The International Journal of Indian Psychology

4

Authors: Ankit Patel

The name Freud is most often associated with Sigmund, the Austrian doctor who founded the school of thought known as psychoanalysis. But his youngest daughter, Anna, was also an influential psychologist who had a major impact on psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, and child psychology. Anna Freud did more than live in her father's rather long shadow. Instead, she becomes one of the world's foremost psychoanalysts. She is recognized as the founder of child psychoanalysis, despite the fact that her father often suggested that children could not be psychoanalyzed. Anna Freud was born December 3, 1895 in Vienna, Austria. As the daughter of Sigmund Freud, she was inescapably steeped in the psychoanalytic theories of her famous father; however, she did more than simply live in his shadow, pioneering the field of child psychoanalysis and extending the concept of defense mechanisms to develop ego psychology. After finishing her secondary education in 1912 at Cottage Lyceum in Vienna, she completed teachers' training and worked at her alma mater as a classroom teacher for five years. Of her school years she declared that she learned far more at home from her father and his guests. Indeed, she acquired knowledge of psychoanalysis from this group to which few others had access, and this grounded her life-long contributions to the field.

5

Authors: Binda Kumari

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, he described this high-level need in the following way:"What a man can be, he mustbe. This need we may call self-actualization...It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." In recent times, student aspiration for higher education has become the subject of Government policy and school / University partnerships. Gardner (1940) defined as, “level of aspiration is a truly quantitative concept, which has two requirements that the subjects make some public indication of his aims and that, he makes this in quantitative terms.” Hurlock (1967) defined it as “a longing for what is above one’s achieved level with advancement on it as it send. In other words, aspiration means the goal an individual sets for himself in a task, which has intense personal significance for him or in which he is ego-involved.” The research was undertaken in three stages: survey instrument development and refinement; implementation; and data analysis.

8

Authors: Dr. Tanu Tandon

Empowerment is a journey which goes through various phases and stages and leads to emancipation. Women empowerment is all about achieving and exercising one’s own rights and freedom to make choices and live life on one’s own term and its ultimate goal is to attain emancipation, to be able to empower others. Education is a medium which helps women rise above their situations and take control of their lives and it is also a channel through which empowerment can be spread and manifested among all. This paper will discuss the case studies of such women, who not only overcame their helplessness , fought their circumstances and used their aggression to empower themselves, carved their path, using the tool of education but also helped other women, by empowering them and helping them to make their own path . Methodology adopted here, to study lives of these women is Grounded Theory Methodology, qualitative approach to study the women and role education played to transform them from aggressive to empowered.

8

Authors: Jaya Bharti

This is a cross-sectional study with the aim to study the constellation of emotional maturity profile of adult family members that interacts with and around clinically diagnosed cases of OCD. It also aimed to ascertain the overriding contribution of age and gender of key informants of OCD. In this study, 50 people with OCD, along with their 50 respective adult family members were taken on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were assessed using Socio-demographic and clinical sheet & EMS. Appropriate statistics such as mean, standard deviation, t test were applied to analyse the data. The results of the study concluded that among the key informants of OCD, significance difference regarding emotional maturity and its various aspects were observed between male and female. Further, also noticed that mean scores of emotional instability, emotional regression, social maladjustment, personality disintegration, lack of independence and total emotional maturity were more in female key informants as compared to male key informants.

9

Authors: Mojtaba Habibi, Narges Zamani, Mani B. Monajemi, Zahra Fadaei

Background: Disruptive Behavior Disorders (Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) are one of the most common psychiatric disorders among children. Due to high prevalence of this disorder and its destructive effects on individual’s general functioning, the Prevalence Rate of Disruptive Behavior Disorder among the preschool children in Hamedan city was assessed throughout this study. Method: 602 preschool children were selected via random cluster sampling method. Data of this cross-sectional research has been collected through complied questionnaire based on the DSM-5 Disruptive Behavior Disorder symptoms and CSI-4 test. The data of this investigation has been analyzed and evaluated via SPSS software. Results: The results showed higher prevalence of Disruptive Behavior disorders (Hyperactivity and Impulsive Disorder (13.78), Attention Deficit disorder (11.79), both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (9.63), Oppositional Defiant Disorder(5.31) and Conduct Disorder (4.48)) in boys in comparing to girls. Conclusion: Among all sub-types of Disruptive Behavior Disorders, ADHD had the highest prevalence among the Children. Due to the high prevalence of ADHD among primary school students and its adverse outcomes, following proper therapeutic/Interventional procedures is advised.

10

Authors: Shadi Ahadifar, Mojtaba Habibi, Mani B. Monajemi

Objective: This survey was conducted regarding observe validity, reliability and standardization of Robert Hill’s perfectionism scale among the university students. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this survey included all bachelor students of Tehran Azad University (Central branch) in academic year of 2009-2010 with the age between20 to 35. Among this statistical population via random cluster sampling, 500 students (310women and 190men) were chosen. In this survey, regarding assessing perfectionism scale reliability, factor analysis method was used. Before performing factor analysis, sampling adequacy was proved by rejecting zero hypotheses based on correct matrix homology in society by Bartlett test. Hence, implementing factor analysis was justifiable. In order to check the validity of Hill perfectionism scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used and after deleting unsuitable questions (4-15-19), scale validity coefficient of 0/921 was gained which indicates that perfectionism scale is having high validity. In order to determine the construct reliability, factor analysis was used. Assessment of perfectionism scale was conducted through the principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation. According to results from factor analysis, among 56 perfectionism questions, 6 factors were extracted which justified 47/0 percent of all variables. Factor matrix showed: the first factor is having the highest factor power and share comparing to other factors. In current survey, questions (59,24,2,11,36,44,34,47,31,18,32,71) were complex questions, as they tended to have power in various factors. In order to determine perfectionism scale norm for the students, questionnaire scores was determined. Accordingly, perfectionism questionnaire contents were graded based on four scales’ items from agree to disagree with grades 1 to 4. Results: Hill perfectionism scale is having proper psychometric features to be used in Iran society.

11

Authors: Abhay Pratap Singh

In the present study, an effort has been made to investigate the level of organizational commitment in police personnel. A 3x2 factorial design with three levels of job hierarchy (i.e., officers, sub inspectors & constables) and two levels of job tenure (i.e., short job tenure & long job tenure) was used. A total of 240 police employees were randomly selected from various police stations of Eastern U.P. Organizational commitment scale (Allen & Meyer, 1990) was used to determine the level of organizational commitment in employees. Results revealed that the extent of organizational commitment varied significantly in various group of police employees. Affective commitment was found greater in officers than sub - inspectors and constables respectively .Whereas, normative commitment was found greater in officers and sub-inspectors as compared to constables. Long job tenure group reported high level of normative commitment as compared to short job tenure group .Overall organizational commitment was found maximum in officers as compared to sub-inspectors and constables. Long job tenure group reported high level of overall commitment as compared to short job tenure group. Interaction effects of job hierarchy and job tenure on normative and overall organizational commitment were also found. Results have been discussed in the light of individual and organizational factors.

12

Authors: Kalpana Raman

Body image is a growing concerns in the mass especially in the young adults females who are witnessing several secondary changes and are striving to establish and sustain their own identity. Dissatisfaction with physical body and striving for betterment has been found to be partly nurtured by our social, cultural norms and traditions as well as the publicization by media. There has been many researchers conducted in this realm. But, the cross cultural variations between India and the USA within the young adults females exploring the role of ethnicity, religion, media, society etc has been les explored. Hence, the aim of the present review was to investigate the effect of various sources in the nurturance of perceived and ideal body image in the young adults’ females of India and the USA. Overall, it has been found that there has been dearth of research findings especially in the population selected in this study and that interplay of factors accounting to the discrepancy between perceived and ideal self body image.

12

Authors: Dr. K. Lalitha, Dr. D. Jamuna

One of the common concerns of older people is the complaint that their memory was not as good as it was. Empirical studies on memory have highlighted that memory losses are not uncommon in any age. According to statistics, 70% of older adults report that they have memory problems, but objective tests are needed to determine if they have mild cognitive impairment, which is also known as benign senescent forgetfulness (AAMD) and early dementia. Mild cognitive impairment is basically a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Studies show that 17% to 34% of elderly people have mild cognitive impairment. One of the significant areas of contemporary gerontological researches is planning of systematic interventions in improving memory. This article focuses on the research carried out on memory and old age in India and discusses the need for further research.

14

Authors: Anurag Agrawal, Meha Jain, Shikha Agrawal, Shweta Singh, Mamta Yadav

HIV as a chronic illness is manageable but not curable. Psychiatric disorders not only act as risk factors for HIV infection but also result from the diagnosis of HIV infection. The psychiatric disorders range from anxiety, depression to neurocognitive disorders. The diagnosis also means psychological and emotional effects on the patients and the caregivers. This requires that biopsychosocial perspective be employed in managing such patients for better treatment adherence and increased quality of life. There are various psychological interventions available like cognitive behavior therapy, group therapy, mindfulness based therapy etc. Despite wide prevalence of such problems present in India, very few clinicians are aware of these psychological interventions and make them available to the patients.

6

Authors: Dr. Kamran Jabari, Tohid Moradi Sheykhjan

Present study examined the relationship between stress among academic staff and students’ satisfaction of their performances in Payame Noor University (PNU) of Miandoab City, Iran in 2014. The methodology of the research is descriptive and correlation that descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Statistical Society includes all staff of PNU of Miandoab and referrals were selected. Sample of the by Morgan’s table that includes 15 individuals academic staff of PNU of Miandoab and 150 individuals of their referrals were which have been randomly selected. The method of sample is random sampling. Data collected recent study via assessment Steinmetz occupational stress questionnaire and the questionnaire of measuring academic staff performance's that made by the researcher. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questioners. The results of this study indicate that between two variables of stress among academic staff and establish of their effective communication with students is equivalent figure to R= 0.937 and the validity of the result is equal to P= 0.000 and between two variables of stress among academic staff and establish of their appropriate behaviors with students is equivalent figure to R= -0.237 and the validity of the result is equal to P= 0.325 as well as between the two variables of stress among academic staff and their responsibilities is equivalent figure to R= 0.941 and the validity of the result is equal to P= 0.000 On the basis of this finding, it is recommended that workshops, seminars and conferences on techniques of stress management for all academic staff by unit management to promote mental health of academic staff.

6

Authors: Ruchi Dhyani

Distance education is a vehicle for the transmission of knowledge to all the sections of society without any discrimination. Teachers & learners are at a distant place, communicating with each other with the help of learning support system & technology. The first National Open University is the Indira Gandhi Open University (IGNOU) established in 1985, when the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985). IGNOU is run by the central government of India. It has 21 schools and a network of 67 regional centers, 2667 study centers, and 29 overseas centers (15 countries). IGNOU offers 226 academic programs comprising courses at certificate, diploma and degree levels. Distance education has given the new meaning to education & adapts learner centered approach which provides fruitful results too.

8

Authors: Mina Khatibi

Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology devoted to understanding mental health problems in individuals and developing effective treatments for the full spectrum of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders one may experience; depression, anxiety disorders, interpersonal difficulties, and psychotic disorders are but a few. Clinical psychologists are service providers, many of whom work in clinical settings while others choose academic careers or careers in consulting. As a group, clinical psychologists are skilled in clinical practice as well as research on clinical problems and clinical interventions (University of Glasgow, 2014). While they often work in medical settings, clinical psychologists are not medical doctors and do not prescribe medications in most states. Clinical psychology represents the largest subfield of psychologists. Specialty areas within clinical psychology include child mental health, adult mental health, learning disabilities, emotional disturbances, substance abuse, geriatrics, and health psychology (Cherry, 2015). Most clinical psychologists have a doctorate degree in clinical psychology, although opportunities also exist for those with a master’s degree (Cherry, 2014).Before committing yourself to pursuing a career in clinical psychology, it is essential to consider a number of important points which should help as you think about graduate training and help you to better plan for a career in clinical psychology (University of Glasgow, 2014).

9

Authors: Dr. Hemanta Dutta, Dr. Soumik Sengupta

Background: Somatoform disorder is characterized by repeated presentations of physical symptoms, together with persistent requests for medical investigations, in spite of repeated negative findings and reassurances by doctors that the symptoms have no physical basis. Concept of SILIK syndrome has been derived from various patients who presents with a specific set of unspecified somatic symptoms. Aims: To assess the prevalence and socio-demographic profiles of patients presenting with a set of unspecific somatic symptoms i.e SILIK sensation Settings and design: the study was conducted in LGB Regional Institute of Mental Health. Total number of files of patients was 9232, which were analyzed in the period of 1st April/2014 to 31st March/2015. Methods: Patients are generally diagnosed by using ICD 10 criteria. The medical records of total Out Patient Department (OPD) patients attending to our OPD from 1st April/2014 to 31st March/2015 were reviewed and the file records of the patients who were diagnosed to be a case of undifferentiated somatoform disorder are selected. From the selected file records of the patients, who complained of SILIK sensation are taken for the study. Socio demographic data are recorded from the files. Results: Among 9232 patients 21% (total number-1982) suffered from a specific set of unspecified somatic symptoms which was termed as SILIK syndrome. Conclusion: A significant fraction of the patients attend our OPD with SILIK syndrome, who were still placed in inappropriate category of diagnostic system due to lack of proper dignognostic labeling. This study throws its light on these sections of the patients so that this syndrome can make its own stand in our diagnostic system.

9

Authors: Meha Jain, Anurag Agrawal, Pallavi Bhatnagar, Mamta Yadav

It is clearly understood that people address, understand and cope with their health problems with reference to their perception about health and illness. It is in this light that the present study has been taken up to explore the health perception of patients with HIV. The sample consisted of 60 HIV patients- 30 males and 30 females. A major variable was gender. Self designed open-ended questionnaire consisting of 24 items was used. The responses obtained were content analyzed and percentage analysis was done. The results showed that both males and females had poor health awareness. The coping strategies employed by them showed that both males and females feel anxious when they are sick (55%). Sex stereotype seems to be all pervasive, having effect in the present results as well, with more males reporting rest when sick (26.67%) as compared to their female counterparts (6.67%). Poor base of health awareness serves as a stepping stone for creating a preventive intervention package for increasing their health awareness and more positive outlook towards health instead of disease.

11

Authors: Dr. Samita Samaiya

In today’s uncertain economy, the best performing employers know that taking their employees’ pulse and linking it in to their business goals will help organizations succeed and put them at a competitive advantage. On the other side, due to today’s competitive era, role of employees in any organization, are more complex and this complexity may increase their level of stress in their lives, in the organization. The present study was aimed to focus to measure level of occupational stress in employees of two different types of business communities called public and private sector organizations. For the present study, total sample was taken as 240 employees from public and private sector organizations. The age range of employees was 22 years to 41 years. Educational level of employees was minimum graduation. Middle managerial level employees were the sample of the study. Incidental sampling technique was used to collect data through standardized self report inventory, Occupational Stress Index (OSI). The results showed that employees of public and private sectors significantly not found differ in their occupational stress level. Impact of age and gender was also not found on occupational stress.

13

Authors: Sarvani

The present study is to find out the influence of organizational care and support on emotional and behavioral problems of sheltered street children. The sample consist 444 respondents. 176 are from government shelters, and 268 are from non¬ government shelters. For this purpose of investigation Revised Youth Self Report (RYSR), which is a revised form of Youth Self Report (YSR) is an English form of age 11-18 years, devised by Achenbach and Rescorla (2001) and Organizational care and support developed by researcher were used. The data obtained were analyzed through t- test to know the mean difference between the government and non government groups. The street children in government shelters have more behavioral problems such as anxiety, withdrawal, somatic problems, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule breaking behavior and aggression than non government sheltered street children. Government sheltered street children have more health problems, and less social support than non government sheltered street children.

14

Authors: Reza Mottaghi, Ali Kamkar, Alireza Mardpoor

Context and Objective: Due to the high prevalence of sleep disorder in seniors, this study focuses on the effect of objective music therapy or MAT and cognitive-behavioral therapy or CBT on overall sleep quality and subscale indexes of sleep quality in seniors. Methodology: The present study is an experimental one with random selection of the subjects. The sample study is taken from 5000 senior member’s if Shiraz’s Jahandedehgan day care center. This study holds 66 subjects containing the entry and exclusion criteria. Following 7.85 percent loss, 61 seniors suffering from primary insomnia disorder and mean age of 68.15 were placed into three groups, two experimental and one control group. The experimental group one takes part in musical and cognitive-behavioral group therapy and the experimental group two takes part in cognitive-behavioral group therapy while the last group received no intervention. All patients in this study were measured for the level of disorder and before and after the treatment using the PSQI scale of insomnia disorder. The collected data were measured by statistical software SPSS 21 and were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance or MANCOVA and ANCOVA. Findings: The mean of overall sleep quality before the intervention in experimental groups 1&2 and control were 13/31, 12/95, and 12/7 respectively and were changed into 13.31, 9.73, and 7.59 after the intervention in post-test and finally in the 3 months follow-ups the means become 7.22, 9.32, and 13.55. The mean difference in the overall sleep quality after the intervention and the subscale indexes were significant as The result showed musical therapy and cognitive behavioral caused a significant reduction on the patients with the symptoms of insomnia disorder (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study shows that music therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are more effective in developing overall sleep quality and decreasing the symptoms of insomnia disorder in seniors than the cognitive-behavioral therapy alone. Using this method by experts in the field of mental health and elderly care companions is strongly recommended. Trial registration: This study is registered in the IRCT Register, IRCT2015041521754N3. Ethical approval was gained in June 2015.

15

Authors: Kanwal Shahbaz, Dr. Kiran Shahbaz

The study was aimed to find the relationship between Spiritual Wellbeing and Quality of Life among chronically ill individuals. Likewise, relationship between demographic variables with Quality of Life and Spiritual Wellbeing were also reconnoitered. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used with chronically ill patients of 15yrs to 80yrs. For measuring spiritual wellbeing Urdu version of “Spiritual Wellness Inventory” (SWI-URDU) (Hanif, 2010) was used. Alternatively, for the measurement of Quality of life WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO-QOL-BREF) was used. A sample of 200 chronically ill patients were taken from four different hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Reliabilities of both the instruments were computed as 0.90 for SWI and 0.74 for WHO-QOL-BREF. Findings show that quality of life and Spiritual wellbeing is positively related among chronically ill individuals. Males found to score high on spiritual wellbeing than females. Individuals with less education are more spiritually inclined as compared to individuals with high education. Quality of life was scored high by individuals with higher education as compared to less education. Married individuals were having better quality of life than unmarried, separated widow and divorced. Patients with middle socio-economic status were having better quality of life than higher and lower. Quality of life was high among individuals with better monthly income than those who have low and middle monthly incomes. Spiritual well being is higher in middle adolescents (15-17) than in late (18-20) adolescents. The current research can be implemented in designing the intervention plans for the betterment of chronically ill patients. It may also help us to develop an insight that each patient with same disease but in different age group and socio-economic status has different needs and plans of treatment and care.

5

Authors: Kehksha1, Nancy Agrawal1

The present study is an effort to explore communal Prejudice as Related to Paranormal Beliefs among Adolescence boys. The sample of the study consists of 80 subjects and the tools used were: communal prejudice scale and paranormal belief. We applied Pearson Product Moment correlation for the analysis of data. The results expose the positive correlation between communal prejudice and paranormal beliefs. On the basis of result, we can state that communal prejudice and paranormal beliefs are interrelated. It means if paranormal beliefs increase the communal prejudice will also increase and vice versa. In this study we found positive but slight relationship between these two variables that is communal prejudice & paranormal beliefs.

6

Authors: Urvashi Singh1, Shalini Singh2, Rajnee Sharma3

Movement of energy is essential for a person’s functioning. Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles those results in energy expenditure. It is believed that regular moderate physical activity provides substantial health benefits. Physical exercise, a specific form of physical activity is associated with desired outcomes of fitness, adaptation, healthiness and balance in marital life etc. Taking this perspective in mind, the present study was an attempt to make a comparative analysis of marital adjustment and healthiness in working women and home makers. A total sample of 100 women (n=50 working women, n=50 homemakers), belonging to an age group of 30-35 years, working in private organizations were selected from Rohtak, Gurgaon and Sonipat districts of Haryana. All working women were gym goers while homemakers were performing only chores. Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (1985) and Leddy Healthiness Scale (1996) were used to measure the above variables. Results revealed very amazing findings that homemakers had better marital adjustment than working women who were actively engrossed in their work setups and going to gym as well. But the working women segment exhibited high healthiness than control group. The need of an hour suggests engaging in some moderate physical work out rather than excessive or zeroing level.

8

Authors: Rajeev Deswal1, Savita2

The burnout is seen in almost all the profession such as nursing, teaching etc. This paper focuses on the burnout of science teachers in Haryana. And determine the likely factors that are associated with this phenomenon. It explored the different causal factors for burnout to study the problems in Indian context. All the teachers mentioned apathy is the major cause of teacher burnout. The student apathy produces stress on the teacher and develops burnout symptoms. The other area involving teacher burnout was that of administration, lack of respect, changes in student behavior were also contributing teacher burnout. Other factors causing burnout are Nepotism/Politics, paper work, overcrowded classes, and workload, Athletics over Academics, Serious nature and lack of resources or infrastructure. Thus overload of stress directly leads to teacher burnout.

9

Authors: Dr. Arvind K Birdie

The present study aims to explore the relationship between Personality Type A/B, Locus of control and optimism among suicide attempters. For the purpose of study, a random sample of 35 suicide attempters was taken from Medicine Unit of Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur. Data were collected by using Gmelch’s “Can you type your behavior Scale” and Pareek’s Asufa inventory. Z test, Chi square, percentage and Mean Median and Standard deviation were employed. Results revealed that majority of the suicide attempter’s personalities were inclined toward Type A, and has internal locus of control and average optimism. Highly significant correlation was found between type A and locus of control but insignificant with optimism. Significant gender differences were found in males and females on personality type A.

10

Authors: Lalitha, K., Aswartha Reddy, A., Lakshmi Devi, M

Every individual now and then experience depression that one can hardly deny. Gender has been described as a critical determinant of mental health and mental illness. The condition of women in third-world countries continues to be dismal. The study was focused on female subjects to assess the depression level and coping among rural working women. Depression scale was used to assess the depression level of the subjects and coping inventory was used to assess the coping mechanisms used by the subjects. The sample of the present study consists of Teachers (n=40) and Nurses (n=40) working women in rural areas selected in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh by purposive sampling technique. The selected tools were administered to the teachers and nurses, the responses of the subjects were recorded. Results reveal that the subjects in the age group of 20-30, and those who are working as nurses, the private employees, and there who are poor and married reported high levels of stress than others. Results were discussed in the light of psychological interventions particularly for working women.

12

Authors: Haleema Khatoon1, Humaira Khalid1, Manal Fatima1, Fareed Aslam Minhas2

Objective: This study was aimed to calculate the prevalence rate of suicide among the patients who regularly visit medical outdoor with psychosomatic complaints. Method: We have selected 750 patients around the country and screened them for depression and suicide. Result: Data shows that the prevalence of suicide is 14.7% per 10,000 persons and rate of depression is 21.8% per 10,000 persons. Preliminary analysis shows the significant correlation between the variables (0.284**), descriptive statistical analysis yielded gender (0.00), age (0.02) and employment (0.05) as a significant contributing factors towards suicide behavior. Conclusion: It is verdict that the health professionals should have in-depth consideration to the symptoms and should investigate about the patients’ psychological well-being.

14

Authors: Vidyasagar, N1, Bhogle, S1

Cognitive functions are known to be the crucial foundation on which all learning as well as acquisition of many of our everyday activities and tasks, rest. Research in cognitive psychology has highlighted its importance for the mastery of academic subjects especially reading and arithmetic ability. Educational neuroscience is an evolving branch which explores the connection between the underlying neural and cognitive aspects of academic learning. Most of the exploratory work in this new area is being carried out among children who are ‘at risk’ of academic difficulties. Hence the aim of the present research work was to develop a screening measure for identification of children with reading and arithmetic difficulties. There is a dearth of a quick, yet comprehensive screening measure which tests cognitive functions apart from reading and arithmetic skills in children. It therefore becomes imperative that we identify, as early as possible, children ‘at risk’ for learning difficulties and attempt to assess the relevant cognitive skills and plan and execute intervention programs to improve the efficacy of these cognitive skills. A screening measure was thus developed which consisted of three domains: cognitive abilities, reading comprehension and arithmetic ability. This measure was administered on 1091, third, fourth and fifth grade children from English medium schools in South Bangalore, following the ICSE syllabus. The data obtained was subjected to item analyses and the final screening tool - Arithmetic and Reading Test (ART) - was developed, which comprised of tests for reading comprehension, arithmetic ability and cognitive functions, i.e., attention and concentration, visual perception, visuo-spatial ability, processing and working memory. Psychometric properties were established and the ART was found to be reliable and valid. Test-retest reliability of the ART was 0.76. The tests in the ART were found to be internally consistent. Concurrent validity of the reading and arithmetic measure of ART was found to be 0.43 and 0.36 with performance in school examinations, i.e., marks in English and Mathematics respectively. The cognitive skills assessed were found to be significantly correlated to English and Arithmetic performance in school examinations. These results indicate the importance of cognitive functions in Education. The findings of this research have important implications for cognitive remediation research where children identified using this screening measure can be provided cognitive training program aimed at improving specific cognitive skills which thereby would enhance their reading and arithmetic skills.

36

Authors: Yasir Saad Almukhaizeem1, Ahmed Mohammed Saleh Alduais2

Purpose: : The present paper explores whether a correlation exists between motivation and short-term memory recalling and examines motivation as a factor affecting memory recalling of Arabic concrete and abstract words through free, cued, and serial recall tasks. Method: Four groups of undergraduates at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia participated in this study. The first group consisted of 9 undergraduates who were trained to perform three types of recall for 20 Arabic abstract and concrete words. The second, third and fourth groups consisted of 27 undergraduates where each group member was trained only to perform one recall type: free recall, cued recall and serial recall respectively. Motivation was the independent variable and number of recalled abstract and concrete words was the dependent variable. The used materials in this study were: abstract and concrete words classification form based on four factors distributed to the participants (concreteness, image ability, meaningfulness, and age of acquisition), three oral recall forms, three written recall forms, and observation sheets for each type of recall. Three methods were used: auditory, visual, and written. Results: The statistical analysis indicated that the percentage of the retrieved words by the control group was slightly lower than that of the experimental group in the case of free and serial recall paradigms. In other words, the effect of motivation on short-term memory recall was found partial. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was also computed to assess the relationship between motivation (one recall trail, that is recalling only either freely, supportably (with cues), or serially [as compared to those who recalled the words freely, supportably, and serially) and short-term memory recall (recalled Arabic abstract and concrete words). The participants with a motivational stimulus tended to recall slightly more Arabic abstract and concrete words, whereas those participants with no motivational stimulus tended to recall slightly less Arabic abstract and concrete words, r = .713, p< 0.01. Conclusions: Motivation effect on short-term memory recall of Arabic abstract and concrete words was not significant especially in the case of free and serial recall paradigms. However, Pearson’s correlation supported the research hypothesis that there was a moderate positive correlation between the two variables, r = 0.713, n = 440, p = 0.000, with R2 = .508.

4

Authors: Shatrughan Singh1

The present retrospective analysis of review study focused on status of clinical psychology in India as compared to European countries. The roles of clinical psychology in present scenario in the field of teaching, training, research, administration and holistic approach of psychological interventions are challenging and very rewarding but the biggest problems facing this sector are its inability to attract the talented personnel. A number of studies show that about 25% of trained professionals are going abroad due to better remunerations, service condition and future prospect. This has to be stop by providing better services conditions, standard salary package and status at par with the medical counterpart. However without proper Government policy, regulating and framing the law, code of conduct and creating a national licensing board similar to the American Psychological Association and British Council for Psychologist status of clinical psychologist cannot be improved.

6

Authors: Dr. Shashi Kala Singh

The purpose of this study is to investigate not only the prevalence of internet addiction among the male and female students but, also the relationship between internet addiction and depression. The tools of measurement used are the Young Internet Addiction and Beck Depression Questionnaire. The data was analyzed by t-test and correlation. The results show that prevalence of internet was more in male students than female students. Correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relation between internet addiction and depression.

6

Authors: Dr. Umesh K1, Dr. Sangeeta1, Dr. Pranay Kumar2, Dr. Harini3, Dr. Pallavi.N4

Reverse smoking refers to a smoker putting a lit end of the cigarette into his mouth and inhaling the smoke from lit end. Reverse smoking is popular in some parts of India, Srilanka, Venezuela, Panama and Sardinia. Reverse smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the hard palate. Prevention is better than cure, thus its very crucial to identify the factors associated with initiating and abiding by this habit, so that we can try to prevent people from taking up this habit. The current study is conducted with an aim to assess the psychological and social factors associated with reverse smoking. Materials & methods: the current study is an qualitative research conducted to know the psychological and social factors related to reverse smoking. The information is collected by means of structured interview. The study includes reverse smokers form srikakulam district the sample size is determined by data saturation. Individuals who are psychologically disoriented and who do not give informed consent are excluded. Results: majority of individuals in the current study has started reverse smoking due to the influence of others and majority of them belong to lower SES and are illiterates which suggest that individuals behavior is largely determined by the condition in which they live. Nearly 55% of the reverse smokers were influenced by their family and friends. Conclusions: complex array of factors influence and determine human behavior major emphasis on health promotion is therefore to make the healthy choices, and highlight that an agenda to improve health outcomes among the poor in India must include effective interventions to control tobacco use.

8

Authors: Dr. Jayshree D. Gajjar1

The main purpose of the present research was to study and compare various areas of family adjustment with regards to working women of different occupation and area of residence. The sample consisted of 180 working women (30 urban women teachers, 30 urban women doctor, 30 urban women bank employee, 30 rural women teachers, 30 rural women doctor and 30 rural women bank employee). Family adjustment inventory of working women by Vishwa Vijay Singh was used for data collection. To analyzed the obtained data two way analysis of variance was used. The results indicate that significant difference was found between urban and rural working women with regards to self adjustment, family adjustment, adjustment with children, and adjustment with husband. Significant difference was also found among women teacher, women doctor and woman bank employees with regards to adjustment with self , adjustment with family and adjustment with relatives. Significant interaction effect was found between area of residence and type of occupation with regards to adjustment with family, adjustment with children, adjustment with husband and adjustment with relatives.

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Authors: Vishnu Prasad R , Kanimozhy K , Venkatachalam J , Madhanraj K , Zile Singh

The prevalence of obesity has doubled since 1980 worldwide. With the changing dietary and life style habits, overweight and obesity have become a threat globally. As on 2011, more than 40 million children worldwide are overweight and more than 30 million of them are living in developing countries. Body image perception of an individual plays a major role in determining the diet and lifestyle modification to alter their body shape. Materials and methods: The study was carried out among 1034 polytechnic college students in Puducherry aged 15-25 years as a cross sectional study. Stunkard’s visual figures scale was used to measure Body Shape Dissatisfaction. Statistical analysis: Chi-square test was used to test the statistical significance in difference between proportions, p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of Body Shape Dissatisfaction in our study subjects was found to be 62.2%. More female students wanted a thinner body shape while more male students wanted a bigger body shape than their current body shape. 45.3% of the students with normal BMI were satisfied with their current body shape, 26% of them wanted a bigger shape and 28.7% of the students wanted to have a thinner shape. Conclusions: The prevalence of BSD was considerably high in our study population. Body shape misconception might lead to unnecessary weight reduction measures and students tend to follow unhealthy methods for weight reduction. Proactive preventive measures could be initiated targeting towards weight management and dietary practices of college students.

9

Authors: Miss Asmita Karmakar1, Dr. Souvik Raychaudhuri2

Context: Depression and loneliness are distinct yet mutually reinforcing phenomena. Considering the current transitional state of society and growing urban city, the question of urban-rural differences in feelings of depression and loneliness appears to be a serious, but neglected one. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the variations (if any) in subjective feelings of loneliness and depression across habitat (urban versus rural). Settings and Design: The sample comprised of 320 adults (160 male and 160 female) aged 20 to 38 years, among which there were two groups : the clinical group, which comprised of 160 adults (80 males and 80 females) suffering from Major Depressive Disorder and the non-clinical group, which comprised of 160 adults ( 80 males and 80 females) not suffering from any psychiatric disorder. Each group had 80 urban residents and 80 rural residents. The clinical and non-clinical groups were matched on the basis of age, education and socio-economic status. Methods and Materials: Data was collected using Beck Depression Inventory, R-UCLA Loneliness Scale. GHQ-28 was used to screen out psychiatric morbidity and select participants for the non-clinical group. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of variance was conducted to see if the urban and the rural group differed significantly in their subjective feelings of depression and loneliness. Results and Conclusions: Results showed that urban participants had significantly higher subjective feelings of loneliness as well as depression than their rural counterparts, both in non-clinical and clinical groups.

11

Authors: Prof. Anu Singh Lather , Ms. Simran Kaur

This paper examined psychological capital in two types of organizations: public and private schools. This study explained how psychological capital effects organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in public and private schools. The sample includes 150 employees, 75 each from two types of schools. Various dimensions of Psychological Capital were measured by scale developed by Luthan, Youssef & Avolio. Organizational Commitment was measured by Allen & Meyer’s scale and Organizational Citizenship Behavior by a scale developed by Podsakoff. The result obtained from Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regressions and it showed that all the dimensions of psychological capital were significantly different in the both the kind of schools. Regression analyses showed that psychological capital as a whole can predict organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in both kinds of schools. The theoretical framework proposed in the paper on Psychological Capital would help the researchers and management people to understand the impact of Psychological Capital on organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. It also supports the view of previous researchers that Psychological Capital is a significant positive organizational behavior variable, as it is capable of performance improvement and is open to development.

13

Authors: Rini Kaushal , Aradhana Balodi Bharadwaj2

Music is the natural surge in the numinous ocean of the mind. It is the one of the most influential form of art in debt of its own qualities of eccentricity and dynamicity and functions as a medium of studying, pleasure, and entertainment. An effective contribution in listening to and performing music is valuable to everyone throughout the different societies around the globe. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of musical training in enhancing social attributes such as leadership, motivation and curiosity-exploration amongst instrumental musicians and non-musicians, where the hypotheses stated that instrumental musicians will show greater tendencies of leadership, motivation and curiosity-exploration. A sample comprising of 40 instrumental musicians (20 male and 20 female) and 40 non-musicians (20 male and 20 female) from the age group 17-35 years were studied using an online version of the questionnaires. The results revealed that musicians showed greater tendency of practicing democratic leadership than non-musicians who preferred authoritarian leadership slightly more, whereas no significant difference was found between the motivational levels and curiosity-exploratory skills of both the groups. Further analysis of the data links the role of environmental factors, socio-economic background and the constant transforming trends for the change in the approaches of both musicians and non-musicians, which in turn also influences their social preferences.

13

Authors: Srijan Sengupta , Sangeeta Banerjee , Prof. Anjali Ray

Background: Puberty is the time of stress and storms. shyness is one of the trait which determine their future interaction and interpretation of outer world. So this study tries to focus on this trait from the point of view of Indian culture where become shy is taken as a good trait of the students. Aims: The present study aimed at understanding the shyness of the adolescent student and how shyness makes an impact on their interaction with teachers and their locus of control. Sample: A sample of 150 students from Bengali and English medium school was selected from the 12 different schools. Methods: The data were collected by using 4 different tools (interview schedule, shyness scale, teacher student interaction scale and locus of control inventory) and processed by applying ANOVA and correlational analysis. Results: Results showed: 1. Level of shyness higher in case of females than males but the medium of instruction did not show any marked significance in case of shyness 2. Shyness had marked specificity in terms of both teacher student interaction and locus of control. 3. Shyness was positively correlated with other two factors. Conclusion: It might be concluded that shyness is an important trait which make a qualitative difference among the students and it affect shy student’s quality of life. It not only affect their academic life it also affect their interaction and relationship with others in all the domain of their life.

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Authors: Prerna Varma1

Newspaper to Blog, Broadcast television to Internet television, 35 mm film to digital image, telephone to instant message and tape player to iPod. Our world and our communications technologies continue to change as the traditional mass media of print, radio; television and films have morphed into Web-enabled cell phones, iPods, satellite radios and online news. A number of researches have been done to study the effect of media and its influences. But they fail to acknowledge what particular attitudes people from different age group have towards media. This project attempts to examine and compare the attitudes of parents and children towards mass media and general and traditional and digital media in particular. The findings presented in this report have been concluded from Questionnaire surveys and interviews of 120 subjects in the age group of 9-45 year old. It explores media consumption, knowledge and exposure towards various types of mass media, attitudes towards television and advertising, knowledge and attitude towards government’s intervention in mass media, attitudes towards the changing trends in media and advent of internet, newspaper readership and opinions towards various sources of information particularly newspapers and news channels.

5

Authors: Mina Khatibi1, Razieh Sheikholeslami2

This review describes the key ideas of the influential psychologist Eleanor J. Gibson, developed over 70 years of research with infants, children, adults, and a wide range of nonhuman species. Gibson’s ecological approach to perceptual learning and development describes how perception—extracting meaningful information from the environment to guide actions adaptively—improves with experience, the acquisition of new means of exploration, and the development of new perception-action systems (Adolph and Kretch).

7

Authors: Firdos Jehan1, Mustafa Nadeem Kirmani2

Thebehavioral and psychological differences between women and men have puzzled social scientists for many years. Differences between men and women are often overestimated and their behavioral, cognitive and emotional differences are often attributed to innate biological factors. Stereotyped beliefs about men and women often have serious social and clinical implications. Research in gender psychology has shown that men and women are more similar than different. Besides biological models, psychologists have given many models which helps describe and explain the various psychosocial theories of gender development. This paper will attempt to distinguish between two often confusing terms sex and gender and highlights various psychosocial models of gender development leading to possible gender differences in terms of cognitions, emotions and behaviors.

8

Authors: Mohammad Kianbakht1, Ghasem Ansarinia2, Shiva Nematpour kapourchal3

Object (s): the present research has considered the relationship between beliefs, perceptions of pain with intensity of chronic pain disorder. Methods: these fire fighters of the city of 4 research is known as sectional study. In such a study, Tehran was selected by cluster sampling. Data from the questionnaires, chronic pain, pain beliefs and formed perceptions, coping strategies and perfectionism were collected. Data is analyzed by the step by step method which is called regression analyses method. Results: there was positive significant relation between beliefs in continuous pain in the future, belief in self-blame, belief in pain stability at the present, belief in mysterious pain with the intensity of chronic pain disorder as well as, according to the multiple variable of regression analyses, the results has been showed that, the contribution of each pre-variable, self-blame  continuous pain separately is as follow; Mysterious pain; as well as the various intensity of pain disorder was , pain stability  explained too. Conclusion: Regard with result of this study, it is essential to create self-adaptive belief in the patients who suffer from chronic pain, so if we use the treatment of self-adaptive cognition along with other treatments to reduce pain, it can have more benefit to control and reduce the chronic pain among the firemen who suffer from it.

8

Authors: Dr. Shashi Kala Singh1

The present study aimed at examining the impact of mental health on academic achievement of college students. For this purpose 200 college students (100 males & 100 females) were selected from different colleges of Ranchi town. The marks obtained in class XIIth of Central Board of Secondary Education was used as the indicator of academic achievement. Students were classified into two groups namely high achiever (who obtained above 65% marks) and low achiever (who obtained below 50% marks).The data was collected by Mental Health Battery which was developed by Arun Kumar Singh and AlpnaSen Gupta.The result showed that male, group was mentally healthy than female group. High achiever group was mentally healthy than low achiever group. Mental health was positively related with academic achievement.

9

Authors: Susmita Halder1, Akash Kumar Mahato2

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness characterized by gross disturbances in thought, perception and speech. The illness is heterogenous in terms of its manifestation as well as etiological factors. Over last two decades, evidence of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and its impact on functioning and outcome in schizophrenia has been one of the predominant areas of research in schizophrenia. The present article gives an overview of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, its nature and course as well as remediation strategies.

9

Authors: Mina Khatibi1, Mahboobeh Fouladchang2

George Siemens and Stephen Downes developed a theory for the digital age, called connectivism, denouncing boundaries of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Their proposed learning theory has issued a debate over whether it is a learning theory or instructional theory or merely a pedagogical view ( Duke, Harper, and Johnston, 2013 ). Connectivism is the thesis that knowledge is distributed across a network of connections, and therefore that learning consists of the ability to construct and traverse those networks. An account of connectivism is therefore necessarily preceded by an account of networks ( Downes, 2012). Current developments with technology and social software are significantly altering: (a) how learners access information and knowledge, and (b) how learners dialogue with the instructor and each other. Both of these domains (access and interaction) have previously been largely under the control of the teacher or instructor ( Siemens, 2008). It is a clear fact that nowadays knowledge is growing faster and with the spreading of information and communication technology, the dream of network learning has become a reality, at least technically, and now a vast amount of spontaneous knowledge exchange is possible (Shahin, 2012). Google Scholar, Scopus, and open access journals offer increased access to academic resources; an extension to more informal approaches such as regular internet search and Wikipedia. Social software (blogs, wikis, social bookmarking, instant messaging, Skype, Ning) provide opportunities for learners to create, dialogue about, and disseminate information (Siemens, 2008). Three major domains are covered, knowledge, learning and community. Each of these represents an aspect of network theory: the first, examining the cognitive properties of networks, the second, looking at how networks learn, and the third, tracing the properties of effective networks. These also represent the processes of learning, inference and discovery in society writ large ( Downes, 2012). Since half of what is known today was not known 10 years ago, there should be more researches about the use, benefits and drawbacks of connectivism in the cotext of formal and informal lerning(Shahin, 2012). Although there is not a large amount of research currently available on the application of connectivism in education, explain some possible applications, such as: social networking, personal learning environments and open courseware are explained (Elliot and Martin, 2011). Since half of what is known today was not known 10 years ago, there should be more researches about the use, benefits and drawbacks of connectivism in the cotext of formal and informal lerning (Shahin, 2012). Although there is not a large amount of research currently available on the application of connectivism in education, some possible applications, such as: social networking, personal learning environments and open courseware are explained (Elliot and Martin, 2011).

11

Authors: Shafeeqa bano1

The present study aimed at investigating “Impulsiveness of different sociometric groups among secondary school students”. Initially the sample consisted of 2000 secondary school students (girls) of Aligarh district. After that through simple random sampling, four sociometric categories i.e., Populars(100), Neglectees(100), isolates(100) and rejectees(100) were drawn and taken as the final research subject. The test developed by Sharma (1970) was used for drawing sociometric categories. To study Impulsiveness among these sociometric categories, the scale developed by Rai & Sharma(1988) was used . The finding of the research indicated that no Significant difference was found among four Sociometric groups ( i.e., populars, neglectees, isolates, & rejectees)” and between the two sociometric groups i.e., populars & neglectees, populars & isolates, populars & rejectees, neglectees & isolates, neglectees & rejectees, isolates & rejectees on the variable of impulsiveness.

12

Authors: Dr. Meghamala. S. Tavaragi1, Mrs. Sushma.C2, Dr. Susheelkumar V. Ronad3

World Mental Health Day (10 October) is a day for global mental health education, awareness and advocacy. It was first celebrated in 1992 at the initiative of the World Federation for Mental Health, a global mental health organization with members and contacts in more than 150 countries. This day, each October thousands of supporters come to celebrate this annual awareness program to bring attention to Mental Illness and its major effects on peoples' life worldwide. In some countries this day is part of the larger Mental Illness Awareness Week. Mental health is a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder it is the "psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment". The definition of mental health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. A person struggling with his or her behavioral health may face stress, depression, anxiety, relationship problems, grief, addiction, ADHD or learning disabilities, mood disorders, or other psychological concerns. Counselors, therapists, life coaches, psychologists, nurse practitioners or physicians can help manage behavioral health concerns with treatments such as therapy, counseling, or medication. At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States of America. The mental hygiene movement, related to the social hygiene movement, had at times been associated with advocating eugenics and sterilization of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life. Global mental health is the international perspective on different aspects of mental health. The overall aim of the field of global mental health is to strengthen mental health all over the world by providing information about the mental health situation in all countries, and identifying mental health care needs in order to develop cost-effective interventions to meet those specific needs.

30

Authors: Kiran Sakkar Sudha1

In inter disciplinary researches of social sciences, resistance as phenomena has not been explored much and conformity was considered something very natural and normal while resistance could not come to the fore. The study is a modest attempt to explore resistance following Delhi gang rape protest which is still fresh in our collective memory following social identity approach as well as sociological perspective. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 10 subjects (5 males and 5 females). Interpretive phenomenological approach was used to draw meaning out of the interview transcripts. Social identity approach outlines the following themes in understanding resistance: formation of oppositional identity, illegitimacy of the out group, affective involvement, cognitive alternatives, the role of third party etc. However, the protestors could not identify single out group to rally against which is so important in social identity, for some patriarchy as a system was out group, for some it was state machinery, political class etc. The notion of leadership was not in sync with social identity approach as the leaders were ―faceless‖ and it was ―shifting.‖ However, it was not pure resistance (Hollander & Einwohner, 2004) as there were many references to those structures by protestors against which protest was initially meant for.