Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology

04-10

Authors: G. GnanaJobitha1, S. Rajeshkumar1, G. Annadurai1,*, C. Kannan2,*

Today the "Green" nanoparticle synthesis has been Achieved using environmentally acceptable solvent systems and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. The present study investigated the synthesis of silver nanoparticle using pomegranate fruit extract as reducing agent to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The formation of nanosized silver was confirmed by its characteristic surface plasmon absorption peak at around 460 nm in UV-vis spectra. The morphology and crystalline nature, were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) X-ray diffraction (XRD), and conform the active functional groups present in the synthesized silver molecule by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Moreover, their antibacterial activity has been tested against Bacillus subtilis, (Gram positive) and Klebsiella planticolae (Gram-negative). The approach of plant-mediated synthesis appears to be cost efficient, eco-friendly and easy alternative to conventional methods of silver nanoparticles synthesis. Keywords : Biosynthesis ; Bacillus subtilis ; Klebsiella Planticolae ; Pomegranate fruit and Silver nanoparticle

16-19

Authors: A. P. Sharavana Kumaar 1,*, J. Vanitha 2, K. Venkateshwaran 3, K. Srikanth Reddy 1, D. Karthikeyan 4

The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was evaluated with antibiotic susceptible and resistant micro organisms. Methanolic extract of Opuntia dillenii (OD) was tested for its antibacterial (plate hole method) activity against fourteen different bacterial strains. From the results, it is deduced 100 % of methanolic extract were active in concentration of 1000 μg/ml, 93 % active in concentration of 500 μg/ml, 87.5 % active in concentration of 250 μg/ml, 50 % active in concentration of 125 μg/ml and no activity in lowest test concentration of 62.5 μg/ml. Antifungal activity against six different fungal organisms were studied and the results were indicated that the 1000 μg/ml & 500 μg/ ml showed good activity in all fungus (100%). The methanolic extracts in concentration of 250 μg/ml (83%) and 125 μg/ ml (33 %) showed moderate activity in all tested microorganisms. Oxy tetracycline and Amphotericin B with concentration of 1000 μg/ml were used as a standard drug for antibacterial and antifungal studies respectively. Keywords : Antibacterial ; Antifungal ; Opuntia dillenii.

28-34

Authors: Mohan Lal 1,* , BharatBhushanSharma2, PoornenduChaturvedi1, PikaJha1, Jaswant Singh Rawat1, Partap Kumar Chaudhury1

Catalytic films of FeCl3 were coated on Si using simple and highly scalable technique of dip drying of silicon in aqueous FeCl3 solution. The catalyst coated samples were pretreated at 850oC to reduce the deposited FeCl3 into iron nanoparticles. The size distribution of nanoparticles was found to be strongly dependent on initial concentration of FeCl3 in aqueous solution. The catalytic activity of nanoparticles was ascertained by growthof carbon nanotubes using Chemical Vapour Deposition. The C2H2was used as the carbon precursed along with the carrier gas of H2 and NH3.Characterization of the grown CNT revealed the direct relationship between the catalytic concentration and the diameter of carbon nanotubes. Key words : Carbon nanotubes; Catalytic films; Chemical vapour deposition; Dip dry method.

42-46

Authors: P. Khalid1,3, M. A. Hussain2, P. D. Rekha3, V. B. Suman4, A. B. Arun3*

Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) were procured from Nanoshel, USA. Covalent functionalization was accomplished with three types of oxidants: (1) 70% Nitric acid under reflux (2) Sulfuric acid and Nitric acid (v/v = 3/1) under sonication (3) 20% Sulfuric acid and Nitric acid (v/v = 3/1) by heating. The non covalent functionalization was accomplished via di-imide activated amidation using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N2 -ethyl carbodiimides hydrochloride (EDAC) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA).The covalent functionlized carbon nanotubes in combination with Non Covalent functionalized Carbon Nanotubes were readily dispersed in water, DMF and cell culture media to investigate their toxicity. Characterization of functionalized and dispersed Nanotubes were carried out by using FTIR, FESEM,and UV-vis spectroscopy. Keywords : Multi-walled CNT; Covalent Funtionalization; Non-Covalent Functionalization; Nanotoxicology

52-62

Authors: Pankaj Kumar Singh,1,2* Subir Kundu2

Biosynthesis of gold nano particles (GNPs) is considered to be a novel, effective and eco-friendly method. Biosynthesis of GNPs from Benincasa hispida, Justicia gendarussa & Ocimum basilicum. Biosynthesis of stable and nearly spherical GNPs using the extract of Benincasa hispida seeds as reducing and capping agents. The particle size could be easily tuned by the reaction conditions including quantity of extract, temperature and pH. GNP shaving different sizes in the range from10-30nm could be obtained by controlling the synthesis parameters. Justicia gendarussa leaf extract mediated synthesis of GNPs by the reduction of gold ions. Three different phytochemical fractions were prepared from methanolic leaf extract by liquid-liquid extraction method using immiscible solvents. The size of the GNPs ranged from 20-42nm and 62-88nm with spherical, triangle, truncated triangle and hexagonal shapes. Ocimum basilicum (Thai Tulsi) leaf extract worked as a potential substrate for bioreduction of HAuCl4 into GNPs within 10 minutes of reaction time. It was also observed that GNPs synthesized were crystalline and uniformly spherical in shape with size range 5–40 nm which were stable even after 3 months of reaction. The gold nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Keywords : Benincasa hispida; Gold nano particles (GNPs); Justicia gendarussa; Ocimum basilicum; Transmission electron microscope (TEM).

71-80

Authors: N. Srinivasan

Bioactive imidazole derivative absorbs in the UV region at 305 nm. The interaction of imidazole derivative with nanoparticulate WO3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CuO, ZrO2 and Al2O3 has been studied by UV-visible absorption, FT-IR and fluorescence spectroscopies. The imidazole derivative adsorbs strongly on the surfaces of nanosemiconductor, the apparent binding constants for the association between nanomaterials and imidazole derivative have been determined from the fluorescence quenching. In the case of nanocrystalline insulator, fluorescence quenching through electron transfer from the excited state of the imidazole derivative to alumina is not possible. However, a possible mechanism for the quenching of fluorescence by the insulator is energy transfer, that is, energy transferred from the organic molecule to the alumina lattice. Based on Forster’s non-radiation energy transfer theory, the distance between the imidazole derivative and nanoparticles (r0 ~2.00 nm) as well as the critical energy transfer distance (R0 ~1.70 nm) has been calculated. The interaction between the imidazole derivative and nanosurfaces occurs through static quenching mechanism. The free energy change (—Get) for electron transfer process has been calculated by applying Rehm-Weller equation. Keywords : Association constant ; Electron transfer; Imidazole; Nanoparticles; Quenching

05-12

Authors: S. Karthikeyan 1*, P. Sivakumar 2

Activated carbon samples are characterized by their high adsorption capacities. Although the highly active surface properties of the activated carbon are after attributed to the chemical functional groups, surface morphology plays a significant role in determining the surface availability. Micropores, mesopores and macropores distribution in activated carbon samples are closing related to their preparation methods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of activation methods on the characterization of activated carbon produced from Feronia limonia shell. The resulting samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption measurements at 77 K to obtain surface area and pore size distributions. The morphology of the resulting sample was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the electronic structure was investigated by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy techniques. Results obtained indicate that the activated carbon prepared using Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle (wood apple) shell by ZnCl2 carbonization process followed by activation at 800° C under a nitrogen atmosphere yielded activated carbon with the highest surface area and more developed micro, meso and macroporosity. KEY WORDS: Feronia limonia shell; Activated carbon; Carbonization processes

20-27

Authors: B. Sivakumar1 , P. Shanthi2 , C. Kannan3*

Balsamodendron caudatum wood waste was employed for the removal of Reactive Blue 2 from aqueous solution under different experimental conditions was investigated. Characterization of activated carbon prepared using Balsamodendron caudatum wood waste by two different processes (BAC1 and BAC2) was employed. The influences of initial Reactive Blue 2 concentration (20, 40 and 60 mg/L), and temperatures (30°, 45° and 60°C) have been reported. A comparison of kinetic models applied to adsorption of Reactive Blue 2 (CI No 61211) on the each adsorbent was evaluated for pseudo first–order, pseudo second-order and Elovich models respectively. Results show that the pseudo first order kinetic model was found to correlate the experimental data well. Keywords: Adsorption Reactive Blue 2; Adsorption kinetics; low-cost adsorbents; Aqueous solution.

32-39

Authors: Lyubomir Vladimirov

The paper introduces system-oriented definitions of transboundary environmental dangers and threats of economic activities in border areas. The morphology of trans-border hazardous phenomena generated by economic activities in border areas are developed first, and the dangerous effects on objects in the environment of neighboring countries, then and possible harmful impacts on its territory. To illustrate the models lexicological-graphical models were applied. Each of the constituent components of dangers is decomposed in order to derive the basic elements. They are assessed quantitatively by descriptors such as the probabilities of their occurrence. A system structure, allowing understanding in details the content and the dangers and the threats they causes is introduced. Keywords: transboundary; lexicological-graphical models; harmful impacts.

44-52

Authors: S. N. Dhamangaonkar1, L. Shukla2*

Callus induction potential of nine economically important indica rice genotypes of Tamil Nadu and neighboring areas was examined on different callus induction medium. Nine genotypes include Improved White Ponni(I W Ponni), BPT-5204, TKM-9, CR1009, ADT-39, ADT-43, KKL(R) -1, CO(R)-48 and Savitri/Ponmani. These rice genotypes were having distinct useful agronomical trait like resistance to various pest, tolerance to salinity and drought conditions. Most of the indica rice genotypes having good grain quality and nutritional properties are susceptible to pest and diseases causing loss in annual yield. The yield could be enhanced by genetic improvement by rice transformation to enable them to withstand biotic and abiotic stress. First step towards this approach is to produce a pleuripotent cell mass, callus induced from scutellum of mature rice seeds. MS basal medium with various 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) concentrations (2mg/L, 2.5mg/L, 3mg/L, 4mg/L and 5 mg/L) was used for these studies. Four indica rice genotypes I. W. Ponni, ADT- 43, BPT-5204 and TKM-9 found to be potent for callus induction from scutellum of mature seed at the concentration of 2mg/l to 5 mg /l 2,4-D. The varieties ADT-39, KKL (1) R, CO(R) 48, CR1009 and Savitri/Ponmani were recalcitrant and no embryogenic calli was obtained on either of the 2, 4-D concentration. 34 % of healthy calli obtained from I W Ponni 20 % of healthy callus induction obtained from BPT-5204 and 10 % of healthy calli from each of the ADT-43 and TKM-9. These indica rice genotypes could be used for various plant science researches. Keywords - Callus Induction; scutellum; Indica rice genothype.

50-52

Authors: A.P. Sharavana Kumaar *1, J. Vanitha 2, K. Venkateshwaran 3, K. Srikanth Reddy 1, Jopsy T. Simon 1, D. Karthikeyan 4.

Preliminary phytochemical screening of Thespesia populnea demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids and triterpenes. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Thespesia populnea was Checked at a lowest concentration by cup and plate method. Zones of inhibition produced by methanolic extract in a dose of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml against some selected strains was measured and compared with those of standard antibiotic levofloxacin (10 μg/ml). Keywords: Thespesia populnea; antibacterial activity; cup and plate.