Enfoque UTE

pp. 97 - 116

Authors: Jorge Hilario Guzmán, G C Chire Fajardo

The main objective of the research was to determine the deficiencies of the current situation of the Peruvian cocoa value chain and pose an integral improvement in its proposals through the competitive factors in question. In order to achieve it, these tools were used: the analysis of the value chain and the analysis of Porter's competitive diamond. The analysis of the value chain allowed a complete ‘photograph’ of those who have participated, how, with what interests and their interrelations, allowing to visualize the needs and potential of the different actors for individual and joint improvement. In the analysis of Porter's competitive diamond, the components of the cocoa sector were interrelated. The improvements in the value chain were: the result of the linkage of the strategy, the structure and the rivalry between the companies of the sector, the condition of the factors, the conditions of the demand, and the related and support sectors or cluster, which are activities linked between the companies involved in a cocoa sector; all of them fundamental to achieve competitive advantage; that will reduce the gap of the different links turned into competitive factors, to give rise to the development of capacities and to generate exportable supply of cocoa in different niche markets, which, to date, is around 100 000 tons. The operations of agricultural production, post-harvest and transformation requires substantial improvements to avoid non-quality costs and the low retribution of the value of cocoa to the farmer. From the problems encountered, a set of strategic guidelines is derived in the short, medium and long term, projecting a competitive chain for the future, such as positioning by ‘differentiation’, aimed at producing fine cocoa or aroma cocoa, organic cocoa and innovation in products with Peruvian cocoa.

pp. 26 - 40

Authors: Griselda Tamara Colmenares Lima; Miguel Asdrúbal Arcia Montezuma

The purpose of this work was the design of a management proposal for the production of biofungicides, based on international standards related to quality, environment and safety, and occupational health, aiming at strengthening the Venezuelan agricultural bio-inputs sector, in the production of excellent quality products obtained under sustainable production schemes. A diagnosis was made to establish the conformities of the current management of the laboratories dedicated to this activity with the provisions in the standards, besides of a situational diagnosis for the adoption of the proposal. It is an applied investigation, of field and level of descriptive study; the data were collected between April-September 2018 using the survey and structured observation as techniques, and the questionnaire and checklists as instruments. A sustainable management model was generated to promote the adequacy of the organization's task and being, with the duty to be, constituting an input to lay the foundations that propitiate the national and international recognition of the laboratories and platform, to ensure compliance with the requirements of the registration process, mainly in relation to quality assurance, safety conditions of the production process, required documentation and evaluation of the product.

pp. 197 - 204

Authors: Francisco Rodríguez, Andrea Castro, Freddy Marín, Gloria Roldán, Fausto Viteri Moya

The typical meteorological year (TMY) based on daily rainfall data was calculated in the parish of Nanegalito; 12 years were considered, from 2004 to 2015, including both years. For the establishment of the TMY, the Finkelstein-Schafer (FS) statistical equation was chosen, together with the calculation of the cumulative distribution function for each month of each year considered. The weighted sum, calculated from the FS values, was used to finally choose the months that best represent the climatic characteristics of the period analyzed by applying the root mean square deviation (RMSD). Once these values were obtained, the TMY of Nanegalito was estimated based on the precipitation. The determination of Nanegalito TMY may be useful for the management of several processes, in this and other surrounding parishes, as an example, Pacto, such as irrigation planning in crops, analysis in drought risk scenarios, and if other variables are analyzed in the future, they could serve as tools for the study of possible renewable energies.

pp. 13 - 25

Authors: Marco Antonio Herrera, Nelson Sotomayor, Oscar Camacho

Parallel cable robots are a special class of parallel robots which are formed by replacing rigid links with cables. Due to the characteristics provided by the cables, like low inertia and greater range of motion, this type of robots can perform a wide range of applications such as: moving cameras from one place to another in sporting events, motoring industry and mainly in rehabilitation of limbs. However, due to the unilateral property of cables, keeping them tensioned becomes a great challenge. This article describes the construction of a parallel robot driven by four cables with the aim to draw three figures through the study of the kinematic and dynamic model considering the redundancy, i.e., more cables than degrees of freedom, in order to avoid those cables that require more tension during the motion of the end-effector.

pp. 117 - 127

Authors: Marco Noroña, Manuel Gómez

This article presents a study of the technological advances in the electronic part of an automobile, based on an analysis of the technical, economic, productive and environmental specifications considered in the design, development and innovation of components of a vehicle that meet the requirements of the automotive companies. It systematically explains the idea and content of the innovation systems implemented in vehicles in recent years, in the electrical-electronic part, after several studies carried out by scientists, researchers and innovation analysts in the field of automotive electronics. The transformations occurred in the last years in the electrical-electronic part of a vehicle are discussed and a comparative analysis of the modifications and / or improvements in the characteristics of the automotive systems is elaborated, in order to comply with the existing regulations regarding energy consumption. , performance, waste treatment, comfort, safety, among others. The introduction of new sensors, control units and actuators, related to microelectronics, telematics and multimedia to vehicles, provides profound changes in the design, production, operation and diagnosis of a car, which have been gradually implemented in the systems of brakes , transmission, steering, safety, comfort and engine.

pp. 141 - 152

Authors: Milton Gonzalo Ruiz Maldonado, Esteban Inga

This article proposes the optimal resource allocation of radio channels available in cellular networks for the transmission of data from the smart meters to information management systems. The model designed identifies and counts the subscribers of the electricity sector in a geographical area; through the kmeans algorithm the cellular radio bases are located. The optimal location of radio bases provides communication to all devices within its coverage radius. The communication channels available for data transmission are optimized using the Greedy algorithm, which set the time when smart meters must send their data through the disused communication channels.

pp. 173 - 184

Authors: Jonnathan Chamba, Miguel Sánchez, Marcelo Javier Moya, Joaquín Noroña, Rafael Franco

The aim of this work is the development of an animation of a hexapod robot in virtual reality environments through the use of Unity software. The movement of the robot is 18 degrees of freedom, which are based on servo motors that are controlled by the use of a microcontroller; It also shows the processes necessary to transfer the 3D design of the hexapod robot made in the use of CAD (Computer Aided Design) software to a virtual reality environment without losing the physical characteristics of the original design. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation of movement and responses of the hexapod robot to disturbances such as roughness of the floor, uneven ground and gravity among others are presented; allowing a correct evaluation to possible designs of robots before being elaborated.

pp. 234 - 246

Authors: Luis Armando Hidalgo Aguilera, Santiago David Morejón Bravo

The work consists in the design and manufacture of an automatic device that allows to continuously elaborate paraffin rings used in the different processes of the Textile Industry. Paraffin is a byproduct of petroleum and is very useful in the Textile Industry, since it helps to reduce the friction between the threads and the different guides through which it passes, reducing the presence of exaggerated tensions that cause the breakage of the threads, defects in the tissues and the paralysis of machines and processes. The device, designed and validated in its mechanical structure by means of the use of a CAD program, consists of a rotating disc on which eight molds in the form of 54 cm3 capacity rings are located, automatically spaced and controlled to be filled with paraffin liquid continuously, guaranteeing the solidification and extraction of each ring in a synchronized manner as the disc rotates. The performance was validated observing that the results of the tests of dosage, time of filling, time of transfer, solidification time and extraction time of the solidified ring contributed to the productivity of this product.

pp. 65 - 76

Authors: Yaimara Granados Hondares, Gheisa Lucia Ferreira Lorenzo

The development of software products has significantly impacted the business world, which has left behind its functional approach and has pledged resources into the quality modeling of its business processes. Numerous studies dedicated to measure indicators, such as quality, complexity and ease of modification, taking into account the constant organizational changes, have resulted in the definition of different metrics, which have mostly been selected, by analogy, with software metrics. In this work, a statistical model that allows the prediction of the effort required in the automation of business processes is defined, taking as a starting point its graphic representation. Metrics related to business process models are proposed in order to study their behavior and influence on the estimation of effort. A base of cases of business process models with their respective effort values ​​was built. The processing of data was carried out from statistical techniques, obtaining a prediction model that is able to explain 99.5 % of the represented cases. A computer application was developed for the interpretation of the different output formats of tools that allow modeling business processes and the implementation of the obtained predictive model.

pp. 247 - 257

Authors: Oswaldo Moscoso-Zea, Joel Paredes-Gualtor, Sergio Luján-Mora

Organizations around the world require a sound process of change management to innovate and remain competitive over time. Change and knowledge management needs to be supported with the right tools to overcome the challenges of transformations and transitions in the business models and processes of diverse organizations. Steering boards can use enterprise architecture (EA) to implement new knowledge management initiatives in their strategic planning. EA allows companies to model the current situation (as-is models) of the organization and the desired future scenarios (to-be models) and to establish road maps to enable adequate transformations. Different frameworks exist in the market that support the management of organizations, for example: Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies (COBIT), Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), quality models such as the one proposed by the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) and systems such as the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) are widely used for the management of business and information technologies (IT). However, EA is not widely used with the other mentioned tools. This paper analyzes EA as a tool for change and knowledge management and compares its functionality with other frameworks in the market. The analysis performed in this paper checks if EA can be used and is compatible with other frameworks. To answer this question, an analysis of the most important processes, good practices, perspectives and tools provided by each framework was performed.

pp. 1 - 12

Authors: Jacinto Atanacio Andrade, J. Rivera-García, G. C. Chire-Fajardo, M. O. Ureña-Peralta

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the fine National flavor cocoa beans and CCN 51 from Ecuador, as well as, ICS 6 and CCN 51 from Peru for the production of quality chocolate. They were determined, cacao bean index (g), cacao bean testa percentage, cacao bean dimensions (mm), porosity (%), fermentation index (%), whiteness index, acidity (%), pH and proximate analysis (%), using AOAC methods and the usual ones for cacao quality. According to proximate analysis: the average crude protein content for Peruvian cacao bean was 78.8 % higher, the average crude fat content for Ecuador cacao bean was 10.1% higher, the crude fiber of ICS 6 cacao bean stands out among the other cocoa beans with 7.10 ± 0.28%, other components have a degree of similarity between the two countries, so both are suitable to be worked in the production of high quality chocolate, due to its chemical and sensory attributes, generating a quality and competitive product internationally, certifying interest from other latitudes drive the export process and economic benefit for each nation.

pp. 67 - 77

Authors: M. Racines-Oliva, Evelin Alexandra Tamayo-Gutiérrez, M. Jarrín, F. Báez, C. Tello

The following research evaluated, at laboratory level, the efficiency of fungicides of organic origin against chemical fungicides of conventional use in the control of the growth of Dactylonectria torresensis, considered a pathogen of economic importance that affects the blackberry (Rubus glaucus) in Ecuador. The objective of the study was to find natural, environmentally friendly alternatives that allow obtaining clean food for the population. For this purpose, the efficiency of conventional chemical synthesis fungicides was evaluated: Azoxystrobin, Benomil, Carbendazim, Difeconazole, Fosetyl Aluminum, Tachigaren, Propiconazole, Penconazole, Metalaxil and Thiabendazole each in doses of 100, 10 and 1 ppm, compared to the efficiency of organic synthesis fungicides: neem oil, mirtaceous extract, garlic extract, pentahydrate cupric sulfate, thyme extract, applied in doses of 100, 200, and 300 ppm. It was found that the mirtaceous extract controlled 100 % of the mycelial growth of Dactylonectria torresensis, with results similar to those obtained with Carbendazim and Azoxystrobin, it is concluded that if there is an alternative for the control of the fungus, which could be used commercially by decreasing in this way the use and harmful effects of conventional agrochemicals.

pp. 28 - 44

Authors: Luis Alberto Núñez-Lira, Marco Aurelio Rosario Villarreal, Javier Francisco Javier Márquez Camarena, Janeth Bertha Mariño Arroyo

It consists of designing and evaluating the performance of a wireless broadband network in the province of Huaytará, for internet connectivity. It is an applied and experimental investigation where the performance parameters of the network were evaluated. The dependent variable is the capacity of the Wlan cell and the QoS parameters; and as independent variables the coverage and density of the Wlan network. It can be said that for radios up to 8 meters, the experimental client's data rate is higher than the control client's data rate, and for radios greater than 15 meters, the experimental and control client's data rates are no different. As for the QoS parameters, they are favorable for multimedia applications. The network implemented with TDM-E1 / Ethernet and IEEE 802.11n technology, has a maximum capacity per cell of 32.5 Mbps in the 2.4G band and 65 Mbps in the 5.8G band, considering minimum operating parameters of the wireless devices. Users have a 15.2 Mbps field data rate for a maximum radius of 8 meters with up to 7 wireless users connected in the cell, at 2.4 Ghz.

pp. 145 - 153

Authors: William Viera, Michelle Noboa, Johana Bermeo, Francisco Báez, Trevor Jackson

The genus Trichoderma and to a lesser extent Purpureocillium, have been studied extensively for their properties as beneficial microorganisms and their effectiveness in disease control. However, biological efficacy is not the only parameter considered when formulating a microorganism; viability, purity and concentration in the formulation are important characteristics to ensure success in the field. The aim of this study was to access different types of formulations (granules, powders, liquids) to record their behavior over time, using the variables viability, concentration and purity to select best formulations based on these parameters. As a result, it was obtained that the bioformulates based on T. asperellum showed greater stability during storage, with dry solid formulations being more stable in comparison with liquid products. In terms of the P. lilacinum formulations, it was observed that the presentation of wettable powders showed the highest concentration and stability over the time.

pp. 180 - 193

Authors: Tomás Darío Marín Velásquez, Creisvy Nazaret Gota Díaz, Thania Carolina Ortiz Pinto

The use of the extract obtained as a leaching of the coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera) as a biostimulant for the remediation of a savanna soil contaminated with heavy oil was evaluated. Through standardized procedures, the main characteristics of the extract, oil and soil were obtained. The soil was contaminated with 100 mL of heavy oil per kilogram. Four experimental units of 1 kg each were established, leaving the first as a pattern without treatment and 3 treated with extract in proportions of 50, 100 and 150 mL, each with 3 replicates distributed at random. The units were left under controlled laboratory conditions and the percentage of oils and fats and the pH were determined every 7 days by means of the EPA 9071b and ASTM D4972 standards, until complying with the Venezuelan standard Decree 2635. It was concluded by means of a Factorial ANOVA analysis, that both the volume of extract applied and the exposure time exert a statistically significant influence on the percentage of oils and fats and the pH with 95% confidence level. All soil units treated with extract reached the limit value established in Decree 2635 at 28 days.

pp. 120 - 130

Authors: Holger Ignacio Cevallos Ulloa, Gabriel Intriago, Douglas Plaza, Roger Idrovo

The state estimation and the analysis of load flow are very important subjects in the analysis and management of Electrical Power Systems (EPS). This article describes the state estimation in EPS using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the method of Holt to linearize the process model and then calculates a performance error index as indicators of its accuracy. Besides, this error index can be used as a reference for further comparison between methodologies for state estimation in EPS such as the Unscented Kalman Filter, the Ensemble Kalman Filter, Monte Carlo methods, and others. Results of error indices obtained in the simulation process agree with the order of magnitude expected and the behavior of the filter is appropriate due to follows adequately the true value of the state variables. The simulation was done using Matlab and the electrical system used corresponds to the IEEE 14 and 30 bus test case systems. State Variables to consider in this study are the voltage and angle magnitudes.

pp. 99 - 109

Authors: Xavier Iván Aguas, Andrés Cuaycal, Israel Paredes, Marco Herrera, MSc

Cable Direct Driven Robots (CDDRs) are a special class of parallel robots but they are formed by replacing all the supporting rigid links with cables. Compare with traditional robots, these robots are good candidates for performing a wide range of potential applications. A Planar CDDR model is considered in this paper since no rotational move and no moment resistance are required on the end-effector, all 4 cables convene in a single point and the end-effector is modeled as a point mass. The main goal of this paper is to present a new approach in control by developing a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) with a Fuzzy-PI as sliding surface using Fuzzy logic toolbox in Matlab/Simulink. The tests performed were Step change reference test and Tracking trajectory test to observe the behavior of the cables during the trajectory and the end-effector movement. Simulation was carried out on Planar 4-Cable CDDR to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control law and the results were compared with a PI Controller and a conventional SMC in terms of integral square error (ISE) index. Only the kinematic model of Planar 4-Cable CDDR is considered in this paper.

pp. 69 - 76

Authors: Moisés Ríos Flores, J.F. Marquez-Rubio, B. del Muro-Cuellar, E. Aranda-Bricaire

For finite dimensional linear system the root-locus method is well established however for the case of delayed systems the method has some problems due to the transcendental term involved. This work intends to illustrate the problems that arises when a root-locus diagram is performed as well as to develop a Matlab function that provides the root-locus diagram for delayed low order systems. In this way, some comments about the problems that should be tackled to obtain a generalization of the computational method for delayed systems with real m poles and n zeros

pp. 45 - 56

Authors: Carlos Enrique Mejia Salazar, Julián Esteban Rendón Roldán

This paper presents a novel modeling technique for a VTOL electromechanical nonlinear dynamical system, based on fractional order derivatives. The proposed method evaluates the possible fractional differential equations of the electromechanical system model by a comparison against actual measurements and in order to estimate the optimal fractional parameters for the differential operators of the model, an extended Kalman filter was implemented. The main advantages of the fractional model over the classical model are the simultaneous representation of the nonlinear slow dynamics of the system due to the mechanical components and the nonlinear fast dynamics of the electrical components.

pp. 24 - 32

Authors: Hanna Khalil Aboukheir Hernandez

On recent times Active Disturbance Rejection Control has drawn both the attention of industrial and scientific community due to its capability to handle uncertainties and nonlinearities without using an explicit model of the system; on this paper a modification of the ADRC algorithm is presented, first an Extended State Predictor is calculated and later, a controller is built using the LMI approach, the proposal is evaluated through simulations on the Cayley-Rodriguez representation of the Monoaxial satellite

pp. 1 - 12

Authors: Darío Javier Benavides Padilla, F Jurado, Luis G González

This paper presents a research was carried out for the management of a photovoltaic system in a Microgrid, with applications and the use of tools applied to modeling and computational simulation in the Microgrid laboratory implanted in the facilities of the University of Cuenca (Ecuador). Additionally, through the use of automatic learning techniques, the behavior of the photovoltaic system has been modeled in the study area based on radiation and temperature with very good results. In addition, several applications can be made in real engineering studies such as feasibility, performance analysis, energy estimation, educational models, etc.

pp. 194 - 207

Authors: Gabriela Duque E, Iván Orellana O, Mateo Coello, Daniel Cordero-Moreno

An efficient transport service allows a society to have economic progress and improves quality of life. Part of this structure is the issue in the determination of pricing the service of it, thus, the incomes of the offeror and good service to the user can be guaranteed. In Ecuador, the National Traffic Agency establishes a methodology that considers the offer of kilometers and operating costs. However, this methodology does not establish how to get and analyse the information that feeds the model, this aspect can generate biases and subjectivities at the time to define the rate. This study seeks to detect deficiencies in the methodology and suggest the relevant changes as an alternative to it, for this a mixed approach is considered, which not only considers surveys but also instrumentation and hi-technology to measure fuel consumption, tire wear, distance traveled and number of passengers. Once the analysis of the methodology was developed, a new approach to information gathering was proposed; and to validate, an experiment was applied to a canton of the country, with this it was possible to obtain rates that better represent the reality of the sector under analysis.

pp. 168 - 179

Authors: Diana Arce, Fernando Lima, Marcos Patricio Orellana Cordero, John Ortega, Chester Sellers, Patricia Ortega

Air pollutants affect both human health and the environment. For this reason, environmental managers and urban planners focus their efforts in monitoring air pollution. In this context, complete information is required to support the decision-making process to improve the quality of life in urban zones. Hence, it is important to extract knowledge not only on concentration levels but associations between air pollutants. Based on the Cross-industry standard process for data mining, this paper presents an approach which leads to identify correlations and incidence between the most harmful pollutants in the Andean Region: Ozone, Carbon monoxide, Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide and, Particulate material. This paper describes an experiment using a real dataset from a monitoring station in Cuenca, Ecuador located in the Andean region. The results show that the proposed approach is effective to extract knowledge useful to support the evaluation of air quality in urban zones. In addition, this approach provides a starting point for future data mining applications for the analysis of air pollution in the context of the Andean region.

pp. 1 - 11

Authors: Roberto Maldonado Jibaja, Paola Carrillo Herrera, Lucía Ramírez Cárdenas, Francisco Carvajal Larenas

The aim of this study was to develop a beverage obtained from the fermentation of the soluble extract of germinated quinoa under the action of traditional yogurt cultures (S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus ) and probiotic cultures (Lactobacillus. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium ). Two factors under study were established: the xanthan gum percentage (0.30%, 0.40 % and 0.50% w/w) and sucrose:fructose relation (90:10, 70:30, 50:50) added in the formulation. The quantified variables were: acidity, pH, viscosity and phase separation. The study was conducted under the completely randomized design (CRD), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey mean separation test with a confidence level of 95 %. The best treatment included 0.50 % xanthan gum and sucrose:fructose relation of 90:10 in its formulation. The product was subjected to sensory tests in which it was determined that the product liked to consumers (score of 3.2 points on a 5-point hedonic scale). Finally, a fermented drink made from quinoa was obtained with 9 g of protein per 200 g of product and with a shelf life estimated in 70 days at 4oC. This product could be an alternative to fermented beverages such as cow's milk yogurt and soy-fermented drink.

pp. 12 - 28

Authors: Patricio Xavier Lozano Rodríguez, Aracely Armas, Martha Gualán, Miguel Guallpa

To promote conservation processes it is essential to know the biodiversity under analysis. The objective of the present work was to determine the composition, diversity and floristic importance of El Bosque Los Búhos to generate a baseline that allows the management of the resource for academic purposes. A description of the floristic composition was made, the alpha (α) and beta (β) biodiversity indexes were determined and the ecological importance of the species (IVI's) was calculated. The data indicate that the floristic composition of the forest is formed in three strata by 56 species, 18 orders and 27 families. The arboreal stratum presents a biodiversity average (2,534-Margalef) and high dominance (0,8367-Simpson), the shrub layer has low biodiversity (1,811-Margalef) and low dominance (0,4441-Simpson), and the herbaceous stratum presents biodiversity average (3,882-Margalef) and high dominance (0,7101-Simpson). The species with the highest IVI's for the arboreal stratum are Mimosa quitensis (Benth.1848), Acacia retinodes (Schltdl.1847), y Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth. 1819). For the shrub layer are Agave americana (L.1753), Lantana megapotamica (Spreng. Tronc. 1974), Retama sphaerocarpa (L. Boiss. 1840) y Opuntia cylindrica (Lam. DC. 1828). Finally for the herbaceous stratum is Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. 1926).

pp. 42 - 49

Authors: José Omar Cabrera Escobar, Raúl Vinicio Cabrera Escobar

For the construction of the specimens welded by the GMAW process of the aluminum alloy 5086-H116, advance speeds of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 mm / min are used that are within the recommended range, the same as they allowed the energy contributed to the union. From the results obtained in the different tests, it was determined that the most suitable welding advance speed is 500 mm / min (with a contributed energy of 335.34 J / mm), this energy is the most suitable mechanical in the 5086-H116 alloy welding at an amperage of 148 A. At this energy level, the lowest loss of magnesium occurs; the particle size of Al3Mg2 is finer and easier distributed evenly on the α matrix, that allows obtaining the best mechanical properties.

pp. 106 - 115

Authors: Alexy Fabián Vinueza Lozada, Jorge Andrés Narváez Hidalgo

In this paper, the design and aerodynamic simulation of a rotor for horizontal axis wind turbine for the Cerro Villonaco was carried out. The aerodynamic design aimed for a blade with an optimal geometry, which is defined by the chord and the twist angle of the airfoil. The design parameters conferred to the project were given by the characteristics of the wind in the Villonaco Wind Farm. Results were validated with an aerodynamic simulation, developed in a software employing the mathematical model known as blade element momentum theory, to verify its optimum performance against the requirements established with a TSR, with the goal to set a design method for subsequent investigations. Finally, a rotor analysis was carried out, obtaining an output mechanical power of 107 KW, thus corroborating the design power with the characteristics of the Villonaco Wind Farm.

pp. 80 - 92

Authors: LUIS FERNANDO TOAPANTA RAMOS, Gabriel Alejandro Bohórquez Peñafiel, Luis Eduardo Caiza Vivas, William Quitiaquez Sarzosa

The objective of this research work is to understand the behavior of water flow through gradual contraction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a useful approach to solve the equations that describe the movement of fluids, using numerical methods and computational techniques. This area of mechanics provides the fundamentals of pipe hydraulics and channel hydraulics. A study of the flow through the pipeline has been made to calculate the children in the changes of the geometry. The energy losses derived from the pipes. Calculation of the cases: the occurrences of the incidents in the geometry on the part of the student and also with the help of the ANSYS software fluently. Calculations were used using the K-epsilon model. This simulation provides the values of pressure, velocity and kinetic turbulence in several sections of the pipe where water is its flow.

pp. 1 - 14

Authors: Victoria Zamora Cujilema, Gabriel Alejandro Mariño Brito, Carlos Ernesto González Gallardo, María Belén Jácome Villacres, Elena Rosario Beltrán Sinchiguano

The objective of this research was to study the effect of the clarification process by tangential microfiltration (MFT) and the static clarification in cold at 6 °C for six days, on the content of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of the Jamaica flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) wine, made from fresh chalices. Physicochemical analyzes (soluble solids, pH, turbidity, titratable acidity expressed as tartaric and malic acid, color and turbidity) and biochemical analyzes were performed by spectrophotometry of total polyphenols content (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and antioxidant capacity (TEAC method). The antioxidant capacity of the fermented wort without clarification treatment was superior to the fermented wort clarified by MFT at 2 bar and inferior to the fermented wort clarified in cold at 6 °C and for six days. The antioxidant activity of the fermented must clarified by MFT at 2 bar is lower compared to the cold static clarification process with an antioxidant activity of 8.21 mM of Trolox equivalent / 100 ml. The process of clarification in cold at 6 °C and for six days contains greater capacity of antioxidant, but in function of the cleaning (NTU) as attribute of quality is low in comparison to the one obtained by tangential microfiltration to 2 bar.

pp. 27 - 35

Authors: José Efraín Miranda Yuquilema, A Marin-Cárdenas, M González-Pérez, A Valla-Cepeda, D Baño-Ayala

With the objective of evaluating the repercussion of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Kluyveromyces fragilis L-4UCLV on the productive indicators and the health of the pigs in the different productive stages, two experiments (I and II) were carried out. 14 and 42 hybrid pigs CC21 (Yorkshire - Landrace / L35 Duroc) were used, respectively, distributed in two and three groups of 7 and 14 animals each. Control (T1); prepared-A (T2) and prepared-B (T3). T2, contained L. acidophillus and T3, L. acidophilus more K. fragilis (L-4 UCLV). A completely randomized design was used to evaluate weight gain (WG), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), food efficiency (FE), incidence of diarrhea and mortality. WG, ADG, FC and FE were higher (p<0.05) in T2 in experiment I and in T3 in the second. The incidence of diarrhea and the percentage of mortality was lower (p <0.05) in T2 and T3. In conclusion, with the use of probiotic preparations, the productive parameters are improved and the incidence of diarrhea and mortality in all the stages studied is reduced.

pp. 48 - 58

Authors: Gabriela Pilco, Dayana Borja, Lorena Goetschel, Paulette Andrade, Jorge Irazabal, Paúl Vargas-Jentzsch, José Luis Guil-Guerrero, Víctor Rueda-Ayala, Luis Alejandro Ramos

The bromatological composition of banana peel (Musa paradisiaca) produced in Ecuador was determined and the fractions and phytochemical groups responsible for its antimicrobial activity were identified. The bromatological analysis determined a humidity of 88.94% and 11.06% of total solids (1.55% of ash, 0.47% of fat, 0.74% of protein, 0.87% of fiber and 8.3% total carbohydrates). To obtain the fractions, two methods of maceration were applied. The first used four solvents of different polarities, such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening tests that identify the presence of fatty compounds, sterols, triterpenes, saponins and tannins. The second method used 70% ethanol as solvent and five fractions were generated. Tests of antimicrobial activity by the agar diffusion method were performed in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the crude ethanolic extract and its fractions, microbiological activity was evidenced. Phytochemical screening assays and chromatography were performed on each fraction and extract identifying the main groups of compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity.

pp. 70 - 76

Authors: Ramiro Sebastián Vargas Cruz, Lourdes Cecilia Ruiz Salvador, María Cristina Navas Lema

Eggs should comply with strict quality control processes. The first step of the quality process is egg candling analysis. Egg candling is a non-destructive procedure that consists on applying light against an egg to detect abnormalities. This process is usually done manually at small and medium poultry factories. Manual egg candling is prone to human mistakes and can cause health problems to the workers. It is necessary to implement an automated process. The following study briefly describes a device that merges automated and manual egg candling analysis. Furthermore, it goes beyond the design and describes valid solutions regarding occupational safety and malnutrition that can emerge due to the implementation of this innovative design.

pp. 198 - 207

Authors: Sonia Carmita Rosero Haro, José Arcos, Miguel Guallpa, Holguer Guaraca

Afforestation and reforestation programs with emphasis on ecological sustainability focus their efforts on the protection of water sources, eroded soils recovery, and the establishment of agroforestry systems in high altitude areas, where quality plants are required. The present study aims to determine the response in aerial and foliar growth of nursery yagual (Polylepis racemosa) to the application of different nutritive solutions after transplantation. A completely randomized blocks (RCB) experimental design was established with seven treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted in the use of a mixture of three fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and mono potassium phosphate) at three different concentrations (100-50-100 (D1), 150-75-150 (D2), 200-100-200 (D3) mg.L-1NPK respectively), and two application frequencies (two (F1) and three (F2) times per week), plus a control treatment. The analyzed variables were the total height (hT) and the number of leaves (N° H). According to the results, the largest height and the greatest number of leaves were obtained when fertilizing with 200-100-200 mg.L-1 NPK, with three times per week applications for 120 days. On the other hand, the treatment that rendered the shortest plants and lowest number of leaves was the D1-F1 combination, which, in the case of leaf number, was not significantly different from the control.

pp. 106 - 116

Authors: Soledad Subía, Rodolfo Jefferson Rubio Aguiar

It was determined the best experimental conditions for the production and evaluation of microalgae biomass, which come from Limoncocha, for the purpose of proving the feasibility of use in biofuel acquisition. Different crops were monitored in order to obtain the growth kinetics of microalgae and establish the yield with which they are produced on a laboratory scale controlling the different variables that interfere in this process. Once the biomass was gotten in the photo bioreactors, it was characterized to know its composition and lipid content. The productivity for the first consortium Vischeria/Scenedesmus sp was of 0,088 g L-1 day-1, which reached a total of 5030000 cel/mL and for the second consortium Chlorella/Monoraphidium Contortum sp was of 0,091 g L-1 day-1 with a total of 5537636 cel/mL. For the lipid composition through Soxhlet method by using a mixture of chloroform / methanol as solvents, the gotten results were from 16% out of the total lipids for Vischeria/Scenedesmus sp consortium and 42 % for Chlorella/Monoraphidium Contortum sp consortium.

pp. 125 - 137

Authors: Pamela Andrea Paula, Luis Zambrano, Paulina Paula

Climate change is a global problem that affects the state of conservation of ecosystems in all regions of the world; as well as in the Chimborazo Fauna Production Reserve, which is linked to anthropogenic activities inside and outside it, such as the extensive and intensive grazing of sheep and cattle that have caused effects on vegetation and soil given to the consumption of native plants and all ecosystem processes because they are related to each other. The methodology used to achieve optimal discrimination of vegetation change and conservation status is obtained through the application of satellite images LANDSAT 5, LANDSAT 7, orthophotos and aerial photographs from 1962 to 1966 up to 2010 distributed in three periods; using procedures such as supervised classification and the calculation of the Normalized Differential Index of Vegetation. Anthropogenic activity for the period 1962-1966 determines 0.26% and snow is 10.30%, while for the period 2010-2011, the percentage of intervention increases to 9.54% and the snow decreases to 4.46%, evidencing the loss of perpetual snow due to solar radiation.

pp. 149 - 158

Authors: Edilberto Antonio Llanes Cedeño, Juan Carlos Rocha-Hoyos, Diana Belén Peralta Zurita, Julio César Leguísamo Milla

At present it is very important to estimate the contribution of the vehicle fleet in the inventories of polluting emissions for the city of Quito due to its geographical characteristic that places it at a height above 2810 m. In this research, the emission factors en route of three fuels used mainly by light vehicles in Ecuador are evaluated; Super gasoline with 93 octane; Extra gasoline with 87 octanes; and Ecopaís gasoline (Extra gasoline and 5% bioethanol). A Chevrolet Aveo 1.6 L vehicle was used, instrumented with an on-board system to obtain information on pollutant emissions and total fuel consumption in a pre-determined route of 12 km, at an average speed of 40 km/h. The simplified combustion model was used to develop a mass balance with respect to the amount of carbon present in the fuel, and thus obtain the emission factors ( ) in grams of pollutant per kilometer traveled. The results obtained are: Extra gasoline: CO 3.194 g/km, HC 0.060 g/km and NOx 0.142 g/km; Gasoline 92 Super: CO 4.770 g/km, HC 0.099 g/km and NOx 0.281 g/km; and Ecopaís gasoline: CO 5.939 g/km, HC 0.082 g/km and NOx 0.279 g/km.

pp. 208 - 222

Authors: Félix Vladimir Bonilla Venegas, Marcelo Javier Moya, Anatoly Vitalyevich Evgeny, Anatolevich Lukyanov, Leonardo Emanuel Marín Pillajo

The aim of this work is control the Mitsubishi RV-2JA Robot using sEMG surface electromyographic signals. The sEMG signals were obtained from the hand through a Myo bracelet with surface sensors. Myo surface sensors are able to detect the electromyographic signals generated by the muscles. The integration of the system was performed in Matlab's Simulink platform to process, identify, validate and control the robot through the electromyographic signals. The hand gestures analysis was performed using a temporal approximation that allowed the extraction of characteristics of the signals. It was determined that the parameters Electromyographic Integrated, Mean Absolute Value, Quadratic Mean and Variance have direct correlation with the type of Hand movement. In order to classify the first movements like spread fingers, wave right, wave left, elder and voor, we used 6 neural networks, which allow to activate 3 degrees of freedom of the robot. For the integration and verification of the real-time system, the hardware in loop simulation (HIL) was applied. This simulation allowed the execution of the plant model, the connection with the appropriate control and communication system to verify that the system controls the robot.

pp. 188 - 197

Authors: Rubén Dario Vega Mejía, Martín León, Patricia Lara

The large amount of petroleum coke produced in Venezuela, leadsed to its use as a filtering controller in oil-based fluids. Initially, the coke was subjected to an oil extraction process using the Soxhlet method and extraction of sulfur by means of microwaves. Then an infrared Spectroscopy (IR) was performed and compared with another spectroscopy of natural petroleum coke, where the effectiveness of the applied process was evidenced. Were made, four (4) drilling fluid (12 ppg) with coke as filter driver, varying its concentration in 6, 8, 10 and 12 lb / bl and after dynamic aging (300 ° F, 100 lpcm) the physical properties of plastic viscosity, yield point, gel 10 s, gel 10 min and filtrate were studied, obtaining a range of values of 25.3-26.3; 5.7-6.3; 4-5; 7-10 and 10.3-10.9 respectively. A statistical study of split plots demonstrated that there were significant statistical differences between the physical properties of the formulated fluids and the physical properties of a standard fluid with lignite as a filtering controller. It was concluded that despite the statistical differences presented, the use of petroleum coke as a filter controller for the conditions under study is possible.