International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics

11-25

Authors: Mehmet Zeki İmamoğlu, Elif Sertel

In this research, we comparatively analyzed different interpolation methods to create soil moisture maps by using field measurements and remotely sensed data. Impacts of number and distribution of field measurements on interpolation procedure was also investigated. Soil moisture measurements of 36 different locations collected from Büyükçekmece water basin and RADARSAT-1 image of the same region obtained simultaneously on 2nd of September 2010 to create soil moisture maps of the study region. Locations of 36 field measurement points were selected considering land use/cover, soil type, elevation, spatial distribution and accessibility to transportation lines. 25 of sample points were used as Control Points (CPs) and used for soil moisture map creation and 11 of them were reserved and used as Independent Check Points (ICPs) to validate the accuracy of each approach applied. Two different experiments were conducted with 25 and 15 CPs to analyze the impact of number and spatial distribution on interpolation. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Global Polynominal Interpolation (GPI), Local Polynominal Interpolation (LPI), Radial Basis Functions (RBF), Kriging, Cokriging and regeression methods were applied to different combination of data sets to create soil moisture maps and obtained results were compared.

40-56

Authors: Alper Şen, Vedat Ekinci

The inadequate evaluation of geologic factors and unqualified and unplanned structuring play effective role in giant damage and loss of lives created by the earthquakes and faulty areas choice and structure construction cause building damages during the earthquake, thus it also causes giant loss of lives. Istanbul province and its immediate environment are located in north of North Anatolian Fault Zone having 1500 km length. Hence, it causes that the settlement’s Sea of Marmara coastal region is located in 1st seismic belt. The earthquake risk in Istanbul and related risk factors should be determined besides vulnerability and earthquake risk. A mathematical model has been created in geographic information systems for Kadıkoy, Maltepe and Prince Islands sub-provinces by using Fuzzy Logic method which is one of the artificial intelligence methods by considering 4 vulnerability parameters and earthquake vulnerability analysis have been made in this study. The used parameters are the location by fault line, geologic structure, building structure and the number of floors. The vulnerability grades emerged as a result of analysis have been studied and the distribution of buildings according to those levels have been presented via a thematic map. The pre-earthquake precautions should be determined for the study field by considering the vulnerability grades in case of any earthquake and the loss of life and property should be minimized.

76-91

Authors: Dursun Zafer Şeker, Ayşegül Tanık, Ercan Çitil, İzzet Öztürk, Süleyman Övez, Tüzin Baycan

Functional zoning of Akcakoca District located along the Western Black Sea Coast of Turkey is achieved by implementing the ‘Methodology for Spatial Planning for the Coastal Zone’ developed by European Union for coastal areas. The aim of applying the methodology was to realize functional zoning of the district that will eventually lead to spatial planning. In this technique, a typical base map at an appropriate scale and thematic layers are prepared for each of the environmental components for further analyses. The possibility to overlap different layers according to a specified procedure and to realize new theme mapping is a considerable factor while using GIS for the functional zoning. Identical grading system has been applied to each layer formed in order to achieve the overall importance and vulnerability maps of especially the natural components of the district. Functional zoning map is further developed through comparing different layers and current land-use information obtained from satellite imagery coupled with the findings of both the importance and vulnerability analyses. This attempt of applying such a methodology was a significant study as it addressed the decision makers on the multi criteria analyses through the visualized maps of different layers.

11-23

Authors: Manoranjan Mishra

The world coastal environment is made of diversified landforms and are also potentially vulnerable to climate variability, delta sinking, extreme events and anthropogenic interferences. Sustainable management of coastal resources and transforming quality ecosystem services to future generation are the goals of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Geographical homogenous unit are the basic implementation locus and back bone of these kinds of integrated management strategy and activities. However, coastal zone management projects in developing world using use arbitrary land-ward and sea-ward boundaries from physical reference as unit of management. The oversimplified fixed distance approaches are not able to map the spatial and temporal changes in coastal systems. The spatio-temporal variations of coastal systems are configured in geomorphic landforms and further that work on interaction between natural forces and anthropogenic inputs. The present research work is an attempt to present a simplified method of regionalization geomorphic landforms using geospatial platforms for delineating Orissa coast into smaller homogenous geographic unit as reference point for future management. Geomorphic landforms are reconstructed using Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery, Survey of India topomaps, field survey and Digital Elevation Model data at geographic information system (GIS) plat form. Seventy geomorphic features covering an area of 5033.64 km2 were identified and further, regionalized into five homogenous geographic units. The need of time is to recognize unsustainable coastal systems in these homogenous geographic units by fine tuning development parameters and also same time allowing coastal systems to adapt naturally to any kind of variability. Although, the methodology applied to Orissa for delineation homogenous geographic area but it can be replicated to any coast in world.

38-44

Authors: Engin Meriç, Niyazi Avşar, M. Baki Yokeş, Feyza Dinçer, S. Ünsal Karhan, Evrim Kalkan, Volkan Demir

Foraminiferal assemblages of the coasts of Samandağ and Yayladaği (Hatay, SE Turkey), were investigated. Species composition of the assemblage and abundance of some dominant species were determined. Indo-Pacific originated alien species were found to be dominant as it is the case on southwestern coast of Turkey. Amphistegina lobifera Larsen was the most abundant species and Pararotalia calcariformata McCulloch also showed extensive abundance in some sampling sites. Siphonina tubulosa Cushman is recorded first time in the Mediterranean.

56-65

Authors: İsmail Büyüksalih

This paper describes the methodology and results of classifications of Landsat TM data of the Istanbul for the years 1987 and 2007. Nine different land cover/use categories have been used, named built-up area, cropland, barren ground, grassland, scrub/brush, water, ever green, deciduous, cloud and others uses. When the obtained classification results are evaluated as a result of, the 1987 Landsat image overall accuracy of 79 % and a kappa value of 0.76, the 2007 Landsat image overall accuracy of 83.50% and kappa value of 0.81. Thus, Istanbul's change analysis was revealed that the 20-year period. The classifications have provided an economical and accurate way to quantify, map and analyze changes over time in land cover.

12-21

Authors: Enver Yetkili, Ertugrul Doğan, Sencer Baltaoğlu, Ilkay Salihoglu

With the increasing trade during the second half of the last century; container based transportation facilitated and enabled transhipment operations all over the world and as well as in the Mediterranean. In this context specifically, Suez Canal, which is located between the Eastern Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, offers significant opportunities in the container transpotation between Far East and European trade areas. And since the container ship sizes heading over the 20,000 TEU’s is underway, Mediterranean transhipment operations are heading into a new era; feeder service distances will be more important than the main route deviation distances. The average transhipment ratio is 80% in the Eastern Mediterranean while for the whole Mediterranean is 43% and various markets of the Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea and Balkan countries can easily access from Cyprus. A container terminal at the Port of Gemikonağı (Karavostasi), North-eastern side of Cyprus is offering ideal conditions for grabbing a share from these activities. As motherland for Northern Cyprus community Turkey’s hinterland, may count on behalf of the proposed Port of Gemikonağı which may become a container transhipment base for Turkey.

29-43

Authors: Betül Ergün Konukcu,Himmet Karaman,Muhammed Şahin

Istanbul has been affected by earthquakes throughout its history. The closest, most recent earthquake in Istanbul occurred in the Izmit province in 1999. This earthquake results have raised the earthquake awareness and lots of scientific studies have been made for Istanbul since then. According to these studies, Istanbul is going to face a major earthquake in near future. If the Istanbul earthquake happens, the damage estimation is very high because of the building stock in Istanbul. Damage buildings cause not only losing life but also debris around roads. Besides damaged buildings debris, damage on the transportation structure decrease road functionality. In order to increase the road functionality during the response and recovery period of disaster, it is very important to reveal the road functionality against to earthquake for such a big and important megacity. Because they have critical and strategic importance role during the post-earthquake response and long-term recovery. In this study, Küçükçekmece is chosen as a study area. Within the context of this study, Road functionality in Küçükçekmece is revealed by using debris spreading distance and post-earthquake functionality of transportation structure damage. These results can be used as a base data for decision makers to develop important strategies for risk reduction.

48-55

Authors: İsmail Büyüksalih

Airborne Laser scanning systems with light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology is one of the fast and accurate 3D point data acquisition techniques. Generating accurate digital terrain and/or surface models (DTM/DSM) is the main application of collecting LIDAR range data. The LIDAR technique facilitates the rapid production of models which contain ground and above surface objects in 3D (Jaafar et al., 1999). Today automatic / semi-automatic generation of 3D digital building models and other city furniture from LIDAR data is a very active area of scientific research (Elaksher and Bethel, 2002) indicates that manual surface reconstruction is very costly and time consuming, and the development of automated algorithms is of great importance. Currently with this LIDAR data in place, it is possible to derive models and information (e.g. the heights of the buildings).This paper focuses on and explains our efforts on automatically checking Buildings’ Zoning Regulation Compliance by integrating geometric information derived from 3D LIDAR data and semantic information acquired from 2D Implementation Development Maps.

07-14

Authors: Engin MERİÇ , M. Baki YOKEŞ , Niyazi AVŞAR , Feyza DİNÇER

Majority of the alien foraminifers recorded in the eastern Mediterranean are Indo-Pacific originated and entered the Mediterranean via Suez Canal. In this study, current literature on the alien benthic foraminiferal fauna of the eastern Mediterranean was reviewed and the main dispersal pathways are determined. Distribution patterns of the alien species suggests that most of the species are introduced via Suez Canal and expand their range of distributions in a counter-clockwise manner by the general surface currents of the eastern Mediterranean. However, not all, but some of the species have also been dispersed westwards along the North African coast and reached central Mediterranean. Locally abundant records of Euthymonacha polita (Chapman), Coscinospira acicularis (Batsch) and Amphistegina lobifera in the Aegean Sea indicates that Suez Canal may not be the only vector for the Indo-Pacific species to enter eastern Mediterranean and submarine springs help these thermophilic species to form establish populations in cool waters of the northern Aegean and the Sea of Marmara.

27-33

Authors: Karolina Trusz

Roman everyday objects were often decorated with motives of the aquatic environment. Very interesting group of such a artifacts are roman oil lamps found in the Roman provinces Germania Superior and Germania Inferior. They are characterized by repetition of iconographic themes connected to river or sea navigation. This paper deals with an attempt of interpretation connection between oil lamps and their decorations.

40-48

Authors: Oktay Dumankaya

The subject matter of this article is the ancient stone quarry dock located in Quarter of Koyunbaba, municipality of Gümüşlük, district of Bodrum and province of Muğla. Rocks in Koyunbaba Ancient Stone Quarry are formed as a product of active volcanism in Mid-Upper Miocene. These rocks are easily shaped and also have beautiful appearances due to its green color. Thanks to this characteristic, block stones taken from this quarry are encountered in almost all the ancient settlements located in the coastal line along Halikarnassos Mausolleion and Bodrum Peninsula, particularly in Myndos Ancient City its close surrounding. When considering the size of stone quarry, it is seen that stones have been extracted from this quarry for long years. In the research we have carried out on this dock, mooring holes, bollards and (2 pieces of) sarcophagus made of Koyunbaba rock in the depth of 4 meters on the southern end of the dock are determined.

57-60

Authors: Savaş Altun

The Euphrates and the Tigris, which were the natural sources for the communities living in Mesopotamia, influenced the culture and the art of this civilization. We see this situation on the reliefs, wall paintings, and especially the cylinder seals, a kind of symbol of Mesopotamia.

16-26

Authors: Cem Gazioğlu , A. Edip Müftüoğlu , Volkan Demir , Abdullah Aksu, Volkan Okutan

Ocean Ambient Noise (OAN) results from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Varied noise sources are dominant in low (LFB: 10 to 500 Hz), medium (MFB: 500 Hz to 25 kHz) and high (HFB:>25 kHz) frequency bands. Mostly, LFB is dominated by anthropogenic sources. MFB that cannot spread over long ranges of sound sources contribute to the OAN. Ocean is an exceptionally noisy place. Ocean acidification (OAc) from rising Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels will result in decreased sound absorption and therefore, amplified levels of OAN. Carbon dioxide spewed into the atmosphere by burned fossil-fuel which dissolves in the seawater causes more acidic condition in oceans which has strong connection between chemical oceanography and sound propagation. As the ocean becomes more acidic, sound absorption at LFB decreases and acidic oceans would result in significant decreases in ocean sound absorption. In the recent years, the acoustic environment of oceans has reacted to transformations in both natural and anthropogenic impacts. Greenhouse gases concentrations, especially CO2 , rises in atmosphere due to industrial revolution. CO2 dissolved in the seawaters deposited in two major forms (carbonate and bicarbonate), which both lead to decrease pH of surface waters. Over the last 400 million years, pH of oceans has been stable around 8.2 globally. Latest investigations suggest that global pH is around 8.1 globally and various general oceanic circulation models (GOCM) calculate that, emissions could reduce ocean pH by a degree between 0.4 units (according to moderate approach) and 0.7 units (according to an aggressive one) by the end of this century. This article discusses the CO2 considerations both in the atmosphere and hydrosphere which are directly related with seawater pH and oceans noise levels.

39-45

Authors: Murat Yakar , Ali Ulvi, Ahmet Suat Toprak

The aim of this research is, to find out the practicality of using terrestrial laser scanners in the area of 3D modeling of underground cities and underground shelters and to offer a suggestion for possible problems. Our research concluded that the terrestrial laser scanners are suitable for mapping and modeling the underground shelters and cities and terrestrial laser scanning is a useful technique to obtain sensitive and detailed results for hastily scanned objects. Generated maps and measurements can be used as a base for future restoration and recreation works of the scanned objects.

56-62

Authors: Taylan Bağcı, M. Sedat Kabdaşlı

A Leading Depression N-wave which consists of a negative and a positive amplitude solitary wave was generated with the help of a special designed wave pallet at Istanbul Technical University Hydraulic Laboratory. In addition, generated N-Wave was verified by using verification of related analytical equations. Furthermore, the wave flume was narrowed by narrowing angles of 5, 10 and 15 for analogy to morphology changes in coastal areas. It was determined that water level differences and phase shifts occurred to the narrowing effects.

77-87

Authors: Engin Meriç , M. Baki Yokeş , Niyazi Avşar , Feyza Dinçer

Invasion of the Mediterranean Sea by alien species is an ongoing process. Each year new alien species are being recorded in the Levantine basin. To date, 37 alien foraminifer species are known to inhabit Turkish coastline. Because of low water temperature it is hard ot survive for the thermophilic alien species in the Aegean Sea. Until 2008, only 12 alien foraminifers have been reported from the Aegean coasts, however the recent studies increasd this number to 31. The reports of İridia diaphana Heron-Allen and Earland, Quinqueloculina sp. C, Triloculina affinis d’Orbigny, Triloculina sp. A, Euthymonacha polita (Chapman), Coscinospira acicularis (Batsch), Polymorphina fistulosa Cushman and Brizalina simpsoni (Heron-Allen ve Earland) constitutes first records. Besides, Haddonia sp., Nodopthalmidium antillarum (Cushman), Spiroloculina antillarum d’Orbigny, Hauerina diversa Cushman, Triloculina fichteliana d’Orbigny, Peneroplis arietinus (Batsch), Sorites variabilis Lacroix, Cymbaloporetta plana (Cushman), C. squammosa (d’Orbigny), Amphistegina lessonii d’Orbigny are first records for the Turkish Aegean fauna.