LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching

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Authors: Hendy Yuniarto and Marsono

This research aims to describe type classifier of semantic change and to explain the factors causing semantic change. This research was conducted with a qualitative-descriptive approach. The research method is conducted by comparing the meaning of words from the Old Javanese and Sanskrit loan wordto Modern Javanese. The collection data is done by looking for words that the meaning suspected change in Old Javanese dictionary. Words meaning determined precisely by tracing to the Old Javanese text. Furthermore, words meaning are compared to present time meaning through Modern Javanese dictionary. In addition, searching Modern Javanese meaning are also using Javanese news on the internet pages. The analysis of this research is to classify Old Javanese words and Sanskrit loan words meaning that undergo change to Modern Javanese. It’s also explained why the change in the word meaning can occur. The result shows that, semantic change of Old Javanese words and Sanskrit loan words to Modern Javanese can be classified into seven types, involving widening, narrowing, shifting, metaphor, metonymy, pejoration, and euphemism. In addition, the result shows that semantic change can occur because of some factors. Psychological factor concerning emotive and taboo, and polysemy. religion spreading, the growth of science and technology, the socio-political development, and the needs of a new name.

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Authors: Frisca Ayu Desi Widyaningrum, Carla Sih Prabandari

This paper discusses content validity and authenticity of the English test items in National Examination (UN) year 2012. It is worth discussion because UN, which was administered nationally, was the most important standardized test to assess Indonesian students’ competence. The study aimed to find out how valid the content of the English test items of National Examination year 2012 for senior high schools isand how authentic the English test items of National Examination year 2012 for senior high schools is. The writers employed a qualitative research with document analysis to conduct the analysis of both content validity and authenticity of the English test items. The data were obtained from the document and analyzed by using checklists. Besides, to maintain the validitiy of the analysis, a triagulation was done by distributing aquestionnaire to four experts in language assessment. There were twofindings resulted form the analysis. First, the content of the National Examination year 2012 was 98.8% valid since almost all of the contents were relevant to the test specifications. However, there were three reading test versions which failed to represent kinds of texts, namely explanation text. Second, the National Examination year 2012 met the criteria of authenticity with percentage 79.5% since some listening and reading test items failed to conform to authenticity criteria. Natural language use, the relevance of the test topics, and real-world representativeness became problematic aspects to meet the higher standard of authenticity.

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Authors: Truly Almendo Pasaribu

This paper is an investigation into the properties of the negation jangan in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. The analysis shows that the negation jangan can negate verbs functioning as predicate in a sentence. It follows both transitive and intransitive verbs. The constituent that fills the position in the subject is defined by the voice of the sentence. If it is in the active voice, the subject is the second person pronoun. On the other hand, if the word jangan negates passive voice, the subject is not restricted. It is possible in Indonesian sentence to have double negation because the negative adverb jangan can negate a negation tidak. It also follows adjectives, adverbs, nouns and clauses. The negation jangan also has a different grammatical construction when it precedes the preposition sampai. The subject following jangan sampai is not restricted as the subject following jangan sampai is in active voice. The word jangan can be fronted to modify the whole clause.

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Authors: Yohana Veniranda

This study investigates the effects of voicing of a preceding and following plosive on the Voice Onset Time (VOT) and vowel duration. The data consist of words with CVC segments, with the four groups of samples that represent both voiced and voiceless plosives, both for the ones following and preceding the vowels. The preliminary hypothesis is that voicing of following plosives affects the length of the vowels, indicated by the vowel duration, and VOT is affected by the voicing of the preceding plosives, not the following plosives. To compare the effects of voicing on the lengths of the vowel duration and VOT, the sound files are analyzed using the Praat program. The results of this study show that the voicing of the following plosives affects the vowel duration, while the voicing of the preceding plosives does not affect the vowel duration. The results also show that it is the voicing of the C1 plosives that affect the VOT. The word-ending plosives do not affect the VOT of the preceding plosives.This study is on English vowel duration and VOT affected by the following and preceding stops. A further study can be done to compare the results of the effects with another language.

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Authors: Carla Sih Prabandari

A good translation should be parallel with the source text both in form and in meaning. Yet, because of the uniqueness of each language, parallel in form is often difficult to achieve. This paper attempts to analyze the translation of Sean Covey’s The 7th Habits of Highly Effective Teens in terms of a sociolinguistic point of view and different types of equivalence. The analysis and discussion are based on some cases that I found. Based on the examples, two conclusions can be drawn. First, from the sociolinguistic point of view, the use of SAYA instead of AKU to refer to the author creates more distance with the readers. Second, the translator seems to have worked hard to produce a dynamic equivalence of the source text, but in some cases the idiomatic expressions are not well translated. Thus, the results of the translation do not sound as idiomatic as the source text.

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Authors: Hermanus Wahyaka

This study aims at identifying the evidences of gender-biased behaviour and actions and at finding the possible reasons why those gender-biased behaviour and actions happen within the life of the rural community as depicted in the novel. The problems, therefore, are formulated as follows: 1). What are the evidences of gender-biased behaviour and actions experienced by the major female characters of Ho’sSing to the Dawn?and 2). Why do the gender-biased behaviour and actions occur within the life of the rural communityas in Ho’sSing to the Dawn? This study is a library research. The primary source is the novel itself, Sing to the Dawn. The secondary sources are obtained from several relevant books related to literary theories such as the critical approach, the theory of gender, the theory of society, and the review of Thai society. In order to relate the gender bias and a certain community, the socio-cultural approach is used to examine the novel. This study found that gender biased behaviour and actions committed by the male characters towards the major female characters manifest in several manners; they are subordination of women, mental violence, violent intention, physical violence, sex role stereotyping, and marginalization. The possible reasons enabling the manifestation of gender biased behaviour and actions committed by the male characters towards the major female characters are cultural construction on women subordination, cultural construction on sex roles stereotyping as the result of patriarchal system, religious misinterpretation, and poverty.

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Authors: Herdiansari Hayuningrum and Made Frida Yulia

Paraphrase is one of the techniques of incorporating sources in which every writer is allowed to borrow the author’s ideas and restate them into their own words. Based on the previous study, it was found that English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) students, Sanata Dharma University, were unable to paraphrase properly since they tended to copy the author’s words directly. If this problem was continuously ignored, it would be dangerous for the students because they could be charged with inadvertent plagiarism. This study was intended to investigate ELESP students’ problems in writing paraphrases and the reasons why they produce unacceptable paraphrases by conducting document analysis and interview in Research Paper Writing class. From the findings, it could be identified that the most frequent type of problem encountered by the students was word-for-word plagiarism.

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Authors: Markus Budiraharjo

Educational scholars generally agree that educational policies are inevitably regarded as one of the most contested areas in education. On the one hand, democracy requires more involvement on the part of the citizens. At the most ideal level, democratic mechanisms have been developed to allow more people to more fruitfully participate in decision making. It follows that the political mechanisms would entail better policies, which represent the voices of any people. On the other hand, politics seems to run against this ideal. Policy making is highly convoluted with economy and political trade-offs. Drawing on debates over the phonic vs. whole-language policies in the U.S. in the past four or five decades, this paper sets to discuss the complexity of politics and language policy. A growing awareness of the complexity of politics and policy making is certainly a pressing need for those working in the area of English Education.

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Authors: Barli Bram

This paper explores models of English morphology, namely Item and Arrangement (IA), Item and Process (IP), and Word and Paradigm (WP), which can be used to analyze morphological data, particularly word formation involving prefixes and suffixes. Sample data, consisting of complex words or words having more than one morpheme, were analyzed using the three models to discover their strengths and shortcomings. In order to find out the differences between the three models of morphology, it is important that the current writer should examine strategies for distinguishing between derivational affixes and inflectional ones. There exist three advantages if morphologists know very well the three models of English morphology. First is that IA fails to display a clear sequence of the item and arrangement when dealing with some irregular plural nouns and irregular past tense. Second is that IP offers a better solution to irregular plural nouns, such as mice and men. Third is that WP appears to be the most efficient model when dealing with inflectional morphology.