple slices. The evolution of color, the enzymatic activity and the kinetic of agents release to food simulants were monitored. The results showed an improvement of apple slice color stability and a reduction of the enzymatic activity. The film with 10 % of agents in 3/1 ratio (4-hexylresorcinol/ascorbic acid) provided the best results.

pp. 94 - 106

Authors: Rosa Morales Carrera, Remigio Chalán Paladínez

The aim was to establish the risk determinants of the library workers in Quito city, due to fungi exposure. Data were collected on infrastructure conditions and work organization, measurements of temperature, relative humidity, lighting and ventilation. The microbial load of fungi in air, surfaces of documentary goods and gloves of manipulators was determined; In 5 libraries of the Equinoctial Technological University, Quito. The research showed the temperature and relative humidity of the library environments is suitable. The ventilation system is not appropriate, so it promotes dust accumulation on physical archives, It was also evidenced that workers do not know about any risk prevention procedures. The microbial contamination in the air is low and it is high in the handlers’ gloves; in the books surface microbial load has a direct relationship with the amount of accumulated dust. Some types of pathogenic opportunistic allergenic fungi, like: Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, among others were identified. In conclusion, the biological risk due to fungi exposure is moderate because the exposure mechanism is through contact with the physical archives and the fungi presence is determined by the lack of an adequate ventilation system, physical archives preventive conservation programs, facility maintenance plans and safety and work risk training.

pp. 121 - 130

Authors: Ana Mejía-López, Sonia Rodas, Darío Baño

To determine the denaturation of milk proteins by the effects of heat treatment on pasteurization and to establish their influence on the yield of the fresh cheese manufactured, 20 laboratory- scale controlled trials and 40 plant productions were made. Crude and treated milk was used at 65 ° C for 30 minutes, 72 ° C for 15 seconds and boiled for 2 seconds, and the protein was quantified in milk to calculate percent denaturation. In the cheese the moisture content was determined and the amount of cheese obtained was quantified. The data were processed by Tukey's mean analysis (p> 0.05). The results at the laboratory level showed that the increase in temperature caused higher denaturation of the proteins, a higher yield and an increase in moisture in the cheese compared to that obtained with raw milk. However, statistically the results showed that the heat treatment does influence the denaturation of the proteins but not the performance of the cheese. The results obtained in the factory investigation revealed that at 65 and 72 ° C the yield decreases relative to the production with raw milk, but statistically does not present significant differences in the yield, concluding that the pasteurization at different temperatures denature the protein But does not influence the performance of fresh processed cheese.

pp. 16 - 30

Authors: Edison Quisnancela, Nikolai Espinosa

This article describes the methodology to certify a FTTH GPON network, in order to minimize the errors that tend to show up during the execution of this process within an optical network. The work is based on national and international technical standards, ensuring optimal performance of the network. Empirical methods are used in the field through processes characterization, measurement and analysis of results, which will identify the factors allowing that measurements are within the range set with the use of tools and equipment properly configured and updated. The need for an effective regulation is established in the certification of a FTTH GPON network to bring maximum benefits for companies providing service in the country and meeting the demand for bandwidth of the end customer, ensuring the application of new technologies helping to optimize the use of convergence oriented service, the implementation of Next Generation Networks and towards infrastructure investment in strategic sectors.

pp. 43 - 54

Authors: Edwin Tamayo, Carlos Rosales, Alex Guzmán, Paúl Pazmiño

This study analyzed the real working parameters of an Otto cycle internal combustion engine, using as fuel hydrogen plus gasoline. Two stoichiometric equations were determined. In the first equation, the reagents are octane and air, in the second equation was added the quantity of 3.86 H2 moles obtained from a hydrogen cell. Two sets of equations, for consumption and power, were determined from the chemical equations, working at the conditions of Quito: altitude 2850 msnm, 72.794 kPa of atmospheric pressure and 300 K of temperature. A single cylinder engine powered with hydrogen plus gasoline was used for getting real data of engine power, using mixtures of air-gasoline and hydrogen; the theoretical power without H2 was 3.91 HP and with H2 5.41 HP, it increased 27.1%, the real power is 3.78 HP without H2 and 4.66 HP with H2, it increased 16.7%. Theoretical fuel consumption is 401.61 g/kWh and addition of H2 is less to 373.52 g/kWh, the actual consumption that indicates the manufacturer is 395 g/kWh.

pp. 71 - 85

Authors: Elena Beltrán, Dominique Pallet, Edwin Vera, Jenny Ruales

The polyphenols fractionation of mesocarp juices, placenta and purple tree tomato peel using the pore size of the membrane as a means of selection was performed using micro and ultrafiltration tangential; tests made with HPLC showed that fractionation of phenolic compounds was not performed. The processes of concentration of the clarified juices of placenta and tree tomato peel by reverse osmosis obtained a volumetric concentration factor of 2 and 2.2 respectively. The polyphenol concentration increased by 1.5 times for placenta and 2.4 times for peel and antioxidant capacity increased by 2.4 times for both juices. The anthocyanins of placenta increased by 2.6 times. The use of the resin XA 5071 FG concentrated phenolic compounds with an increase of antioxidant capacity in a range between 4 and 5.5, and anthocyanins concentration was increased 1.8 times in the placenta juice. In conclusion the process of polyphenols concentration of tree tomato was more efficient using the resin XA 5071 FG than the reverse osmosis applied in this research.

pp. 96 - 110

Authors: Andrea Gordón, Ricardo Llugsi

In this paper the design of a Yagi microstrip antenna will be done. Two well know design techniques will be analyzed: tables and mathematical equations. The design of microstrip antennas is compact, lightweight and relatively cheap. The material selection is overriding and the RO4003c substrate has been chosen due to its satisfactory operation at 5.8 GHz. Later tests are carried out in an anechoic chamber assembled to operate from DC to 10 GHz. Finally antenna parameters such as directivity, impedance, VSWR, return losses and radiation pattern are determined.

pp. 127 - 139

Authors: Vanessa Cuenca, Rubén Paredes, José Cóndor

This paper describes experimental formulations of polymeric solutions through lab evaluations with the objective of finding optimum solution concentration to fluid mobility in reservoirs as previous step before implementing a pilot project of enhanced oil recovery. The polymers, firstly, were selected based on the properties from fluids from reservoir. Two types of polymers were used TCC-330 and EOR909 and the experimental tests were: thermal stability, compatibility, adsorption, salinity, and displacement. The design with the best results was with polymer TCC-330 at 1,500 ppm concentration.