Radovi Zavoda za znanstvenoistraživački i umjetnički rad u Bjelovaru

7-8

Authors: Vladimir Strugar

U 2. broju časopisa Radovi Zavoda za znanstvenoistraživački i umjetnički rad (2008.) objavljeno je trinaest članaka sa znanstvenog skupa Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija: prošlost i sadašnjost koji je održan u Bjelovaru 18. listopada 2007. i važan su prinos upoznavanju i razumijevanju povijesnog razvoja Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije.

35-60

Authors: Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević

In 1922, when the Regulation defining the division of the land into districts was passed, the Bjelovar-Križevci County was the biggest and best-managed county in Croatia and Slavonia. Since 1886, it has grown around Bjelovar, which had, as soon as in 1776, been built by Empress Maria Theresa as the military centre of that part of Croatia. The division of the land into districts was not a simple process; it was only in 1927 that the district autonomy began its active operation following the formation of district councils and committees. The autonomy was supposed to help the state solve its difficulties in the field. The Belgrade authorities were not fond of the Bjelovar-Križevci County, since it was, in addition to being the most prosperous one, also the most rebellious; they therefore decided to divide this area between the Osijek and Zagreb districts. However, the Bjelovar tendencies did not disappear. On the contrary, this area became a strong link between Slavonia and Croatia in realising Radić’s idea of building a better life through autonomy in the districts where the majority of representatives had been members of the Peasant-Democratic Coalition, i.e. followers of Stjepan Radić’s and Svetozar Pribićević’s; in this regard, some of the councillors in both district councils had played rather important roles. The autonomies did, however, not last; a pity indeed, since Radić’s ideas regarding correlating in the economic, tourist, financial, educational and medical senses could have otherwise produced excellent results. Unfortunately, the end to it all had been put by the proclamation of dictatorship, so that never again could such favourable terms for the wishes of the people to be realised have been assured.

117-124

Authors: Jaroslav Vaculík

The author describes the history of the Czech immigration to Croatia, in particular to the area of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County. Their social and political positions, as well as cultural and education-related life are presented, the latter being particularly marked by the activities of Češka beseda, association formed in 1907 in Daruvar and Prekopakra. The emigration and remigration processes are studied especially from the angle of changes of the social and political regimes in the period between the foundation of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and today.

143-167

Authors: Marinko Prka

As early as at the beginning of the 18th century, the forestry service had – in various manners – been organised in the territory of the Croatian state; around the half of the same century, first forestry offices were formed as territorial organisations for forest management. After the abolition of the Varaždin Generalate in 1871, the Bjelovar County was formed; its existence – though having suffered several interruptions and changes – may be followed until the present day. The paper deals with the existence and development of organised forestry in that area in that period. In 1874, in the region encompassing Bilogora and Podravina, Đurđevac and Križevci property communes were formed, both seated in Bjelovar and carrying out forestry-related activities in an organised manner. From the angle of property relations and management-related obligations, during a century and a half almost, we may distinguish several organisational forms of competence over forests and forestland, i.e. organisational units of the forestry service, such as property communes, state-owned forests, private forests, private landed properties and land communities. During the said period, in the area of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County, there had been six various constitutional systems that introduced a great number of amendments to legal acts and changes regarding property relations. A further difficulty was the fact that during almost that entire period, the county borders (which had changed considerably throughout history) did not match the territorial organisation of the forest service. We may therefore speak of organised forestry in this region in the last 135 years, i.e. of the forestry of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County in its historical context. The operational forestry service developed in this area during a long period of time within and according to the boundaries of particular constitutional systems and the changes thereof. At the very beginning of organised forestry in the said region, the operational forestry service was organised depending upon the existence of Vojna krajina (the Croatian Military Border) in the area of that County. Thanks to the Croatian Forestry Society, formed more than 160 years ago, its journals (Trudovi, Šumarski list) and the College of Forestry in Križevci (founded in 1860), forestry in that County had managed to develop and preserve continuous scientific approach to forest management and the education and training of domestic foresters. The share of the forestry in the overall potentials of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County today is significant but still insufficiently exploited. The elements of continuity in the organisation of the forestry service in the said period are as follows: care for professional and permanent forest management, environmental consciousness and general usefulness, and involvement in the local social and economic development. Thanks to all the efforts made and field work done by generations of foresters from the whole of Croatia, i.e. from the said region as well, the forests have been preserved to a great extent, and are today considered being among the most natural and stable as well as best preserved ones in Europe.

187-198

Authors: Goran Jakovljević

The analysis of the occurrence of the name Bjelovar in the available mediaeval written or cartographic sources has essentially changed the so-far accepted contemporary historians’ theses and dismissed the conventional opinions, according to which, in the first half of the 15th century, Bjelovar was but a “small fair settlement in the Rovišće county”. The first mentions of Bjelovar are to be found in source materials as early as in 1320; however, until 1482, when confirmed by the topographic names of the surrounding mediaeval estates, documents had referred either to Bjelovar in the Zelina county or to “King Bela’s town”. This is moreover supported by the genealogic data of persons mentioned in the source materials, since they belonged to the local gentry, whose estates had been located to the west from Križevci and Mali Kalnik. In cartographic sources, Bjelovar was first mentioned in Johann Winkler’s map in 1639, when the Krajina border was defined; cartographic symbols further help us analyse its transformation from a mere estate through a fortification to a bigger countryside settlement. According to the available information, Bjelovar was not granted any status symbols (such as guild- and fair-related privileges) before the town had actually been founded, i.e. in 1770 (1772).

231-251

Authors: Mirjana Jakčin Ivančić

Thermal waters have had crucial influence upon the arrangement and development of gardens in Daruvar, since various types of green vegetation are always arranged around them as ornament. The first gardens in Daruvar had been arranged in the 3rd or 4th century A.D., during the Roman era. The Daruvar gardens have maintained continuity throughout that entire time period (Slavic shrines; cloister of mediaeval Benedictine abbey; the Turkish Ilidža; Baroque gardens in the 18th and 19th centuries; the gardens of today). In the 18th century, Count Antun Janković had two gardens arranged – health resort gardens in 1762, and 1771-1780, gardens around his Baroque castle. The health resort gardens in Daruvar are the oldest gardens of this type in the continental part of Croatia. Baroque-classicistic and landscape elements of garden architecture had been combined during several phases in order for the gardens to be arranged. On the turn between the 19th and 20th centuries, they were considered to be among the best known and the most beautiful health resort gardens in the state. The concept and the size of the gardens have been preserved until the present date. Court gardens are among the oldest gardens in Slavonia. They had been arranged by combining two styles of garden architecture – Baroque and landscape; the Baroque parterre in front of the castle is surrounded by landscape gardens. The gardens had been parcelled out on several occasions, so that today, they cover only one sixth of their original size. These are one of our rare historical gardens, in which elements of styles they had belonged to in the past are still present, as are several exempla of the types of herbs dating from the first years of the arrangement of those gardens. Among them is the male exemplum of Ginkgo biloba, which is protected as a monument of garden architecture. Other types of public greens accompany gardens as well. Among them, the most important are the Daruvar lines of trees.

265-285

Authors: Hrvoje Petrić

The author describes the contacts between Stjepan Radić and the northern part of the Bjelovar-Križevci County since 1886. He formed the organisational nucleus of the future party in mid May 1904 in Drnje; Novigrad, Molve and Virje followed. Taking into account the activities of Stjepan Radić and how well his ideas were accepted, it may be concluded that the Croatian Peasant Party was “born” in the Bjelovar-Križevci County. Furthermore, the following members of the first Temporary Committee of the Croatian Peasant Party (at the beginning of 1905) originated from this County: Tomo Jalžabetić (Đurđevac), Dr. Svetimir Korporić (Hlebine) and Peroslav Ljubić (Virje). In 1908, Stjepan Radić won the elections for the Croatian Parliament in the election district of Novigrad Podravski; thereby, he was nominated a Member of Parliament.

7-8

Authors: Vladimir Strugar

Prvi broj Radova Zavoda za znanstvenoistraživački i umjetnički rad u Bjelovaru (2007.) sadrži trinaest članaka s održanog znanstvenog skupa pod nazivom 250. obljetnica Bjelovara: izgradnja i razvoj 1756.-2006. Znanstveni je skup održan u Bjelovaru 7. prosinca 2006. pod pokroviteljstvom Grada Bjelovara i Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije. Bio je to prvi znanstveni skup u organizaciji novoutemeljenog Zavoda u Bjelovaru.

31-54

Authors: Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević

After demilitarization in 1871, Bjelovar was steadily developing until 1910, when it had characteristics of a modern, well-developed economy, trade, industrial and craft centre of the whole Bjelovar-Križevci County. It was important for Bjelovar to keep the characteristics of a military centre by building barracks as well, and it managed to draw in both the capital and the people who helped in its development.

71-98

Authors: Vladimir Strugar

The author is describing the historical way of education in Bjelovar within the last 245 years (1761.-2006). Results of the establishment and development study of preschool, primary, high school and private education point to their intensive development. However, one can notice continuity and discontinuity during this period. Public (state) institutes for preschool education appeared in the 1920s and 1950s of the 20th century. Primary school institutions appeared in the beginning of the second half of the 18th century, which were intensively developing in the middle of the 20th century, but with a recession in the 19th century. High school institutions were continuously developing from the middle of the 18th century until the end of the 20th century. Private education was developing in the beginning and in the end of the 19th century, in the first half and at the end of the 20th century, which means that private education does not have its historical continuity.

111-124

Authors: Željko Pleskalt

More than 170 years of war on European battlefields of the Križevci and Đurđevac regiment, and later the 16th Varaždin regiment as a part of the Austrian Army, left an inerasable mark in the Austrian military historiography, which produced a series of extensive scientific papers significant for Austrian as well as Croatian military history. In this scientific paper, archives of Austrian historiography in a long historical period of almost 100 years, and scientific papers of Croatian historiography, which were written in the second half of the 20th century, are used. Special emphasis has been put on observations about tactics and operational usage of our border-guards in big European wars, where they were usually acting as special, light units for special missions, and their way of conducting the war and their war experience gained from the Croatian-Turkey border were irreplaceable. By excepting the new organization of the Austrian Army in the middle of the 18th century they became an equal segment of regular Austrian formations, but they preserved their own way of conducting the war, when tactics, tricks, speed and bravery were needed and they affirmed such a way of conducting the war in European war history. They took part in all wars led by the Monarchy from the middle of the 18th century until the abolition of the Military Border Land in 1871. After that, the 16th Varaždin regiment was founded, with its headquarters in Bjelovar, which took part in the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 by the suppression of the Serb and Muslim uprising in 1882 in Eastern Herzegovina and on the battlefields of Serbia, Bukovina, Galicia and south Tyrol during The First World War.

147-160

Authors: Zorka Renić

Bjelovar’s libraries and reading rooms in the beginning of the 20th century were of particularly notable social and cultural significance. At that time there were large changes in librarianship that were connected with the so called Public Libraries Movement. The work of the libraries that functioned in the 19th century continued and their task was expanded. Apart from the promotion of national, patriotic ideas and Croatian literature, libraries are engaged in the education of the wider classes of society. This is manifested in the work of the oldest and the most significant reading room that developed from the officer’s casino. The Reading Room changed its name in 1906 to the Croatian Reading Room. In the same year due to social and political circumstances of that period, the Serbian Reading Room separated from the main reading room and began with its own work. There is also a Library of Jewish Civil Society. The foundation of public libraries in Bjelovar such as the Croatian Public Library and the Croatian Public Library “Preradović” was an enormous effort. It was backed by branches of the Croatian Society for Public Education, students and academically educated citizens associated in “The Croat”Academic Ferial Club. Public libraries interceded for the cultural transformation of people, and the forms of their activities were literacy courses, lectures, amusement evenings, and private and general problem discussions. In particular the function of public libraries was their cooperation with schools and similar institutions. They included the countryside population, and their members collected books by themselves (gifts, donations or other libraries stocks – duplicates). Bjelovar’s press was directly involved in the foundation of public libraries and the functioning of the other libraries and reading rooms. That is why in Bjelovar’s periodicals (Independence, Bjelovarsko-Križevački Weekly) of this time, there were regular noted openings of new libraries and articles of their importance were being published, and the editorship was involved in the activities of book collecting and admittance of new members. Bjelovar’s libraries created under the influence of the public library movement had been functioning for a short time but their influence is significant for the entire Bjelovar librarianship and for the functioning of the library of Croatian Educational Craftsmen and Workers’ Society Golub. In the future, this library will support the education of the worker, craftsmen and merchant classes in Bjelovar.

179-189

Authors: Silvija Sitta

Czechs are one of the ethnic groups that have been present in the life of the town since its foundation. Czech soldiers, officials, craftsmen, and musicians moved into Bjelovar. The strongest trace Czechs left was in the music sphere, starting from father Hubert Diviš, a creator and organizer of the musical life in Bjelovar, Josef Mazánek, a conductor of the oldest singing society Dvojnice to Josef Bis and Emil Černy, two musicians whose compositions weren’t explored so their entire work cannot be entirely valued. Dr. Josip Vrana, one of the distinguished Slavists, tried to maintain and to promote the Czech language. Today’s presence of Czechs in the cultural life of Bjelovar is being observed mostly through the Czech culturalartistic society Česká obec Bjelovar, established in the year 1920.

205-216

Authors: Snježana Paušek-Baždar

Gustav Fleischer (1856 - 1913) had an important role in the development of Croatian chemistry in the second half of the 19th and in the beginning of the 20th century. He was a chemistry teacher, and afterwards the Principal of Bjelovar’s Grammar School. He wrote many chemistry and pedagogical works, and he also translated two study books from German into Croatian. His most famous discussion, ‘About Teaching’ (1880) is a translation of Oswald’s Guidance to Chemistry (1912). In this work he introduced for the first time into the Croatian chemical literature, anion nomenclature of acids. Fleischer also wrote very importantdiscussions about the history of chemistry called, ‘Something about Alchemy’ (1888). It is the first text about the history of chemistry written in Croatian, so Fleischer could be called the first Croatian chemistry historian. In this discussion, apart from the views of the world famous chemistry historians of that time he showed his own views.