Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental

9-22

Authors: Jorge Armando Fonseca C., Nelson Armando Muñóz P. & José Alejandro Cleves L.

Under the conditions of the increasing globalization of markets, changing consumer habits, frequent outbreaks of foodborne illnesses (FBI), social organizations and governments seeking production and food supply include the assurance of safeness in all links in the chain. One way to achieve it, is to implement a Quality Management System (QMS) for certi#cation in agricultural production units, the process addresses the farm give the perspective of general systems theory, shaped by production subsystems and support them develop both technical and management activities that seek to streamline processes while maintaining standards of sustainability and social responsibility to achieve food production with previously established quality criteria.Thee process of developing and implementing the QMS requires the construction and operation of support documents and manuals on issues of organization, and organization of producers, which are structured to meet the requirements of a standard, protocol or code of conduct; their compliance is veri€ed through inspections that could lead to the granting of certification or seal of product quality or service, the process can be developed individually by a producer or a producer organization.

29-43

Authors: Diana Milena Soler F. & Jorge Armando Fonseca C.

The peasant production of broiler chicken and laying hens in the world is wide, being the developing countries which most productions of this type arise. 'ese backyard holdings play an important role as they ensure the consumption of protein products and a subsistence economy to poor families. Due to the low number of technical and scienti%c studies on these extensive systems in the department of Boyacá, this work aimed to establish by general literature review the world, national and regional state of the art in the production of broiler chicken and alternatively laying hen, and as speci%c objectives, to produce an analysis of the di(erent managements and plans and propose a production model that suits the needs of small producers. 'e results of the world’s state of the art showed that all countries have a variety of peasant farms, but there is a clear path to commercialization of these poultry farming products, renowned for their safety and quality of nutrients. In some municipalities in Boyacá, these farmers have favorable production systems and yields earnings due to the reduced production costs by the introduction of crop products and recyclable materials, and also have no signi%cant environmental impacts, however, health management is poor and animal feeding starts to rely on concentrated foods.

55-64

Authors: Luz Elena Santacoloma Varón

The population of ruminants in the world is increasing, since its products constitute a source of protein of high nutritional value for the human population; nevertheless, this increase, will contribute in great proportion to the global warming and to the deterioration of the ozone layer, since between the subproducts of the ruminal fermentation, carbonic gas and methane are found. &e last one is produced by the anaerobic bacteria present in the rumen that di'erent types of substrata use, principally H2 and CO2. &e action of the bacteria producers of methane depends to a great extent on the type of substrata presented in the diet, and of the chemical and physical characteristics of the same one. &erefore, it is possible to diminish the e'ects that the productive systems of ruminants have on the environment, o'ering the animals nutritional alternatives that besides reducing the emission of methane to the atmosphere, will also reduce the energetic losses that for this concept it presents in the ruminants. In the present review the idea of using forages of the tropic that contain secondary metabolics that could concern the population of protozoan’s combined with forages of high nutritional value is presented and the idea of obtaining very good proved productive results is possible to simultaneously diminishes the gas emission of methane to the atmosphere.

75-82

Authors: Jorge Anibal Maya Pantoja & Alvaro Bolaños Lopez

*is project was able to determine the need of strengthen the indigenous communities in Chiles, so they claim to nature, by prioritizing projects that can generate income to low income people which allow to decrease the negative impact on the moorland. *e Chiles moorland is inhabited by 3.637 people of which 100% belong to indigenous council with Sisben level one, sidewalks nearby that are part of it are Calera, Chiles, Cristo Rey, and Marpi Nazate, the moorland of Chile has 5.626 hectares, soils formed entirely of pyroclastic material from volcanoes: Chiles, Azufral, Cumbal, their use is destined in a 3.8% for agriculture,8.2% for pasture, devoted to dairy farming and a 78% is considered protected area without any use. Human activities that threaten the integrity of this ecosystem, are deforestation (8 ha/year) and burning (10 ha/year), 70% of the population of the indigenous reserve of Chiles perceives an average monthly income below $ 50,000 (USD$20) from activities such as farmers, laborers, masons, carpenters, among others. Every year,the agricultural frontier is expanding into 10 ha/year, 120 to 150 trees / ha per year of species such as yellow, oak, quasar, colla, capulicillo are cut and around 30 families residing in Marpi and Nazate are dedicated to charcoal production, using around 80 trees / year.

7-17

Authors: Reinaldo Giraldo Díaz & Francis Liliana Valencia T.

This study focuses on Assessment of Environmental Sustainability in Three systems of agricultural production: Conventional, Agroecological and Transition to Agroecological. The conventional system is a system that uses chemical supplies such as herbicides, insecticides and pesticides, heavy machinery such as tractors and irrigation, and emphasis on agriculture as a business. The Transition to Agroecology systems is in the process of conversion from conventional to agro-ecological technology. In the Agroecological farming systems there is a strong human-nature relationship. Studies of Sustainability of production systems are a valuable tool to determine the impact of agro-ecological technologies and identify weaknesses in systems that threaten their sustainability in the short, medium and long term. They allow fast and continuous monitoring within systems, which facilitates their assessment, monitoring and improvement. For the assessment of environmental sustainability the methodology known as Framework for Assessment of Natural Resources Systems was adopted, incorporating sustainability indicator(MESMIS). The attributes evaluated were productivity, adaptability, resilience, self-management, reliability and stability. The agro-ecological production system is environmentally more sustainable than conventional production and transition to agro-ecological systems, because this production system emphasizes the conservation of natural resources, preservation of biodiversity, the use of biological supplies for control of pests and diseases and there is an interaction between man and nature that is not mediated by agro-productivity but respect for the cycles, rhythms and rhythms of nature, forming a biologically diverse landscape and rich in singularities.

29-49

Authors: José A. Acevedo Suárez, Martha I. Gómez Acosta, Teresita López Joy, Ana Julia Acevedo Urquiaga & Yinef Pardillo Baez

Case studies and modeling of logistics systems are the basis for the formulation of the content and structure of a reference model for the organization and management of Value Networks as a higher stage of integrated development of supply chains. The definition of a mathematical model for the balance of the Value Network can reveal the characteristics and principles of organization and management of Value Networks. The instrument obtained enables supply chains to assess their level of development and identify the characteristics that should be developed to reach the concept of Value Network, which is based on knowledge development and environmental integration as supports of the same and its competitive position in the global market. Proper integration into the model of environmental factors ensures that Value Networks are inserted into the objectives of promoting sustainable development. The current concept of logistics flow is extended to incorporate within it the exchange of energy, resources and impacts to the environment. The research methods used were based on a combination of study and experimentation of cases and the conceptual and mathematical modeling of systems.

65-75

Authors: Luis Miguel Borrás S., Guillermo Alfredo Galindo S. & Wilson Triviño Gíl

The patterns of current land use in the Rabanal paramo suggest a slow and progressive deterioration of the vegetation of this ecosystem, probably due to the current practice of disturbances imposed apparently largely by human causes, mainly the expansion of the agricultural frontier (mechanized potato crops) and grazing. The typical situation of the pattern of occupation and land-holding in these places, as well as the established production system, is the starting point to determine its effect on this sector of the Rabanal paramo ecosystem and define whether or not this fact is crucial to its conservation and management. The study was conducted in three stages that included the characterization of the area done through surveys, a review of primary and secondary education, followed by field work, and final tabulation of information. The present study obtained results which were intended to contribute to the knowledge of current land use in a sector of the settlement of San Antonio - Township Guachetá, bordering the Rabanal Paramo and with this give the necessary foundation for understanding how anthropogenic intervention operates in the area and its implications for vegetation dynamics and knowledge of its production systems.

7-15

Authors: Carlos Patiño Torres

Allelic diversity is a fundamental requirement for successful plant breeding programs. When gene pool is limited, several mechanisms are available for variability enrichment, for example, obtaining somaclonal variants through in vitro techniques. Somaclonal variation is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the procedures of plant tissue culture, through is possible to recover mutants with or without adaptive advantages. When this phenomenon is used to generate mutants with specific traits, through the use of an agent of artificial selection, the process is called in vitro selection. When looking for generating plant material that is resistant/tolerant to diseases, the agent of choice may be the causative organism, its parts, or its metabolic products, including toxins. Considerations of cost, simplicity and efficiency, make this technique particularly suitable for developing countries. In this paper, we review the scientific basis underpinning this method.

25-29

Authors: Liliana Valencia-Trujillo, Jaime Restrepo-Paredes, Danny Enrique Cerón-Hernández & Wilmer Ferney Herrera-García

We compared digestibility by testing five different proportions of two low-nourishing species: King Grass (Pennisetum hybridum) and the shrub known as “Resuscitado” (Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.). We fed those to 15 African male sheep, of approximately 20 kg and one year old. We determined the digestibility of the forages in five treatments through Anova analysis and a comparison of the entire digestible nutrients (NDT) with Duncan’s multiple range test. P. hybridum was the forage with better digestibility and the treatments with diverse portions of two forages including this species. It has agreater bioavailability of the main nutrients and the highest percentage of total digestible nutrients present in this grass. Our results are usefulto make decisions about whether or not to cultivate these forage speices to use them as food for ruminants.

7-12

Authors: Emma Sofía Corredor Camargo & Edwin Manuel Páez Barón

Abstract.- This is a literature review in which we present, in a narrative form, the results and conclusions of original research on the pathophysiology and diagnostic methods for the identification of XX/XY chimerism or freemartin anomaly in cattle. Freemartinism affects up to 92% of the pregnancies involving different sex twins. Exchange and transfer of cells and hormones from the male to the female cause suppression of the female’s reproductive system development and lead to the development of a masculine reproductive system that produces infertile females. Since diagnosing this anomaly is important to stockbreeders, efficient detection techniques have been developed.

23-28

Authors: Heidy Rodríguez Barreto, Carlos Lozano Montoya, Carlos Bedoya Sánchez & Leonardo Grondona Paternina

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in humans in the urban area in Puerto Libertador, Cordoba, in the Caribean region of Colombia. In august 2007, we used a cross-sectional epidemiological study. We included serum samples from 78 individuals and general information (occupation, exposure to contaminated sources such as water or animals). We analyzed those samples through microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with six serovars of Leptospira. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were found in 67.9% of the sample, in patients older than 20 years, with no significant differences in the sex variable. Among six serovars tested, the antibody titers were high, especially L. icterohaemorragiae. The high prevalence of serovars in humans in the urban area in Puerto Libertador suggests frequent transmission of leptospires, whish is relatedto the presence of rats or mice in homes, outdoors and cisterns of slack water channels.

37-40

Authors: Luis Federico Molina-Vargas & José Ulloa Bentura-Castellanos

We tested the potential use of five isothiocyanates (ITC) to control Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG-3, the fungus that produces several plant diseases. This is a preliminary study in order to apply biofumigation technique in Colombia,. We used dilutions of five ITC with methanol as a solvent, which were applied in Petri dishes with PDA medium. We calculated mycelium growth areas, inhibition percentage, and 50 effective concentrations (EC50) through digital pictures we took 72 hours after treatments were applied. The answer of the pathogen depended on concentration and type of ITC. All ITC in 10% concentration presented total inhibitory effect. PEITC and BITC have a fungistatic effect until six and 27 days after treatments were applied, respectively. PITC, AITC, and MITC kept inhibitory effect more than one year after treatments were applied. PITC was more efficient in controlling R. solani Kühn AG-3 than the other ITC, with the lowest value of EC50 for inhibition of mycelial growth.