Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

85-88

Authors: Sarita Kumar, Naim Wahab, Radhika Warikoo

Objective: To assess the larvicidal and repellent potential of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of peppermint plant, Mentha piperita (M. piperita) against the larval and adult stages of Aedes aegypti (Ae. Aegypti). Methods: The larvicidal potential of peppermint oil was evaluated against early fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti using WHO protocol. The mortality counts were made after 24 and 48 h, and LC50 and LC90 values were calculated. The efficacy of peppermint oil as mosquito repellent was assessed using the human-bait technique. The measured area of one arm of a human volunteer was applied with the oil and the other arm was applied with ethanol. The mosquito bites on both the arms were recorded for 3 min after every 15 min. The experiment continued for 3 h and the percent protection was calculated. Results: The essential oil extracted from M. piperita possessed excellent larvicidal efficiency against dengue vector. The bioassays showed an LC50 and LC90 value of 111.9 and 295.18 ppm, respectively after 24 h of exposure. The toxicity of the oil increased 11.8% when the larvae were exposed to the oil for 48 h. The remarkable repellent properties of M. piperita essential oil were established against adults Ae. aegypti. The application of oil resulted in 100% protection till 150 min. After next 30 min, only 1-2 bites were recorded as compared with 8-9 bites on the control arm. Conclusions: The peppermint essential oil is proved to be efficient larvicide and repellent against dengue vector. Further studies are needed to identify the possible role of oil as adulticide, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal agent. The isolation of active ingredient from the oil could help in formulating strategies for mosquito control.

94-98

Authors: Nina Skolucka, Malgorzata Daczewska, Jolanta Saczko, Agnieszka Chwilkowska, Anna Choromanska, Malgorzata Kotulska, Iwona Kaminska, Julita Kulbacka

Objective: To estimate electroporation (EP) influence on malignant and normal cells. Methods: Two cell lines including human malignant melanoma (Me-45) and normal human gingival fibroblast (HGFs) were used. EP parameters were the following: 250, 1 000, 1 750, 2 500 V/cm; 50 µs by 5 impulses for every case. The viability of cells after EP was estimated by MTT assay. The ultrastructural analysis was observed by transmission electron microscope (Zeiss EM 900). Results: In the current study we observed the intracellular effect following EP on Me-45 and HGF cells. At the conditions applied, we did not observe any significant damage of mitochondrial activity in both cell lines treated by EP. Conversely, we showed that EP in some conditions can stimulate cells to proliferation. Some changes induced by EP were only visible in electron microscopy. In fibroblast cells we observed significant changes in lower parameters of EP (250 and 1 000 V/cm). After applying higher electric field intensities (2 500 V/cm) we detected many vacuoles, myelin-like bodies and swallowed endoplasmic reticulum. In melanoma cells such strong pathological modifications after EP were not observed, in comparison with control cells. The ultrastructure of both treated cell lines was changed according to the applied parameters of EP. Conclusions: We can claim that EP conditions are cell line dependent. In terms of the intracellular morphology, human fibroblasts are more sensitive to electric field as compared with melanoma cells. Optimal conditions should be determined for each cell line. Summarizing our study, we can conclude that EP is not an invasive method for human normal and malignant cells. This technique can be safely applied in chemotherapy for delivering drugs into tumor cells.

102-109

Authors: Subhankari Prasad Chakraborty, Santanu Kar Mahapatra, Sumanta Kumar Sahu, Sourav Chattopadhyay, Panchanan Pramanik, Somenath Roy

Objective: To test the survival of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) inside lymphocyte that contributes to the pathogenesis of infection and possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effect of nanoconjugated vancomycin against in vivo S. aureus infection in a dose and duration dependent manner. Methods: 5×106 CFU/mL vancomycin-sensitive S. aureus (VSSA) and vancomycin-resistive S. aureus (VRSA) were challenged in Swiss male mice for 3 days, 5 days, 10 days and 15 days, respectively. Bacteremia and inflammatory parameters were observed to evaluate the duration for development of VSSA and VRSA infection. 100 mg/kg bw/day and 500 mg/kg bw/day nanoconjugated vancomycin were administrated to VSSA and VRSA infected group for 5 days. Bacteremia, inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress related parameters were tested to observe the effective dose of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection. Nanoconjugated vancomycin was treated at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day and 500 mg/ kg bw/day, respectively, to VSSA and VRSA infected group for successive 5 days, 10 days and 15 days. Bacteremia, inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress related parameters were observed to assess the effective duration of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection. Results: The result revealed that in vivo VSSA and VRSA infection developed after 5 days of challenge by elevating the NO generation in lymphocyte and serum inflammatory markers. Administration with nanoconjugated vancomycin to VSSA and VRSA infected group at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day and 500 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for successive 10 days eliminated bacterimia, decreased NO generation in lymphocyte, serum inflammatory markers and increased antioxidant enzyme status. Conclusions: These findings suggest, in vivo challenge of VSSA and VRSA for 5 days can produce the highest degree of damage in lymphocyte which can be ameliorated by treatment with nanoconjugated vancomycin for 10 successive days.

114-120

Authors: Manivannan K, Karthikai devi G, Anantharaman P, Balasubramanian T

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Turbinaria conoides (T. conoides), Padina gymnospora (P. gymnospora) and Sargassum tenerrimum against human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against various organisms were tested by using disc diffusion method. Results: The methanol extract showed the better result than the other extracts. Whereas, the strong antibacterial inhibition was noted in methanol extracts of P. gymnospora against Bacillus subtilus (26.33±1.86) and the mild inhibition of ethanol extracts from T. conoides against Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.33±0.51). Acetone extraction of P. gymnospora had strong antifungal inhibition against Cryptococcus neoformans (23.00±1.78), and acetone extract of T. conoides had mild inhibition against Aspergillus niger (3.00±0.89). Conclusions: The seven different solvent extracts of seaweeds used in the present study have shown significant bacterial action. Further, a detailed study on the principle compound in the seaweeds which is responsible for antimicrobial activity is still needed and it can be achieved by using advanced separation techniques.

124-129

Authors: Prabhu K, Murugan K, Nareshkumar A, Ramasubramanian N, Bragadeeswaran S

Objective: To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) mosquitoes at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm). Methods: M. oleifera was collected from the area of around Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electrical blender. From each sample, 100 g of the plant material were extracted with 300 mL of methanol for 8 h in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator to yield 122 mg and 110 mg of dark greenish material (residue) from Arcang amara and Ocimum basilicum, respectively. One gram of the each plant residue was dissolved separately in 100 mL of acetone (stock solution) from which different concentrations, i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm were prepared. Results: Larvicidal activity of M. oleifera exhibited in the first to fourth instar larvae of the A. stephensi, and the LC50 and LC90 values were 57.79 ppm and 125.93 ppm for the first instar, 63.90 ppm and 133.07 ppm for the second instar, 72.45 ppm and 139.82 ppm for the third instar, 78.93 ppm and 143.20 ppm for the fourth instar, respectively. During the pupal stage the methanolic extract of M. oleifera showed that the LC50 and LC90 values were 67.77 ppm and 141.00 ppm, respectively. Conclusions: The present study indicates that the phytochemicals derived from M. oleifera seeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts may be used for further integrated pest management programs.

133-138

Authors: Girija K, Lakshman K, Udaya Chandrika, Sabhya Sachi Ghosh, Divya T

Objective: To investigate the anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, the anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of all three plants was evaluated by using normal and STZ induced diabetic rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg p.o. daily for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored at specific intervals, and different biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were also assessed in the experimental animals. Histology of pancreas was performed. Results: It was found that all the three plants at 400 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity (P<0.01), while at 200 mg/kg dose less significant anti-diabetic activity (P<0.05) was observed. Conclusions: Methanol extracts of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity, which provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.

142-146

Authors: VC Devaraj, B Gopala Krishna, GL Viswanatha, Jagadish V Kamath, Sanjay Kumar

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of Hepax, a polyherbal formulation, against three experimentally induced hepatotoxicity models in rats. Methods: Hepatoprotective activity of Hepax was studied against three experimentally induced hepatotoxicity models, namely, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), paracetamol and thiocetamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: Administration of hepatotoxins (CCl4, paracetamol and thiocetamide) showed significant morphological, biochemical and histological deteriorations in the liver of experimental animals. Pretreatment with Hepax had significant protection against hepatic damage by maintaining the morphological parameters (liver weight and liver weight to organ weight ratio) within normal range and normalizing the elevated levels of biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP and total bilirubin), which were evidently showed in histopathological study. Conclusions: The Hepax has highly significant hepatoprotective effect at 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. on the liver of all the three experimental animal models.

150-153

Authors: Adesuwa I Osahon, Catherine U Ukponmwan, Odarosa M Uhunmwangho

Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV seropositivity among patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Methods: All patients with clinical and histopathological confirmation of squamous cell carcinoma seen during a ten year period (July 1999 to June 2009) were tested for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The number of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva who are HIV positive were counted. Results: A total of thirty-three(33) eyes in thirtytw o(32) patients were confirmed histopathologically to have conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma. Their ages ranged from 22 years to 66 years with a mean age of (38.6±11.8) years (SD). The male to female ratio was 1:1.5. Twenty four (75%) of these patients were HIV positive. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the human immunodeficiency virus and is thus a marker for the disease in Benin City, Nigeria.

161-163

Authors: Tuenchit Khammapirad, Jenjeera Prueksadee, Concepcion Diaz-Arrastia, Shaleen K Botting, Morton Leonard, Louisea Bonoan-Deomampo, Mahmoud A Eltorky

We reported a case of an African American woman who went to the hospital with palpable right breast lump with bloody nipple discharge at University of Texas Medical Branct at Galvestion. The modalities of breast imagings included mammography and ultrasongraphy. The method used for viral identification was Linear Array HPV genotyping test. Intraductal papilloma revealed as high density tubular or rounded lobular masses with partially circumscribed, obscured margins and clustered punctate microcalcifications on mammograms. Ultrasound showed as intraductal masses with dilated ducts. The core biopsy demonstrated duct filled with papillary lesion and post excision revealed intraductal papilloma. HPV DNA types 16, 33, 58 and 71 were detected after use of Linear Array HPV genotyping test.

166-168

Authors: M Adil Abbas Khan, Mohammed Farid, Zain A Sobani, Syed Nadir Ali, Huzaifa Malick, Maryam Baqir, Hasanat Sharif, M Asim Beg

Many species have been drastically affected by rapid urbanization. Harris's hawks from their natural habitat of open spaces and a supply of rodents, lizards and other small prey have been forced to change their natural environment adapting to living in open spaces in sub- and periurban areas. Specific areas include playgrounds, parks and school courtyards. The migration of this predatory species into these areas poses a risk to individuals, and especially the children are often attacked by claws, talons and beaks intentionally or as collateral damage while attacking rodent prey. In addition, the diverse micro-organisms harbored in the beaks and talons can result in wound infections, presenting a challenge to clinical management. Here we would like to present a case of an 80-year-old man with cellulitis of both hands after sustaining minor injuries from the talons of a Harris's hawk and review the management options. We would also like to draw attention to the matter that, even though previously a rarity, more cases of injuries caused by birds of prey may be seen in hospital settings.

143-146

Authors: Ravikumar S, M Syed Ali, J Margaret Beula

Objective: To identify the larvicidal activity of the seaweed extracts. Methods: Seaweed extracts of Enteromorpha intestinalis (E. intestinalis), Dictyota dichotoma (D. dichotoma) and Acanthopora spicifera (A. spicifera) were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a graded series of concentration. Batches of 25 early 4th instars larvae of Aedes aegypti were transferred to 250 mL enamel bowl containing 199 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of plant extracts (0.01-0.1 mg). Each experiment was conducted in three replicates. A control group consisted of 1 mL of DMSO and 99 mL of distilled water only. After 24 h, the percentage of mortality was identified with the formula: % of mortality=[(% of test mortality - % of control mortality) / (100 - % of control mortality)]×100. Results: The extract of D. dichotoma showed minimum level of LC 50 value (0.0683±0.0084 µg/mL) and LC90 value was 0.140 1. The regression equations of D. dichotoma and E. intestinalis for 4th instar larvae were Y=0.333 + 0.684x (R2=0.946) and Y=0.600 + 0.781x (R2=0.812), respectively. The results of the preliminary phytochemical constituents showed the presence of saponin, steroids, terpenoid, phenols, protein and sugars. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the present study that, the ethanolic extracts of seaweed of D. dichotoma possess active compounds for development of larvicidal ativity.

151-154

Authors: Nnodim Johnkennedy, Emejulu Adamma

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (G. latifolium) against acute acetaminophen induced hepatic toxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty six Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups with 6 rats in each group. Animals in group 1 and 2 were administered with 600 mg/kg b.w. of acetaminophen only and acetaminophen plus 100 mg/kg b.w. of caffeine by oral gavages, respectively. Experimental groups 3 and 4 were treated as in group 1 but in addition received 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w., respectively of the leaf extract of G. latifolium by oral gavages. The experimental groups 5 and 6 were treated as in group 2 and in addition received 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of leaf extract of G. latifolium, respectively. The treatment lasted for 14 days. Results: The results obtained showed that the serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminease (AST), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels had a greater increase in group 2 than in group 1 but dropped marginally in groups 3 and 4. However, in groups 5 and 6, AST, ALT and ALP were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Similarly, serum protein levels were significantly increased in groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 when compared with group 1 and 2. Conclusions: It can be concluded that extract of G. latifolium offers protection against acetaminophen and caffeinated acetaminophen toxicity in Wistar rats.

159-164

Authors: Someshwar Singha, Siddharthasankar Banerjee, Goutam Chandra

Objective: To investigate the synergistic effect of crude and solvent extract of Croton caudatus (C. caudatus ) (fruits) and Tiliacora acuminata (T. acuminata) (flowers) against the larval form of Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). Methods: Crude and solvent [chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v), benzene and ethyl acetate] extracts of two plants, C. caudatus (fruits) and T. acuminata (flowers) were examined separately against filarial vector Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae with gradually increasing concentration i.e. from 0.1% to 0.5% of crude extract and 25 ppm to 75 ppm of solvent extracts. To observe the synergistic effect, if any, extracts of these two plant parts were mixed at different concentrations and treated against mosquito larvae. Phytochemical analyses of extracts of both the plant parts were carried out. Results: In a 72-h bioassay experiment with plant extracts, highest mortalities were recorded at 0.5% (crude) and 75 ppm (solvent) concentration for fruits of C. caudatus and flowers of T. acuminata individually. For synergistic effect, only 0.2% of the mixture of these two crude extracts and 75 ppm concentration of chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) and ethyl acetate extracts showed 100% mortality after 24 h and 48 h of exposure respectively. Conclusions: In the field of mosquito control, insecticides of plant origin may serve as suitable alternative to the toxic chemicals. Some secondary metabolites in combination may be responsible for better larvicidal activity.

170-173

Authors: Justella Wilfred Prakash, Johnson Marimuthu @ Antonisamy, Solomon Jeeva

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of fresh water microalgae viz., Oscillatoria sancta (O. sancta) (Kuetz) Gomont., Lyngbya birgei (L. birgei) Smith G.M., Oedogonium echinospermum (O. echinospermum), Spirogyra decimina (S. decimina) (Muller) Kuetz., Spirogyra grantiana (S. grantiana) Transeau., Spirogyra crassa (S. crassa), Spirogyra biformis (S. biformis) Jao. and Spirogyra condensata (Vaucher) Kuetz against human bacterial pathogens. Methods: Antimicrobial study was carried out by disc diffusion method against the pathogens viz., Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 35218), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) (MTCC 733), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and Streptococcus pyogenes. Results: The methanolic extract of O. sancta showed the antibacterial activity against three pathogens viz., P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and S. aureus with the inhibition zones of 10, 8 and 8 mm, respectively. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of L. birgei exhibited the antibacterial activity against two pathogens i.e. P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris with the maximum zone of inhibition of 8 and 8 mm, respectively. The ethanolic extracts of O. echinospermum displayed the antibacterial activity against S. typhi and P. mirabilis with the maximum of zone of inhibition (7 mm). The methanolic extracts of S. decimina exhibited the antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. mirabilis with the maximum zone of inhibition of 12 and 9 mm, respectively. The ethanolic extracts of S. grantiana showed the anti-bacterial activity against three organisms i.e. E. coli, P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis with the zone of inhibition of 9, 10 and 9 mm, respectively. The methanolic extracts of S. crassa exhibited the antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis with the maximum zone of inhibition (9 mm). The methanolic extracts of S. biformis exhibited the antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris with the maximum zone of inhibition (8 mm). Conclusions: These results give an indication of the presence of promising antibacterial compounds in the plants under studied. Further phytochemical studies are needed to elucidate the components responsible for antibacterial activity of these extracts against bacteria.

178-182

Authors: Hasson SS, Al-Balushi MS, Sallam TA, Idris MA, Habbal O, Al-Jabri AA

Objective: To study in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of hot water and methanolic extracts of the three medicinal plants-Boswellia (Luban) species. Methods: Three selected plants were collected from different localities of Soqotra (Republic of Yemen), Dohfar (Sultanate of Oman) and Republic of Somalia. The plants were dried and extracted with two different solvents (methanol and hot water) to yield six crude extracts. The obtained extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity against eleven different bacterial strains and two fungi using the standard well-diffusion and micro-dilution methods. The following microorganisms were used: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), muti-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (0157 EHEC), Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilus (ATCC 6059, reference strain), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsella pneumonia, MRSA, Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and two fungus: Candida maltosa and Candida albicans. Results: The different extracts possessed different inhibitory activity against different types of bacterial species. The patterns of inhibition varied with the plant extract, the solvent used for extraction and the organisms tested. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by the methanolic extracts of Boswellia sacra from the Suqotra and Dhofar regions was greater than that of Boswellia frereana collected from Somalia. The methanolic extract of the oleogum-resin showed higher efficacy to inhibit all the tested bacterial strains than the methanolic extract of frankincense-resin. The Boswellia frereana collected from Somalia showed lower activity compared with the two other Boswellia species. The plant extracts showed bacteriostatic activity at lower concentrations and bactericidal activity at higher concentrations. Neither water nor methanolic extracts showed any activity against the fungi Candida maltosa and Candida albicans. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the methanolic extracts of Boswellia (Luban) possess the highest antibacterial activity. Neither water nor methanolic extracts show any activity against Candida maltosa and Candida albicans.

186-190

Authors: Sachin L Badole, Subhash L Bodhankar, Chandrashekhar G Raut

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol (B2) on vital organs in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic mice. Methods: Diabetes was induced in mice by streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i.p.) injected 15 min after nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.). The mice were divided into following groups; group 1- non-diabetic, group 2- diabetic control and group 3- B2 (1 mg/kg, p.o.). At the end of 28th day, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation method. Liver, kidney, heart, eye and brain tissue were isolated. The isolated tissues were trimmed into small pieces and preserved in 10 % formalin for 24 h. Specimens were cut in section of 3-5µm in thickness and stained by hematoxyline-eosin stain. Results: Microscopic examination of vital organs showed severe alteration in diabetic control group in contrast to absence of any changes or minimum changes in B2 treatment. Conclusions: It is concluded that B2 exhibits protection of vital organs by minimizing toxic effects and related abnormalities of diabetic conditions in streptozotocin- nicotinamide induced diabetic mice.

195-198

Authors: Subramanian Sampathkumar, Ramakrishnan N

Objective: To establish the fingerprint profile of Naringi crenulata (N. crenulata) (Roxb.) Nicols. using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done and HPTLC studies were carried out. CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with Linomat V applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3 and WIN CATS-4 software was used. Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, phenol, tannin, flavonoid, saponin, triterpenoid, alkaloid, anthraquinone and quinone. HPTLC finger printing of ethanolic extract of stem revealed 10 spots with Rf values in the range of 0.08 to 0.65; bark showed 8 peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.07 to 0.63 and the ethanol extract of leaf revealed 8 peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.09 to 0.49, respectively. The purity of sample was confirmed by comparing the absorption spectra at start, middle and end position of the band. Conclusions: It can be concluded that HPTLC finger printing of N. crenulata may be useful in differentiating the species from the adulterant and act as a biochemical marker for this medicinally important plant in the pharmaceutical industry and plant systematic studies.

204-215

Authors: Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S

Objective: To assess the antifungal activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 45 medicinal plants and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration for each extract against human pathogenic fungi. Methods: A total of 45 medicinal plants were collected from different places of Tamil Nadu and identified. Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 45 medicinal plants were assessed for antifungal susceptibility using broth microdilution method. Two known antifungal agents were used as positive controls. Results: Most of the extracts inhibited more than four fungal strains. From the evaluation we found that ethyl acetate extracts inhibited large number of fungal growth. Hexane extracts also nearly showed the same level of inhibition against fungal growth. Methanol extracts showed the minimum antifungal activity. Among the 45 plants tested, broad spectrum antifungal activity was detected in Albizzia procera (A. procera), Atalantia monophylla, Asclepias curassavica, Azima tetracantha, Cassia fistula (C. fistula), Cinnomomum verum, Costus speciosus (C. speciosus), Nymphaea stellata, Osbeckia chinensis, Piper argyrophyllum, Punica granatum, Tinospora cordifolia and Toddalia asiatica (T. asiatica). Promising antifungal activity was seen in A. procera, C. speciosus, C. fistula and T. asiatica. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the plant species assayed possess antifungal properties. Further phytochemical research is needed to identify the active principles responsible for the antifungal effects of some of these medicinal plants.

220-225

Authors: Yamunadevi M, Wesely EG, Johnson M

Objective: To elucidate the terpenoids profile of Aerva lanata (A. lanata) using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done and HPTLC studies were carried out. The n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7.2: 2.8) was employed as mobile phase for terpenoids. Results: The desired aim was achieved using n-hexane-ethyl acetate (7.2: 2.8) as the mobile phase. The methanolic extract of stem, leaves, root, flower and seeds of A. lanata showed the presence of 27 different types of terpenoids with 27 different Rf values in the range of 0.06 to 0.97. The developed HPTLC method for terpenoid profile is simple, precise and accurate and can be used for the identification and commercial application. Conclusions: HPTLC profile of terpenoids has been chosen here to reveal the diversity existing at biochemical level in A. lanata. Such finger printing is useful in differentiating the species from the adulterant and act as a biochemical marker for this medicinally important plant in the pharmaceutical industry and plant systematic studies.

232-238

Authors: Nazni Wasi Ahmad, Lee Han Lim, Chen Chee Dhang, Heo Chong Chin, Abdullah AG, Wan-Norjuliana Wan Mustaffa, Chew Wai Kian, John Jeffery, Rosli Hashim, Sofian Mohd Azirun

Objective: To study the occurrence of insects fauna obtained in a semi forested area in Malaysia using the carcass of the monkey Macaca fascicularis, Raffles, and to compared the wave of insect succession collected from the carcass placed outdoor and indoor. Methods: The outdoor and indoor studies were conducted at a location of 3°17’57.86”N, 101°47’00.78”E. The euthanized monkeys were placed indoor and outdor. The insect seccession visited the carcass, the envirenmental temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Results: The main insects attracted to specific stages of decomposition were mainly members of Diptera and Coleoptera. There was a delay of fly arrival by two days in indoor carcass. Nocturnal oviposition behaviour was not observed in this study. The flies left the carcass during the twilight zone as noted during a 3 days observation period in outdoor study. The dipteran species found outdoor and indoor were similar but more diverse coleopteran species was found indoor. Conclusions:Information and evidence from this study can be used to improve the estimation of the post mortem interval in forensic cases.

244-248

Authors: Pasiyappazham Ramasamy, Aruldhason Barwin Vino, Ramachandran Saravanan, Namasivayam Subhapradha, Vairamani Shanmugam, Annaian Shanmugam

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of polysaccharide from cuttlebone and methanolic extract from body tissue of Sepia prashadi, against ten human pathogenic bacteria and five fungi. Methods: The activity of polysaccharide and methanolic extract was investigated against Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptococcus sp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and five fungal strains such as Alternaria alternata, Candida tropicalis, Penicillium italicum, Fusarium equiseti and Candida albican using disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were also calculated. Results: Both polysaccharide and methanolic extract was active against gram positive than that of gram negative pathogenic bacteria but inactive against fungi. The MIC of both the extract ranging from 60 to 100 mg/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that cephalopod polysaccharide and methanolic extract possess relatively good antibacterial activity.

253-257

Authors: Ebenezer Jeyakumar, Rubina Lawrence, Tripti Pal

Objective: To find the efficacy of peppermint oil against selected bacterial pathogens and compare with their susceptibility towards antibiotics. Methods: Peppermint oil was evaluated for activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial assay was evaluated using agar well diffusion method and the viability of the organisms (MIC and MBC) was determined at different concentrations using broth dilution method. Results: Peppermint oil was found to be effective against all the gram positive and gram negative organisms tested. A progressive effect of antibacterial activity with increase in concentration of oil was observed. The test organisms were found to be inhibited by peppermint oil at lower concentration in broth dilution method as compared with agar diffusion method. When comparing the assessment of the inhibitory effect of peppermint oil, broth dilution was found to be more effective as compared with agar diffusion method. Except S. aureus, the remaining organisms tested in the present study were found to possess multiple drug resistance. However, peppermint oil was found to be effective against these bacterial strains studied. Conclusions: Hence, with such broad spectrum activity of peppermint oil, it can be further recommended in the treatment of the infections caused by these multi-drug resistant bacteria.

261-265

Authors: Okwori EE, Nwadioha SI, Nwokedi EOP, Odimayo M, Jombo GTA

Objective: To isolate bacterial pathogens and test for their antibiotic susceptibility. Methods: A total of 20 000 samples from 9 different clinical sites were processed in the laboratory between 1987 to 2000. The specimens were inoculated on the appropriate media for the isolation of the bacteria. Biochemical and serology tests were carried out on the organisms to confirm the type of bacteria isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility test was also carried out on each of the bacteria isolated. Results: A total of 18 520 bacteria were isolated from the specimens. The specimens were from nine different clinical sites, i.e. wound accounted for 22.84%, urine 31.67%, blood 12.38%, genital 7.70%, sputum 6.81%, stool 6.28%, cerebrospinal fluid 5.98%, aspirates 3.85% and ear/throat swabs were 2.49%. Gram negative bacteria accounted for 76% of isolates. The main species were Pseudomonas 2 238 (12.08%), Escherichia coli (E. coli) 2 073 (11.19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) which accounted for 2 511 (13.56%) of the total isolates. S. aureus showed 70% and 65% resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, respectively. Surprisingly, 40% of the organism was resistant to cloxacillin. E. coli showed 47% and 42% resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin, respectively. 49% of Salmonella typhi was resistant to chloramphenicol while 37% of Neisseria meningitidis was resistant to penicillin. Conclusions: The rate of bacteria isolated from the clinical specimens is high and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the organisms vary from one antibiotic to the other.

268-270

Authors: AKM Mamunur Rashid, AKM Saifur Rashid, Abdur Rahman

Objective: To compare intestinal parasitoses between urban and rural children in developing countries and its related factors. Methods: Children of 1-6 years old in the urban and rural areas who had not taken antihelmenthic drugs in the last 6 months were randomly selected. Various factors were taken as variables in a preformed questionnaire. Results: Among the total 52 children, 24 were in urban and 28 were in rural group. Male/female ratio of the rural group was 1:1 and that of the urban group was 1.4:1. Average income was 12 000 taka and 4 000 taka per month in urban and rural areas, respectively. None of the rural group used sanitary latrine, whereas every one in urban group used sanitary latrine. Majority (71%) of the mothers in rural group were below the primary level of education. Majority (75%) of fathers were educated above higher secondary level in urban group. In the rural group 18 (64%) fathers had not received any education. Enterobius vermicularis was observed only in 1 (4%) stool samples of urban children but in rural group it was found in 7 (25%) of the stool samples. Enterobius vermicularis was the main parasite isolated from both groups. Exclusive breast feeding practice of less than 6 months was observed in 20 (83%) children of urban group but in rural group that of less than one year was found in 22 (78%) children. Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infestation is mostly found in rural children. Urban children almost have no intestinal parasitoses. It has the relation with the poor sanitation, low standard of living, less parental income and education, and early weaning. Unnecessary universal deworming of the urban and rural children in developing countries should be discouraged in order to use the money economically and effectively. It can be carried out in rural children and their living standard should be improved.

276-280

Authors: Sridevi M, Kalaiarasi P, Pugalendi KV

Objective: To study the antihyperlipidemic efficacy of alcoholic leaf extract of Solanum surattense (S. surattense) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: The male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups with six animals in each group. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg). After being confirmed the diabetic rats were treated with S. surattense leaf extract (100 mg/kg b.w.) for 45 days. The biochemical estimation like lipid profile and fatty acid composition of tissues was performed. Results: The diabetic rats showed elevated levels of blood glucose, and a significant decrease in plasma insulin. It also showed significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), phospholipids (PL) and free fattyacids (FFA) in the plasma, liver and kidney. The plasma lipoproteins were changed in diabetic rats. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) increased. Fatty acid compositions were also altered in STZ-diabetic rats. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids increased and the levels of linolenic and arachidonic acids decreased. It also showed decreased levels of total proteins and albumin. Administration of S. surattense (100 mg/kg b.w.) to diabetic rats for 45 days significantly reversed the above parameters towards normalcy. Conclusions: The antihyperlipidemic effect is due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, triterpenoids and sterols in the extract. The hypolipidemic effect mediated by S. surattense may also be anticipated to have biological significance and provide a scientific rationale for the use of S. surattense as an anti-diabetic plant.

284-286

Authors: Kiruba S, Mahesh M, Nisha SR, Miller Paul Z, Jeeva S

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical screening of the flower extracts of Rhododendron arboreum (R. arboreum) Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by the standard methods as described by Harborne. Results: The phytochemical analysis carried out on the flowers of R. arboreum Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg showed the presence of phenols, saponins, steroids, tannin, xanthoprotein and coumarin. Conclusions: The present study suggested that the flower extracts of R. arboreum Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg possess significant phytochemical constituents and it can be used as antimicrobial agents against clinically isolated pathogens.

291-298

Authors: Raju Patil, Ravindra Patil, Bharati Ahirwar, Dheeraj Ahirwar

In India, indigenous remedies have been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus since the time of Charaka and Sushruta. Plants have always been an exemplary source of drugs and many of the currently available drugs have been derived directly or indirectly from them. The ethnobotanical information reports that about 800 plants may possess anti-diabetic potential. Out of several Indian medicinal plants 33 plants were reviewed. The most effective antidiabetic Indian medicinal plants are Acacia arabica, Aegle marmelose, Agrimonia eupatoria, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica, Benincasa hispida, Beta vulgaris, Caesalpinia bonducella, Citrullus colocynthis, Coccinia indica, Eucalyptus globules, Ficus bengalenesis, Gymnema sylvestre, Hibiscus rosasinesis, Ipomoea batatas, Jatropha curcus, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Mucuna pruriens, Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Punica granatum, Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum. A wide array of plant derived active principles representing numerous chemical compounds has demonstrated activity consistent with their possible use in the treatment of diabetes.

303-304

Authors: Sowjanya Dasari, Kushal Naha

A 22-year-old male presented with severe myalgias and backache of acute onset, as well as one episode of opisthotonus. On repeated questioning, he admitted to having consumed leaves of Strychnos nux-vomica with suicidal intent. He was treated conservatively with intravenous diazepam and analgesia and made a complete recovery. Strychnine poisoning is rarely encountered and poisoning by consumption of leaves is even rarer. This case demonstrates the potent toxicity of strychnine as well as the effectiveness of therapy when initiated early.

1-5

Authors: Mariana A, Mohd Kulaimi B, Halimaton I, Suhaili ZA, Shahrul-Anuar MS, Nor Zalipah M, Ho TM

Objective: To identify the presence of acarine ectoparasites and determine whether there is any potential public health risk in Panti Forest Reserve, Johore, Malaysia. Methods: Trapping of animals and avifauna was conducted simultaneously along 5 expedition trails using 150 wire traps, 10 harp traps and 30 mist nets for 6 consecutive nights. A total of 140 animals consisting of 7 species of birds, 19 species of bats, 6 species of rodents and 1 species of tree-shrew as well as 8 myriapods were examined. Results: Infestation rates of ticks, mesostigmatid mites and chiggers on animals examined were 24.3%, 28.6% and 27.9%, respectively. Infestation on bats was low (1.5%) and none occurred on birds. Majority of ticks extracted were at immature stages (78.9%). Genera of ticks on animals were Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis and Ixodes. Ixodes granulatus was the only species of ticks identified from the animals. Examination of ticks under vegetation revealed 54% adults leading to identification of 3 species of ticks. A total of 7 species of mesostigmatid mites were found. 6 species were on rodent, Maxomys surifer and another one species, Laelaps nuttalli was found only on Leopoldamys sabanus. Laelaps sanguisugus was the only mesostigmatid found infesting tree-shrews. Seven genera of chiggers were identified. From this, 5 genera were on rodents, 4 genera on tree-shrews and 1 genus on a bat. Conclusions: A total of 16 genera, 2 sub-genus and 14 species of acarine ectoparasites were found in this area. Findings of the survey demonstrate the presence of three spesies of acarine ectoparasites which Findings of the survey demonstrate the presence of three spesies of acarine ectoparasites which have potential health risk i.e. Ixodes granulatus, Laelaps nuttalli and Leptotrombidium deliense.

8-11

Authors: Paul Raj K, Irudayaraj V, Johnson M, Patric Raja D

Objective: To study the morphology, biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica (C. parasitica) (L.) H. Lev. Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were carried out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. To prepare the extract, the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone. For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria. Results: Detailed micromorphological, phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C. parasitica (L.) H. Lev. showed its intraspecific variation in antibacterial activity. The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species. The epidermal glands were orange-coloured, stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2 µm × 45 µm, and distributed on the undersurface of costa, costules and veins in croziers, young and mature leaves. Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers. The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids in it. Conclusions: The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica (L.) H. Lev. have several bioactive compounds and such rare morphovariant should be conserved in nature. The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.

15-19

Authors: S Anto Jeya Dayalan, Pramod Darwin, Prakash S

Objective: To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp. would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp. in different media with altered carbohydrate source. Methods: The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum (P. chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate. The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source. The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPlC for the efficacy of the product. Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA, along with characterization using other pathogens. Results: From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis, only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore, India, and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital, Bangalore, India, showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P. chrysogenum. Different production media showed varied range of growth of Penicillium. Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay. Characterization of penicillin on pathogens, like wild Escherichia coli strain, Klebsiella spp., and MRSA, gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant. HPlC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced. Accordingly, the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample, 85.52 mAu. Therefore, there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples. Conclusions: The Penicillium spp. could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments. This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments, and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth.

23-28

Authors: Ya-Ling Lin, Rakesh Ramanujum, Shiping He

Objective: To study whether the infection of Schistosomiasis japanicum (S. japanicum) is related to enhanced proliferation and migration of cancer cells, and the molecular mechanism pertains to cancer cell metastasis in human host. Methods: The gene of S. japanicum glutathione transferase (sjGST) cloned from S. japanicum was expressed, purified and applied in a series of assays to explore the effect of sjGST on proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-435S, and the expression of MMP2 and MMP9. Immunofluorescence assay for the binding of sjGST to MDA-MB-435S was also carried out. Results: Results showed that sjGST enhanced proliferation and migration in human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-435S signifycantly at 50-200 nM, but did not enhance them in human lung cancer cell A549. Immunofluorescence assay for the binding of sjGST to MDA-MB-435S and A549 showed that GST was readily bound to the breast cancer cells, but showed almost no binding to human lung cancer cells. The assays for gelatinase activity showed that both MMP2 and MMP9 activities were increased significantly in the presence of sjGST (50-200 nM) in MDA-MB-435S, but they were not significant in A549. Conclusions: Our current results show strongly that S. japanicum GST binds to MDA-MB-435S probably via its receptor, and enhances proliferation and migration of the cancer cells by up-regulatory expression of MMP2 and MMP9.

39-42

Authors: Maksum Radji, Siti Fauziah, Nurgani Aribinuko

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia. Methods: A cross sectional retrospective study of bacterial pathogen was carried out on a total of 722 patients that were admitted to the ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia during January 2009 to March 2010. All bacteria were identified by standard microbiologic methods, and their antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method. Results: Specimens were collected from 385 patients who were given antimicrobial treatment, of which 249 (64.68%) were cultured positive and 136 (35.32%) were negative. The most predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (26.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (15.3%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (14.9%). P. aeruginosa isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalexin (95.3%), cefotaxime (64.1%), and ceftriaxone (60.9%). Amikacin was the most effective (84.4%) antibiotic against P. aeruginosa followed by imipenem (81.2%), and meropenem (75.0%). K. pneumoniae showed resistance to cephalexin (86.5%), ceftriaxone (75.7%), ceftazidime (73.0%), cefpirome (73.0%) and cefotaxime (67.9%), respectively. Conclusions: Most bacteria isolated from ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia were resistant to the third generation of cephalosporins, and quinolone antibiotics. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns is very important for setting orders to guide the clinician in choosing empirical or directed therapy of infected patients.

49-53

Authors: Poonuch Muhamad, Wanna Chacharoenkul, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Ronnatrai Ruengweerayut, Kesara NaBangchang

Objective: To compare the applicability of the SYBR Green-I assay with the standard schizont maturation assay, for determination of sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) to chloroquine and a new antifolate WR 99210. Methods: The study was conducted at Mae Tao Clinic for migrant workers, Tak Province during April 2009 to July 2010. A total of 64 blood samples (1 mL blood collected into sodium heparinized plastic tube) were collected from patients with monoinfection with P. vivax malaria prior to treatment with standard regimen of a 3-day chloroquine. In vitro sensitivity of P. vivax isolates was evaluated by schizont maturation inhibition and SYBR Green-I assays. Results: A total of 30 out of 64 blood samples collected from patients with P. vivax malaria were successfully analyzed using both the microscopic schizont maturation inhibition and SYBR Green-I assays. The failure rates of the schizont maturation inhibition assay (50%) and the SYBR Green-I assay (54%) were similar (P=0.51). The median IC10s, IC50s and IC 90s of both chloroquine and WR99210 were not significantly different from the clinical isolates of P. vivax tested. Based on the cut-off of 100 nM, the prevalences of chloroquine resistance determined by schizont maturation inhibition and SYBR Green-I assays were 19 and 11 isolates, respectively. The strength of agreement between the two methods was very poor for both chloroquine and WR99210. Conclusions: On the basis of this condition and its superior sensitivity, the microscopic method appears better than the SYBR Green-I Green assay for assessing in vitro sensitivity of fresh P. vivax isolates to antimalarial drugs.

57-63

Authors: Garg Neeraj K, Mangal Sharad, Sahu Tejram, Mehta Abhinav, Vyas Suresh P, Tyagi Rajeev K

Objective: To evaluate the anti-apoptotic and radical scavenging activities of dietary phenolics, namely ascorbic acid,α-tocopherol acetate, citric acid, salicylic acid, and estimate H2O2- induced apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma cells. Methods: The intracellular antioxidant potency of antioxidants was investigated. H2O2-induced apoptosis in RCC-26 was assayed with the following parameters: cell viability (% apoptosis), nucleosomal damage and DNA fragmentation, bcl-2 levels and flow cytometery analysis (ROS production evaluation). Results: The anticancer properties of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, α- tocopherol acetate, citric acid, salicylic acid with perdurable responses were investigated. It was observed that these antioxidants had protective effect (anti-apoptotic activity) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC-26) cell line. Conclusions: This study reveals and proves the anticancer properties. However, in cancer cell lines anti-apoptotic activity can indirectly reflect the cancer promoter activity through radicals scavenging, and significantly protect nucleus and bcl-2.

69-73

Authors: Ajay Singh

Objective: To assess the sero-positivity rate of HIV infection among clinically suspected subjects of reproductive age group (15-49 years), biological and behavioral characteristics of the subjects gender specific variation of sero-positivity rate, and the differentials of the sero-positivity rate fo r the history of blood transfusion or blood products or other organs, history of needle exposure and symptoms of morbidity. Methods: Study is based on the retrospective data of the calendar year 2005 obtained from Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre (VCTC) (now renamed as ICTC), Department of Microbiology, I.M.S., B.H.U., Varanasi. These cases were either referred by the consultants of different OPD'S of Sir Sunderlal Hospital or came voluntarily for knowing their HIV status. About 2-3 mL of blood samples were collected in a plain vial and tested for HIV status by strategy II/III as per WHO/NACO guidelines. Results: Overall sero-positivity of HIV was 15.3% (18.1% in males and 12.2% in females) which increased 6-7 folds in the age group 35-49 years as compared to 15-24 years in both the sexes. Sero-positivity rate in male migrants was 43.1%, while in female migrants it was 18.7%. The history of multiple sexual contacts was about 3 times higher in males as compared to females; predominantly it was very high in male migrants (67.7%) as compared to male non-migrants (15.8%). History of multiple sexual contacts was not uncommon in females and it was 25.0% in female migrants and 9.7% in non-migrant fe males. The sero-positivity rate with the history of multiple sexual contacts was 45.4% in males and 60.3% in females, while without history of multiple sexual contacts these were only 2.8% and 5.3% respectively. Sero-positive cases had on an average 3.6±1.7 various morbidity symptoms as compared to 0.7±1.1 in sero-negatives. It is to be noted that sero-positivity rate was more in those females who seemed apparently healthy compared to those presenting with some of the symptoms; vice versa, in males presenting with some symptoms HIV infection was 7 times higher than those without symptoms. Conclusions: The findings indicate a high sero-positivity among both the genders. Multiple heterosexual contacts, especially, in migrants are the main root of transmission of HIV. These are causing spread of HIV to their spouses. The multiple sexual contacts in the society, especially, among non migrant females of this region are indicating the distortion of traditions and cultures which are a serious concern and may lead to HIV infection on the rise. Awareness program to the susceptible group is the need to reduce further spread of HIV.

79-80

Authors: Viroj Wiwanitkit

Hyperglycemia is an important finding in the diabetic patient with poor glycemic control. There are several possible causes of hyperglycemic. Here, the author presents an interesting case study on a female diabetic patient presenting with hyperglycemic due to intake of crude tamarind herbal pill. General practitioner should realize that the use of alternative medicine can be a cause of unexplained hyperglycemic episode in diabetic patient.

83-84

Authors: Sameer Singhal, DD Wagh, Shivali Kashikar, Yeshwant Lonkar

Acute eididymo-orchitis is the most common cause of intrascrotal inflammation, and retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. Here we intend to present a case of young boy, not sexually active, suffering from acute epididymo-orchitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proper timely diagnosis of the primary cause and prompt treatment including support with non invasive ventilation lead to a favourable outcome in the same case.

1-7

Authors: Bhagavathy S, Sumathi P, Jancy Sherene Bell I

Objective: To analyse the existence of bioactive phytochemicals and their antimicrobial role of green algae Chlorococcum humicola (C. humicola). Methods: The various organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, hexane and methanol were used for the preparation of the algal extracts then subjected to chemical analysis and further used for the screening of antimicrobial assay. The purified carotenoid pigments and chlorophylls were used for the antimicrobial studies against the harmful pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibreo cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Results: The chemical analysis showed the existence of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, alkaloids, favanoids, fattyacids, saponins, aminoacids and carbohydrates. In vitro screening of organic solvent extracts of green algae C. humicola shows activity in inhibiting the growth of virulent strains of bacteria and fungi pathogenic to human. Eight different extracts showed effective inhibitory action against the selected pathogens. Depends upon their existence of the bioactive compounds the different organic algal extracts shows difference in their inhibitory zone against the microbes. Out of all the organic extracts benzene and ethyl acetate extracts showed excellent effect nearly 80% microbial growth inhibition. The separated carotenoid and chlorophyll fractions of C. humicola, also results in the microbial growth inhibition. Conclusions: The present study concludes that green algae C. humicola are a rich and varied source of pharmacologically active natural products and nutraceuticals. While nutraceutical and pharmaceutical content in the baseline algae strain is very small, they showed excellent effect against the microbial pathogens.

13-16

Authors: Dnyaneshwar J Taur, RavindraY Patil

Objective: To evaluate the antiasthmatic activity of Ricinus communis (R. communis) Linn (Euphorbiaceae) to validate its traditional use. Methods: The antiasthmatic activity of ethanol extract of R. communis (ERCR) root was evaluated on milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice, mast cell degranulations in mice and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats at (100-150 mg/kg). Results: The ERCR significantly decreases milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia and protect degranulations of mast cells in mice. At the same dose ERCR inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of steroids, saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides. Conclusions: The flavonoids and saponins are reported to possess mast cell stabilizing and antianaphylactic activity. Hence ERCR shows antiasthmatic activity may be due to presence of flavonoids and/or saponins.

20-25

Authors: K Jeyaprakash, M Ayyanar, KN Geetha, T Sekar

Objective: To identify the knowledgeable Paliyar and Muthuvar traditional healers in Theni District of Tamil Nadu, Southern India and to explore their indigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge. Methods: With the help of standardized questionnaires, 12 informants were interviewed on the medicinal use of the local flora in various tribal villages of Theni District, Tamil Nadu during August 2008 to July 2009. Results: A total of 86 plant species belonging to 75 genera and 45 families were reported with ethnomedicinal uses. In terms of the number of medicinal plant species, Acanthaceae (6 genera and 7 species, 8% of total collected plants) and Cucurbitaceae (5 species) are dominant families. Among the different plant parts used for the preparation of medicine, the leaves were most frequently used for the treatment of diseases. Conclusions: The use of plants among the Paliyars and Muthuvars reflects their interest in ethnomedicine and further investigation on these species may lead to the discovery of novel bioactive molecules.

30-36

Authors: Rangachari Balamurugan, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu

Objective: To assess the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties of Lippia nodiflora (L. nodiflora). Methods: Acute toxicity test was done to check the toxicity of L. nodiflora methanol extract and oral glucose tolerance test was performed in normal rats. L. nodiflora methanol extract at three dose levels was administerd orally to streptozotocin (STZ) (40mg/kg bw) induced diabetic rats for 15 days. The various parameters were studied including body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, lipid profile, glycogen content, glycoslylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum marker enzyme levels in normal, treated and diabetic rats. Histochemical analysis of pancreas was also carried out in normal, treated and diabetic rats. Results: The treatment group with the extract at three dose levels showed a significant increase in the liver, muscle glycogen and serum insulin level and a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels and serum marker enzyme levels. The total cholesterol and serum triglycerides levels were also significantly reduced and the high density lipoprotein level was significantly increased upon treatment with the L. nodiflora methanol extract. Histochemical study of pancreas also confirmed the biochemical findings. Acute toxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the L. nodiflora methanol extract. Conclusions: The results of the experiments presented here suggest that methanol extract of L. nodiflora exerts significant antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effect in STZinduced diabetic rats.

40-42

Authors: Dnyaneshwar J Taur, Ravindra Y Patil

Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius (A. precatorius) for the management of asthma. Methods: In the present study, ethanol extract of A. precatorius leaves at doses of 100-150 mg/kg i.p. was evaluated for the management of asthma using milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia in mice. Results: The results of the present investigation showed that ethanol extract of A. precatorius at (100-150 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia in mice in a dose dependent manner when compared with control group. Conclusions: It can be concluded that ethanol extract of A. precatorius leaves may be used in the management of asthma.

47-50

Authors: Bagepalli Srinivas Ashok Kumar, Kuruba Lakshman, Jayaveera KN

Objective: To provide scientific validation for the antipyretic activities of Amaranthus viridis (Linn.), Amaranthus caudatus (Linn.) and Amaranthus spinosus (Linn.). Methods: The antipyretic activity of methanol extracts of all three plants at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg was investigated by yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Paracetamol (150 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug and control group received distilled water. Rectal temperatures of all the rats were recorded and compared at 19 h, immediately before extract or vehicle or paracetamol administration, and again at 1 h interval up to 24 h by thermal probe Eliab themistor thermometer. Results: At 400 mg/kg dose all the three methanolic extracts showed significant (P<0.01) reduction in yeast provoked elevated temperature as compared with that of standard drug paracetamol, whereas 200 mg/kg dose is less effective when compared with higher dose (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results show that methanol extract of three plants of Amaranthus possesses a significant antipyretic effect in maintaining reducing yeast-induced elevated body temperature in rats and their effects were comparable to that of the standard antipyretic drug paracetamol.

55-57

Authors: Adewumi AA, Ogunjinmi AA

Objective: To assess the potential of lotion made from honey and propolis in the treatment of septic wounds in order to determine its effectiveness. Methods: The study area was Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Fifty patients with septic wounds, aged from 20-60 years, were treated with lotion made from honey and propolis harvested from the Centre for Apicultural Research, Training and Honey Production (CARTHOP) Farm of College of Agriculture, Osun State University, Ejigbo. Honey and powdered propolis were mixed in a ratio of seven to three. The lotion was applied to the wounds three times a day. Results: The wounds of the 80% of the patients showed remarkable signs of improvement at the end of the 4th day; 60% had their wounds completely healed at the end of the 10th day; the remaining 40% healed completely at the end of the 15th day. All healed wounds were without scars or blisters. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the lotion from the honey and propolis has great potential for the treatment and healing of septic wounds. It is recommended that it should be incorporated in the treatment plans of septic wounds and other gangrenous wounds by hospitals in Nigeria.

62-65

Authors: K Girija, K Lakshman

Objective: To investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of three plants of Amaranthus. Methods: In this study, the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of three plants of Amaranthus were evaluated by using normal and triton-WR 1339 induced rats at the dose of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg p.o. The serum harvested was analyzed for total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. Results: It was found that all the three plants at 400 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-hyperlipidemic effect (P<0.01), whereas 300 mg/kg dose is less significant in the entire parameters used for evaluation of anti hyperlipidemic effect (P<0.05). Conclusions: Methanol extracts of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus viridis showed significant anti-hyperlipidemic effect and this study provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.

71-75

Authors: Anjali Rawani, Sudin Pal, GoutamChandra

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activity of the extracts of Alternanthera philoxeroides (A. philoxeroides), Plumeria obtusa (P. obtusa), Polyalthia cerasoides (P. cerasoides) and Ixora acuminate (I. acuminate) against human pathogens. Methods: Aqueous and chloroform: methanol (1:1) extracts of the dried leaf of A. philoxeroides, flowers of P. obtusa, fruits of P. cerasoides and flowers of I. acuminate were tested in vitro by the disk diffusion method against four bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Susceptibility of four reference bacterial strains to some antibiotics in nutrient agar was also tested. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined and qualitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extract of the tested plant parts was done. Results: Both the aqueous and the chloroform: methanol (1:1) extracts of P. cerasoides showed the strongest activity, followed by flowers of P. obtusa, leaves of A. philoxeroides and flowers of I. acuminate. Aqueous extracts of all the plant parts appeared to have less antibacterial activity than the chloroform: methanol (1:1) extracts. The result of phytochemical analysis of the crude extract of the tested plants showed that flavonoid was absent from all plant parts whereas steroid was present in all tested plant parts. Conclusions: The results support that these plant extracts can be used for the treatment of bacterial diseases.

79-81

Authors: Beverly C David, Sudarsanam G

Objective: To conduct an ethnobotanical survey and collect information from local people about the medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases by the tribes of Javadhu hills. Methods: A random interview for 237 natives in Javadhu hills was performed by using semi-structured questionnaires and regular field visits. Results: The investigations revealed that there were about 40 different plants recorded, with their vernacular names and economically useful parts used in traditional medicine. Conclusions: The study indicates that the local inhabitants rely on medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases of microbial origin.

86-89

Authors: Akhilesh V Singh, Anudwipa Singh, Lila K Nath, Nihar R Pani

Objective: To evaluate binding efficiency of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. starch (TBS) in diclofenac sodium tablets. Methods: Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared using wet granulation method. The starch paste in different concentrations (5%-15% w/w) was evaluated for optimized binder concentration. Preformulation study of the drug with TBS and different excipients were also analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and isothermal stress testing (IST). Results: Preformulation study of the drug, water chestnut starch and different excipients showed no interaction or, drug degradation in FTIR and IST, respectively. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration and dissolution studies, and all the parameters were found within the official specifications. Conclusions: The results reveal that this starch has potential to be used as binder at industrial scale in pharmaceutical solid dosage form development.

100-104

Authors: Samuel Jacob Inbaneson, Sundaram Ravikumar

Objective: To identify the antiplasmodial drugs from the marine sponge Hyattella intestinalis (H. intestinalis) associated bacteria. Methods: The H. intestinalis samples were collected from Thondi coast and subjected for enumeration and isolation of associated bacteria. Filter sterilized extracts (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125µg/mL) from bacterial isolates were screened for antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum and potential extracts were also screened for biochemical constituents. Results: The count of THB isolates were maximum in November 2007 (20×104 CFU/g) and the average count was maximum during the monsoon season (77×103 CFU/g). A total of 29 bacteria were isolated based on the morphological characteristics and screened for antiplasmodial activity. The antiplasmodial activity of THB20 extract (IC50 41.88 µg/mL) showed at two fold concentration of IC 50 value of the positive control chloroquine (IC50 19.59 µg/mL) and 14 bacterial isolates showed IC 50 value of more than 100 µg/mL. Statistical analysis reveals that, significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity (P<0.05) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes showed no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethyl acetate extract of THB isolates after 48 h of incubation. The antiplasmodial activity of potential bacterial isolates might be due to the presence of sugars and alkaloids in the ethyl acetate extracts. Conclusions: It is concluded from the present study that, the ethyl acetate extracts of THB20 posses novel metabolites for the development of newer antiplasmodial drugs.

109-112

Authors: Shyamapada Mandal

Objective: To evaluate the repellent activity of Eucalyptus and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) seed oil against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) from Purulia district of the West Bengal state, India. Methods: The repellent activity of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oils (using coconut oil base) against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito were evaluated in indoor conditions. Three concentrations, 0%, 50% and 100% (v/v) of both the agents were considered in the studies. The protection percentage was determined, and the protection time was recorded. Results: The test oils showed excellent repellent action against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The A. indica seed oil provided 90.26% and 88.83% protection, and the Eucalyptus oil 93.37% and 92.04%, at concentrations 50% and 100% (v/v), respectively, with the protection time up to 240 min. There was no bite within 120 min and 180 min, respectively, due to the action of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oil, and thus 100% protection from the bite of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito was achieved. Conclusions: The present study clearly demonstrates the potential of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oils as topical repellents against Cx. quinquefasciatus, the mosquito vector of filariasis.

119-123

Authors: Someshwar Singha, Utpal Adhikari, Goutam Chandra

Objective: Present study was made to evaluate the smoke repellent potentiality and mosquito larvicidal activity of Mesua ferra (M. ferra) leaves against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). Methods: Crude, petroleum-ether, chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) and ethyl acetate extracts of mature plant leaves were investigated to establish its biocontrol potentiality under laboratory condition against larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus at different concentrations i.e. 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm. Mosquito coil prepared from M. ferra leaves powder were tested for smoke toxicity effect against Cx. quinquefasciatus adult mosquitoes. Results: The mortality rates of crude extract at 0.5% concentration were higher than all other concentrations tested against the first, second, third and fourth instars larvae at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure. Larval mortality rate in chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) extract was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other extracts. LC50 value of petroleum ether, chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) and ethyl acetate extracts were 195.33 ppm, 27.28 ppm and 74.19 ppm respectively, after 48 h of exposure. Smoke exposed gravid females oviposited fewer eggs when compared to non exposed female mosquitoes. Conclusions: In conclusion M. ferra crude and chloroform: methanol (1:1) extract can be used effectively against mosquito control programmes. Smoke from M. ferra can play an important role in the interruption of transmission of those diseases where mosquitoes act as vector at the individual level.

129-130

Authors: Solomon Kiruba, Mony Mahesh, Zachariah Miller Paul, Solomon Jeeva

Objective: To examine the phytochemicals present in the pericarp of Crataeva magna (C. magna) (Lour.) DC. which is used as a traditional medicine by the inhabitants of Kanyakumari district. Methods: Phytochemical screening of the pericarp was done to determine the secondary metabolites in various solvents studied. Results: The phytochemical screening on the pericarp of C. magna (Lour.) DC. proved the presence of phytochemicals such as phenols, saponins and tannins. Conclusions: The findings of the present study recommended that the pericarp of C. magna (Lour.) DC. have potential antimicrobial compounds that may be of use for developing plant based drugs for various ailments.

139-140

Authors: Viroj Wiwanitkit

Self penile injection can result in an important uncommon urological disorder. However, the self intraurethral foreign body injection is extremely rare. Here, the author reports a case of a male patient presenting with urethritis due to self intraurethral baby oil injection. This disorder was self limited after conservative treatment. Based on the literature searching, this case report might be the first world report on urological problem due to self intraurethral oil injection.