Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

173 - 183

Authors: Ni Made Suci Sukmawati, I.G. Permana, A. Thalib, S. Kompiang

Methanogenesis in the rumen is thought to represent 2-12% loss of energy intake. The energy loss as methane can decrease animal productivity and feed efficiency. In addition, methane is potentially involves in global warming that affects the atmosphere adversely. A research to improve PE dairy goat productivity and reduce enteric methane emission by supplementation of calliandra and complete rumen modifier (CRM) was conducted for 6 months. In this experiment 20 PE dairy goats were divided into five blocks according to body weight. The experimental design used was a randomized block design that consisted of four treatments, A). Elephant grass 50% + concentrate 50% (control), B). Elephant grass 40% + concentrate 40% + calliandra 20%, C). Elephant grass 50% + concentrate 48% + CRM 2% and D). Elephant grass 40% + concentrate 38% + calliandra 20% + CRM 2%. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Duncan test. The result showed that calliandra and CRM did not affect nutrient consumption, except that protein consumption increased (P < 0.05) in calliandra treatments (B and D). Nutrient digestibility increased in CRM (C) treatment, while other treatments did not differ from control. CRM also increased total bacteria (36.84%), milk production (67.21%), milk fat (25.0%), and reduced enteric methane production (65.71%). The improvement of milk production in CRM treatment (C) was followed by better feed efficiency than other treatments. In conclusion, CRM was more effective than calliandra in improving milk production of PE dairy goats and reduced enteric methane emission, but its effectivity was reduced in combination with calliandra. Key Words: Dairy Goat, Calliandra, Rumen Modifier, Methane, Productivity

194 - 198

Authors: Tuti Haryati, Supriyati

The investigation was carried out to study the utilization of oligosaccharides from sweet potato as feed additives to improve the performance of laying hens. Oligosaccharides were extracted from sweet potato using 80% ethanol. Extractant and residue were evaluated as feed additive. Ninety six of 18 weeks old laying hens from CP 909 Isa Brown were randomly distributed into four treatments with six replicates and four laying hens per replicate. The treatments were: Ro = Control without oligosaccharides, R1 = R0 + 0.1% of extract of sweet potato. R2 = R0 + with 0.2% of residue of sweet potato, and R3 = R0 + with 0.2% of commercial FOS. The evaluations were carried out up to 25 weeks of egg production. The data were evaluated with statistical analysis using SAT. The results showed that egg production and FCR of R1 and R2 were better than R0 (P < 0.05). The treatments were not significantly affected feed consumption. In conclusion, addition of extract or residue of sweet potato improved (P < 0.05) egg production and FCR of layers compared to control diet. Key Words: Oligosaccharides, Sweet Potato, Performance, Layers

211 - 217

Authors: Rahmat Hidayat, T. Toharmat, A. Boediono, I.G. Permana

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and fish oil supplementations on dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD), weight gain, as well as the acidity of urine in Garut breed rams. The experiment was done based on randomized group design with 6 treatments and 3 groups. The dietary treatments were as follows: R0= basal ration (DCAD +14) without fish oil, R1 = basal ration (DCAD +14) with 3% fish oil, R2 = base ration (DCAD +40) without fish oil, R3 = base ration (DCAD +40) with 3% fish oil, R4 = acid ration (DCAD -40) without fish oil, and R5 = acid ration (DCAD -40) with 3% fish oil. All rations contained 150 ppm of zinc and were offered to 18 of Garut breed rams. The results indicated that DCAD +40 and -40 decreased DMI significantly. The ration with DCAD +40 had the lowest DMI. Fish oil supplementation decreased DMI. No differences were observed for DMD and OMD. DCAD +40 and -40 decreased body weight of rams. However, the body weight of rams was very low. Variation of urine pH followed the DCAD pattern. It was concluded that DCAD +40 and -40, as well as fish oil supplementations decreased DMI, body weight and urine pH followed the DCAD pattern. Keys Words: Cation, Anion, Body Weight, Digestibility, Garut Breed Rams

224 - 233

Authors: Didik T. Subekti, E. Kusumaningtyas

Many serological methods were developed in order to improve detection and identification of an infectious diseases. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), is a well-known as the most serological technique and widely used for infectious disease diagnoses, especialy toxoplasmosis in human and animal. Unfortunately, the technique requires specific tools and expertise that are not always available in the field. Inn addition, ELISA needs longer process than other techniques for both small and large number of samples. Another serological assay, namely Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) was known as populer and mostly applied in field for toxoplasmosis diagnosis in Indonesia, both for human and animal serum. However, the accuracy of this technique was slightly lower compared to ELISA, especially for weakly seropositive. Recently, an immunostick assay technique was developed as alternative serological method which has high accuracy as ELISA. The immunostick assay was rapid and simple like latex agglutination test. The immunostick assay was evaluated to detect Toxoplasma gondii infection in goat serum samples and compared to ELISA and LAT. The immunostick assay had a true agreement 95.88% - 100% againts ELISA and their strength of agreement was very good aggreement with ELISA (k = 0.796; AC1 = 0.948). However, LAT had true agreement only 75.74%, either with ELISA or immunostick assay. The strength of agreement of LAT was moderately aggreement with ELISA or immunostick assay (k = 0.447; AC1 = 0.582). Therefore, the immunostick assay could become the first choice for rapid serological assay on toxoplasmosis diagnosis, both in the laboratory and in the field. Key Words: Latex Agglutination, ELISA, Immunostick Assay, FELISA, Toxoplasmosis

90 - 97

Authors: P.R. Matitaputty, R.R. Noor, P.S. Hardjosworo, C.H. Wijaya

One effort for improving the productivity of Indonesian local ducks in particular as a meat types is by crossing among the local ducks. Crossbreeding is a fast breeding program for improving some commercial traits. Crossing between two lines or different breed are often used in production systems to utilized the advantage of heterosis (hybrid vigor). Crossbreeding is expected to produce new synthetic strains of duck that perform better than their parents. This study aims to utilize the heterosis and determine best cross, and to study the performance changes due to crossbreeding. The statistical design used in this study was a randomized complete design (RCD) consisting of 4 treatments with 6 replications, each replication consisting of five ducks. The treatments used were the crossing of the pure Cihateup ♂ x Cihateup ♀ (CC), line Alabio ♂ x Alabio ♀ (AA), Alabio ♂ x Cihateup ♀ (AC) cross as well as Cihateup ♂ x Alabio ♀ (CA) cross. This study using male ducklings first hybrid (F1). The results show that the CA is better than AC in the final live weight (7.05%), weight gain (7.32%), carcass weight (9.24%) and carcass yield (2.55%). Fleshy carcass cuts such as breast meat of AA (6.13%) is better when compared to the others, but the highest percentage of meat percentage of the thigh is the AC (10.13%). Duck crossesing CA possess superior properties more and economic value compared with the duck AC. Key Words: Alabio Duck, Cihateup Duck, Crossing, Heterosis, Performance

104 - 111

Authors: Panca Dewi Manu Hara Karti, Y. Setiadi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help plant to uptake of low P availability in acid soils because of the ability of AMF to adapt from acid soil. Humic acid plays a role in adsorption metals such as Al. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of addition of AMF and humic acid to acid soils on growth, yield and quality of grass. A complete randomized design with factorial pattern was applied to two types of grasses, namely: Setaria splendida (Al-tolerance) and Chloris gayana (Al-sensitive). The first factor is the addition of AMF, which consists of two levels, namely: -AMF = without AMF. +AMF = with AMF. The second factor was the addition of humic acid which consists of four levels, namely: Ho = without humic acid, H60 = 60 ppm humic acid usage, H120 = 120 ppm humic acid usage and H180 = 180 ppm humic acid usage. Variables measured were dry matter production of shoot and roots, uptake of P and N, the production of phosphatase, root infection, the number of spores. AMF and humic acid augmentation on Setaria splendida did not affect on growth and production, but they improved the uptake of P and N total. AMF augmentation enhanced growth, yield and quality of the Chloris gayana. The use of 180 ppm of humic acid could improve the quality of Setaria splendida and Chloris gayana. Key Words: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Humic Acid, Acid Soil, Setaria splendida, Chloris gayana

126 - 139

Authors: Cece Sumantri, M Imron, Sugyono ., E. Andreas, M. Restu, A.B.L. Ishak

The decrease in fertility is considered to be the main cause of reproductive loss in dairy cattle and beef industry. Many candidate genes that play an important role in fertility and embryonic development. The purpose of this study was to detect genetic variations of the growth hormone gene family (GH|MspI, GH|AluI, GHR| AluI, GHRH|HaeIII and Pit-1|HinfI) and its association with superovulation response, ovulation, fertilization and transferable embryos rate. A total of 45 blood samples taken from cows that have been superovulated Angus, Brahman, HF, Limousin and Simmental. DNA was extracted with phenol-chloroform protocol followed by polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) using specific primers for GH, GHR, GHRH and Pit-1 gene. PCR product was cut with restriction enzyme MspI, AluI, HaeIII and HinfI and electrophoresed on agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr). Superovulation is done by injecting a totally of 20 ml FSH for 4 days. Injecting the prostaglandin hormone (PGF2α) was performed on the eleventh day of CIDR implantation. Artificial insemination (AI) performed two or three days after the injection of PGF2α and Flushing was done on the seventh day after the AI. The results showed that the Angus, Limousin, Brahman and Simental GH loci diversity of GH|MspI, GH|AluI, GHR|AluI, GHRH|HaeIII and Pit-1|HinfI was not associated with superovulation response, ovulation, fertilization and transferable embryo rate. In HF dairy cattle, genotype on Pit-1|HinfI AA has higher percentage of superovulation response (P < 0.05) when compared to AB genotype, but did not differ to BB genotype. Dairy cattle HF AA genotype also had higher ovulation rate (P < 0.05) when compared to AB and BB genotypes, but AB and BB have the same ovulation rate. Key Words: Polymorphisms, Growth Hormone Genes and Reproduction traits

153 - 161

Authors: Risa Indriani, N.l.p.I. Dharmayanti, R.M.A. Adjid

The aim of this research was to study level of protection of avian influenza (AI) commercial vaccines available in Indonesia (subtipe H5N1, H5N2 and H5N9) against infection of HPAI field isolates of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. There were 7 commercial vaccines used in this study, the each vaccines were injected in to 3 weeks old of layer chichickenen intramuscularly. At 3 weeks after vaccination, ten chichickenens from each group were challenged separately with the A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008 isolates intranasaly with dose 106 ELD50 per 0,1 ml per chicken. Ten unvaccinated chicken were included in the challenge test as control. The study demonstrate that the AI vaccines with subtipe H5N1 protected chicken (100%) against virus of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and 90-100% against virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. Viral shedding were not seen by 2 days post challenge. The AI vaccines with subtipe H5N2 protected chicken at 20-30% against virus of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and protected chicken at 70-100% against virus of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. Viral shedding still detected at 8 days post challenge. The AI vaccines AI with subtipe H5N9 did not protect chicken (0%) against virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and protected chicken at 50% against virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. Viral shedding still detected by 8 days post challenge. This study concluded that AI vaccines with subtipe H5N1 are better than other AI subtipe vaccines in preventing HPAI virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 dan A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008 infections under laboratory condition. Key Words: Avian Influenza, Vaccine, Poultry, Chicken

9 - 16

Authors: Rukmiasih ., P.S. Hardjosworo, P.P. Ketaren, P.R. Matitaputty

Besides chewy, red in color, duck meat also have a distorted smell (fishy/off-odor). For consumers who are not familiar, the smell is not preferred. Duck meat contains high unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid is an ingredient which is prone to oxidation. Two strains: Alabio and Cihateup ducks were used in this study, each consist of 3 replications. Four treatments were: 1. Commercial diet without antioxidant (control = K0); 2. Beluntas leaf meal (0.5%) + commercial diet (KB) 3. Beluntas leaf meal (0.5%) + commercial diet + Vitamin C 250 mg / kg (KBC), 4. Beluntas leaf meal (0.5%) + commercial diet + vitamin E 400 IU/kg (KBE). This experiment was designed in Completely Randomized Design. The result showed that response of Alabio and Cihateup duck to feed treatment in saturated fatty acid content and unsaturated fatty acids in meat and skin of the same, namely the feed treatment of KBE high and low of KBC. Beluntas leaf meal as much as 0.5% + vitamin E in the feed could be reduced the intensity of off-odor and maintain good performance of duck. Key Words: Alabio Duck, Cihateup Duck, Beluntas Leaf Mael, Vitamint C, Vitamint E

25 - 32

Authors: Andi Tarigan, S. P. Ginting

Twenty weaned male goats (F1 of Boer x Kacang) with initial weight of 9 to 12 kg and ages ranging between 3.0 and 4.0 months were used in a study to evaluate the increasing inclusion of Indigofera sp foliage as a source of protein in diets based on chopped Brachiaria ruziziensis for growing goats. Five goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a randomised block design. The diet treatments were: T0 (control diets): B. ruziziensis (100%), T1 (85% B. ruziziensis + 15% Indigofera sp.), T2 (70% B. ruziziensis + 30% Indigofera sp.) T3 (55% B. ruziziensis + 45% Indigofera sp.) all on DM basis. Feed (DM) was offered daily at 3.5% BW. The content of CP in Indigofera sp is relatively high (258 g/kg DM), while the NDF (350.7 g/kg DM) and ADF (232.2 g/ kg DM) concentrations were low. The content of secondary compounds such as total phenol (8.9 g/kg DM), total tannin (0.8 g/kg DM) and condensed tannin (0,5 g/kg DM) were considerably low. The inclusion of Indigofera sp foliage in diets increased (P < 0.05) the DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities. The digestibility of DM (601,0 g/kg DM), OM (625 g/kg DM) and CP (699.0 g/kg DM) were highest in the T3 diets. DM intakes were greatest in the T2 and T3 diets (P < 0.05). Total gain increased 39, 78 and 85% in T1, T2 and T3 respectively, compared to that in the control diet. Daily gains were highest in the T3 (52.4 g) and T2 (50.5 g) diets, but feed efficiency was highest (P < 0.05) in the T3 diets (0,12). Feed efficiency were not different (P > 0.05) among the T0,T1 and T2 diets and ranged from 0.08 to 0.09. It is concluded that the foliage of Indigofera sp could be used as feed supplement to supply proteins with low tannin contents. In a grass-based diets Indigofera sp colud be used at the level of 30 to 45% (DM) for growing kids. Key Words: Indigofera, Inclusion Level, Feed Intake, Digestibility, ADG, Goats

41 - 48

Authors: Yudi ., T.L. Yusuf, B Purwantara, D. Sajuthi, M Agil

The population of anoa, which is an endemic fauna to Indonesia, was getting decrease caused by the illegal hunting and deforestation. Anoa is included in endangered species by IUCN, and Appendix I by CITES. The experiment aimed to characterize the seminal plasma contents and to cryopreserve the anoa semen for artificial insemination application in captivity. The experiment was carried out in Taman Safari Indonesia (Bogor). Semen was collected from 2 anesthetized males (4-10 years) by electroejaculation. Seminal plasma gained by centrifugation of ejaculate (3000 rpm, 20 minutes), and then was evaluated the biochemical contents. Other ejaculates were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically, and then extended in Tris and Na-citrate media to a total concentration of 100 billion cells mL-1. Extended semen was stored at 4oC, and evaluated the motility and viability every 12 h. Frozen semen was made in Tris medium added with 5% of glycerol. The seminal plasma of anoa contained total lipid, Na, Ca and Mg higher than the buffalo, but its total protein, K and Cl were lower. Electrophoresis of seminal plasma using by SDS-PAGE method showed 10 bands of proteins (17-148 kDa). The motility and viability of chilled-extended semen in Tris and Na-citrate media were not significantly different (P > 0.05) during 72 h of evaluation. Extended semen in both of media may applicable for AI program for 24-48 h. Post thawing motility of frozen semen was still low, 26.00 ± 9.62%. Therefore, it is necessary to improve each stages of semen processing, so the motility will increased and resulted high pregnancy in AI program. Key Words: Anoa, Seminal Plasma, Extended Semen, Frozen Semen, Electroejaclator

61 - 70

Authors: Yayu Zurriyati, R.R. Noor, R.R.A. Maheswari

Polymorphism of goat casein gene closely linked to the quality of milk protein. κ-casein is one of the casein fractions that influence the shape and stability of grain milk. This study is aimed to identify the variation of genotype κ-casein and related with milk quality from Etawah grade, Saanen and their crossbreed (PE-SA). The number of dairy goats used in this study was 150 animals consisted of Etawah grade (48 animals), Saanen (51 animals) and PE-SA (51 animals). Steps of experiment were: blood and milk sampling collection, DNA amplification by PCR and the product digestion using Pst1 enzyme, κ-casein gene sequencing and analyzing the quality of fresh milk. The results showed that κ-casein gene is monomorphic by PCR-RFLP (Pst1) for all the goat breeds, but DNA sequencing indicated 38 point of mutation. Observation on goat milk quality showed that Etawah grade milk had highest (P < 0.05) density value (1.033 ± 0.002) and solid non fat (9.577 ± 0.704%) than those of Saanen and PE-SA fresh milk goat. Key Words: Dairy Goats, Κ-Casein Gene, PCR-RFLP, Milk

261 - 268

Authors: Simon P Ginting, Rantan Krisnan, Juniar Sirait, Antonius

Indigofera sp is a tree leguminous forage species known to be adaptable to the drought climate and saline soil and so it has potential as alternative feed resource to support the ruminant animal production. This study aimed to study the responses of goats fed Indigofera sp as the sole foliages in their diets. Twenty male Boer x Kacang crossbred goats (6 months of age;16 ± 2,1 kg BW) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing fresh or wilted leaves of Indigifera sp. as the sole foliages and supplemented with high carbohydrate (HCC) or protein (HPC)concentrates. Consumable parts i.e. leaves and twigs of about 8 to 10 months of age of Indigofera sp. were harvested by hand plucking every day in the morning. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design. The ruminal pH ranged from 6.14-6.85 and were not affected (P > 0.05) by wilting nor by the type of concentrates. Wilting did not affect (P > 0.05) the concentration of ruminal NH3-N, but it was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HPC group (32.36-32.54 mg dL-1) than those in HCC group(17.94-23.57 mg dL-1). Total VFA concentration were not affected by wilting nor by the type of concentrates (P > 0.05). Goats in the HCC group,however,numerically have higher total VFA concentration (178.5-183.75 mmol L-1) than those in the HPC group (142.21-174.64 mmol L-1). The apparent digestibility coeficients of DM, OM, CP and energy of the diet were not different (P > 0.05) when contained wilted or fresh Indigofera foliage. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in the DM and OM, but not in the CP and energy apparent digestibility coeficients were observed in the HPC goats. Dry matter intakes were not different (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments, but the ADG of goats in the HCC group (60-63 g d-1) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of goats in the HPC treatment (80-87 g d-1). Blood glucosa concentration was not affected by wilting nor by type of concentrates (P > 0.05). BUN was not affected by wilting process, but providing high protein concentrates significantly (P < 0.05) increased the BUN concentration. It is concluded that foliage of Indigofera sp could be used as the sole forage in intensive production of goats. Wilting the foliage prior to feeding seemed to be unnecessary, since this process does not improve the animal productivity in term of daily gain and efficiency of feed utilization. Key Words: Indigofera sp, Supplements, Ruminal Fermentation, Goats

278 - 285

Authors: Polmer Situmorang, R Sianturi, D. A Kusumaningrum, E Triwulaningsih

Twinning in monotocous domestic species dairy cattle is most frequently by dyzygote in which two eggs is ovulated by treatment with gonadotropin hormon. A study to see the effects of concentration of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Folltropin) on the ovulation rates and twinning birth was conducted. The experiment designed was commpletely randomized designed with 3 treatment of total concentration of FSH (A: 12, B: 6 and C 3 ml) and 4 lactating cows for a replications. Hormon was intramussculary injected in decreasing dossis method twice a day with 12 hours apart for 4 days. Data recorded were the diameter of ovary (DO), total corpus luteum (TCL), concentration of progesterone on the day 12 of estrus cycle (P), percentage of pregnancy and number of birth. FSH significantly increased the ovulation rates. The means DO was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after injection (6.3 cm) than those before injection (2.0 cm). The TCL and P were highly significant (P < 0.01) higher after injection. The TCL and P were 1.2 and 0.8 ng/ml and 8.5 and 3.0 ng/ml before and after hormone treatment respectively. Concentration of FSH significantly increase (P < 0.05) the TCL and P but not for DO. The means DO, TCL and P were 5.0, 4.5 and 1.6, 5.5, 8,8 and 1.8 and 8.4cm, 12.3 and 5.3 ng/ml for treatments C, B and A respectively. Persentage of pregnancy was decreasing by the increasing of ovulations rates and the highest percentage of pregnancy 75% was obtained on treatments C. The normal single birth was found for treatment C and neonatal death were occurred for treatment B and A where the number of calves is higher than 2. In conclusion the FSH increased the ovulation rates in dairy cattle and the ovulation rates obtained was also affected by the concentration of hormone. Key Words: Hormone, FSH, Ovulation, Twin Birth

297 - 307

Authors: April H Wardhana, S Muharsini, S Santosa, L.S.R Arambewela, S.P.W Kumarasinghe

Treatment of myiasis caused by the larvae of Chrysomya bezziana resulted variation results. The aim of the experiment are to compare larvacidal effect of atsiri oil of Piper betle leaf originated from Sri Lanka and Bogor agains Chrysomya bezziana larvae and to identify atsiri oil using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Silica gel plate GF254 with toluena and ethyl ecetate as diluents was used in TLC. L1 and L2 of Chrysomya bezziana larvae were used for in vitro assay using agar plate contained atsiri oil of three concentrations ie. 2, 3 and 4%. Asuntol 1% and aquadest sterile were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Ten larvae were used in five replicates. The larvae were observed every 30 minutes for four hours. Larval mortality were counted and probit analysed using POLO-PC software, therefore the lethal concentration (LC50 and LC95) and lethal time (LT50 and LT95) were defined. The results showed there was a difference on migration distance between atsiri oil from Sri Lanka and Bogor on nRf 79-88 analysed using TLC. In vitro assay showed that both lethal concentration and lethal time of atsiri oil from Sri Lanka was higher than from Bogor. This results indicated that larvacidal effect of atsiri oil from Bogor was stronger than atsiri oil from Sri Lanka in in vitro both on L1 and L2. Key Words: Piper Bitle Leaf, Atsiri Oil, Chrysomya bezziana, Sri Lanka, Bogor

174 - 181

Authors: Elizabeth Wina, B Tangendjaja, T Pasaribu, T Purwadaria

Utilization of jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient is limited by the presence of several anti nutritive and toxic compounds in the seed meal. The aim of this research is to evaluate feeding of jatropha seed meal detoxified using fermentation by two fungi and rumen microbes (as biological detoxification) and using a combination of chemical and physical treatments on broiler performance. One hundred seventy five chicks (7 days old) were used and were divided into 5 treatments in 7 replications and each replication in one cage consisted of 5 chicks. R1 was control feed (K) without jatropha seed meal., 2) R2 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Neurosphora sitophila (FNS), R3 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FAS), R4 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by rumen microbes and R5 with 4% of Jatropha seed meal treated by autoclaved, refluxed by hexane and soaked in methanol (OEHM). Treated feed was given for 14 days at the end of the feeding treatment, two chickens from each replication were slaughtered and organ weights were recorded. Body weight of chicken and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The rest of the chicken was fed commercial feed for the next 7 days (recovery periode). Chicken mortality was almost 0% but 1 chicken from FAS treatment died at the recovery period. Feed consumption was lower at fermented jatropha seed meal than control (K) or OEHM, resulted in lower body weight of chicken. The abdomen fat weight and organ weights especially pancreas or spleen resulted from treatment with jatropha were much lower than that of K. In the recovery period, body weight of chicken in the OEHM treatment was almost similar from that of control chicken. In conclusion, biological detoxification on BBJ was able to reduce chicken mortality but could not improve the daily gain higher than control treatment. The best method to detoxify jatropha seed meal was the combination of physical and chemical treatment (using autoclave, followed by hexane and methanol extractions). Key Words: Broilers, Jatropha Seed Meal, Detoxification, Fermentation

188 - 195

Authors: Andi Tarigan, L Abdullah, S.P Ginting, I.G Permana

One of the main constraints in increasing livestock productivity in the tropical region is the scarcity of good quality feed throught the year, particularly during the long-dry season. Being a leguminous tree, Indigofera sp known to be tolerant to dry climate and salinity, should be considered as alternative fodder for ruminant animals. This study is aimed to investigate the productivity and some nutritional quality of Indigofera sp under different interval and hight of defoliation. The experiment was designed in a randomized block of factorial treatments. The factors were interval of defoliation (30, 60 and 90 days) and hight of defoliation (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m above ground level). Indigofera sp was planted in 4 x 3 m plots of 36 plots (4 replications) and were harvested at 8 months old. The DM production, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility were measured according to the treatments. The highest DM productivity was (33.25 t ha-1 y-1) at defoliation interval of 90 days and defoliation hight of 1.5 m, and was not different (P > 0.05) from the treatment combination of 60 days defoliation interval and 1,5 m defoliation hight (31.23 t ha-1 y-1). The highest leaf/stem ratio was 2.6 (P < 0.05) in the 30 day defoliation interval across the defoliation hight. The OM content of Indigofera sp was not affected by defoliation treatments and ranging from 884.6 to 906.8 g/kg. The highest NDF and ADF contents were (P < 0.05) in the 90-d defoliation interval and 1.0 m (387.9 and 272.6 g/kg, respectively) and were not different (P > 0.05) for the 90-d defoliation interval and 1.5 m defoliation hight (385.6 and 267.0 g/kg, respectively). The crude protein content was lowest (P < 0.05) in the 30-d defoliation interval across the defoliation hight ranging from 211.2 to 219.7 g/kg, and it was not different between the 60 and 90-d defoliation interval across the defoliation hight (255.0-258.1 g/kg and 230.3-236.0 g/kg, respectively). Defoliation hight did not affect (P > 0.05) the DM and OM in vitro digestibility. They were at the 90-d defoliation interval ranging from 680.2 to 706.8 g/kg and from 668.6 to 686.8 g/kg, respectively across the defoliation hight different. The DM and OM digestibility were not different (P > 0.05) between the 30 and 60-day defoliation intervals. It is concluded that when planted at low land of wet climate the combination of a 60-d defoliation interval and 1.5 m defoliation hight is an optimum cutting management in utilization of Indigofera sp as foliage for ruminant. Key Words: Defoliation, Nutritive Quality, Productivity, Indigofera sp

205 - 214

Authors: Achmad Fanindi, B.R Prawiradiputra, L Abdullah

Kalopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) was used as cover crops in plantation. Besides, kalopo can be used as forage, esspecially in dry season. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of light intensity on forage and seed production. Research was conducted at Research Institute for Animal Production, Ciawi Bogor and Laboratory of Agrostology Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University, for 16 months. Four levels of light intensity, namely: 100%, 80%,60% and 40% were applied, leguminous species of kalopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), was used. Block Randomized Design with 3 replications was applied in this research. Data collected was analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Forage production was evaluated within one year. The forage quality and digestibility (invitro) were investigated. Seed production was accumulated as seasonal seed production during one year. The results showed that light intensity affected (P < 0.05) forage and seed production, chlorophyll and total chlorophyll of kalopo, but did not affect (P > 0.05) quality and digestibility of kalopo. Seed production of kalopo was affected (P < 0.05) by light intensity, the highest forage and seed production of kalopo were obtained from treatment of full light intensity (100%). The seed quality of kalopo was affected by light intensity. The best seed quality of kalopo was achieved from 80% light intensity. The result shows that plots with light intensity of 100% was the best light intensity for forage and seed production of kalopo. Kalopo could grow well in the plots up to 80% light intensity. Key Words: Light Intensity, Forage, Seed, Kalopo

220 - 230

Authors: Bambang Ngadji Utomo, R.R Noor, C Sumantri, I Supriatna, E.D Gunardi

The information of Katingan cattle as an indigenous cattle in Central Kalimantan is very limited, especially phenotypic characterization. A number of 72 heads, consist of 57 heads female and 15 heads male of Katingan cattle in adults category were used in this study. The samples were obtained from three sub districts in district of Katingan, those were Tewah Sanggalang Garing (Pendahara Village), Pulau Malan (Buntut Bali Village) and Katingan Tengah (Tumbang Lahang Village). The location were used as the variable of groups (subpopulation). This study was conducted to describe morphometric performance, which was analysed by discriminant and canonical to estimate the phylogenic relationship and to determine the discriminant variable among the group (subpopulation). The SAS package program version 6.0 and MEGA 2 program was used to analyze data. The observed parameters were body length, wither height, chest width, chest depth, chest circumference, hip heigth, hip width, head height, head length and head width. The chest depth and hip height of female cattle from group of Buntut Bali were lower (P < 0.05) than that of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang groups. The parameter of: chest width, hip width and body length of Buntut Bali groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang groups. The average body weight of male Katingan cattle from Buntut Bali was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang groups but there were not different (P > 0.05) on bodyweight of female Katingan cattle among location. The highest similarity value was Katingan cattle from group of Tumbang Lahang (92,86%) followed by group of Pendahara (40.91%) and group of Buntut Bali (38.89%), repectivelly. Katingan cattle from group of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang had closest genetic distance (1.406), while the longest genetic distance (2.046) was between group of Buntut Bali and group of Tumbang Lahang. Genetic distance between group of Buntut Bali and Pendahara was 1.929. Katingan cattle from Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang within one cluster. Body length in canonical structure 2 can be used as discriminant variable. Key Words: Katingan Cattle, Morphometric, Genetic Distance, Discriminant Analysis, Canonical

240 - 251

Authors: Risza Hartawan, Karl Robinson, Timothy Mahony, Joanne Meers

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the main antigenic determinants of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. The features of these surface glycoproteins have been intensively studied at the molecular level. The objective of this research was to characterise the genes encoding these glycoproteins by sequencing of multiple clones. The H5 and N1 genes of isolate A/duck/Tangerang/Bbalitvet-ACIAR-TE11/2007 were each amplified in one or two fragments using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), and subsequently cloned into pGEM-T Easy TA cloning system. The sequencing result demonstrated high homology between respective clones but with several variations that were identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 1,707 base pair and 1,350 base pair of H5 and N1 genes respectively were successfully assembled from multiple clones containing the genes of interest. The features of both H5 and N1 genes from this isolate resemble the typical characteristics of Indonesian strains of H5N1 virus from sub-clade 2.1.3. Key Words: Avian Influenza, Characterization, Gene Cloning, Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase