SAPIENTIAE

5-23

Authors: Roy Alfaro Vargas

From the perspective of dialectics and its notion of Wissenschaft (science) implemented into Latin American Marxist Studies of Culture and Media, this article aims at analyzing unnatural narratives developed by authors such as Jan Alber, Henrik Skov Nielsen, etc., in relation to the emphasis on the emotional linked to bio-politics and post-postmodernism. It studies some elements as the violation of the excluded middle from the formal logics into unnatural narratives, as a means to eliminate the notion of mimesis, and at the same time through the non-referentiality and the abstracted, to accentuate the irrational (the emotional). Besides, these narratives are understood as a means of social control and of collaboration in the improvement of the extraction of surplus value, in the context of the current systemic crisis of capitalism. Also, it is assumed a critical position in regard to these narratives, since, in political terms, it is not possible to accept this economic strategy, disguised as a narratological paradigm, with nuances of social control, in the context of the Third-World countries.

44-58

Authors: Elexis Craib Díaz

La carrera de Medicina (Cuba, Matanzas) perfeccionó su proceso docente-educativo renovando trabajos metodológicos. Partiendo del siguiente objetivo: gestionar actividades metodológicas por disciplinas, para implementar estrategias curriculares desde contextos hospitalarios urbanos. Fueron empleadas metodologías cualitativas en varias preparaciones didácticas dirigidas a los profesores; discurriendo demostraciones sobre indicaciones Ministeriales; propiciando además analizar diversas proyecciones teórico-prácticas, viabilizando generalizaciones. Esta perspectiva pedagógica permitió contextualizar misiones hacia cada escenario formativo. Desarrollando habilidades profesionales acordes con las diferentes exigencias salubristas territoriales. Todo ello facilitando transformar componentes académicos y laborales; generando comprometidos desempeños profesionales. Estimulando aprendizajes significativos rebasando limitaciones cognitivas. Este estudio exploratorio proporcionó planificar, ordenar, ejecutar, controlar, así como también evaluar metodológicamente la formación universitaria; siendo efectivos, disímiles nexos instructivos entre asignaturas. Donde el claustro adquirió mayor preparación, satisfaciendo expectativas estudiantiles; que deben ser elevadas con sistematicidad, sustentando así una adecuada calidad médico-asistencial comunitaria ante desafíos medio-ambientales contemporáneos.

79-95

Authors: Felipe Javier Galán López

El año de 1968 fue fundamental para los movimientos sociales a nivel mundial, a 50 años de distancia se requiere contar con distintas interpretaciones sobre los postulados teóricos que influyeron en las acciones colectivas que distintos sectores principalmente juveniles llevaron a cabo. Un concepto que es esencial para entender 1968 es el de contracultura, para estudiarlo resulta necesario conocer la influencia que tuvieron los teóricos críticos de Frankfurt en los movimientos contraculturales. La Teoría Crítica abordó diversas problemáticas en su tiempo, fue fundamental para el surgimiento de la contracultura en su posición frente al racionalismo burgués y a los totalitarismos tecnócratas. Durante las primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI han surgido organizaciones, colectivos, grupos que han tomado la bandera de movimiento contracultural, se han generado acciones colectivas en las que el factor cultural ha sido motivo de lucha, en ese sentido se ha dado un nuevo debate sobre la pertinencia de la definición de contracultura. La metodología que se sigue en este trabajo tiene que ver con una revisión histórica y un análisis sobre la discusión conceptual entre Teoría Crítica y contracultura, en especial se revisa lo propuesto por Theodore Roszak (1970) y José Agustín (1996), se analiza la influencia del sociólogo Herbert Marcuse en los movimientos contraculturales de los años 60, por lo que se concluye que la relación entre ambos conceptos es importante para el estudio de los movimientos sociales de 1968.

112-126

Authors: Gonzalo Adrián Rojas y Shimenny Ludmilla Araujo Wanderley

O bicentenário do nascimento de Karl Marx é um convite a revisitar seu legado teórico e político, parafraseando Lenin, nasTrês fontes e as três partes integrantes do marxismo, escrito na ocasião dos 30 anos da sua morte, em 1913, uma vez que ainda suscita a hostilidade e o ódio do conjunto das classes dominantes, assim como quando não a sua negação, a sua simplificação na academia, o que não deixa de ser lógico numa sociedade que tem como base a luta de classes, onde não pode existir uma ciência “imparcial”. A partir da análise crítica da filosofía alemã, o socialismo francês e a economia política inglesa conseguem realizar uma superação dialética, articulando a economia, política, filosofia e a história, entendidas como separações analíticas de uma realidade que faz parte de um todo social. O objectivo desta comunicação é apresentar um conjunto de categorias teóricas que vão aparecendo em algumas das suas principais obras e que sempre tem relação com uma táctica de intervenção na luta de classes do proletariado, no marco de uma estratégia revolucionária. É uma abordagem muito geral, sendo que cada livro de Marx merecería uma análise específica, neste artigo limitamo-nos em termos de teoria e filosofia política, desse modo, não abordaremos acerca das suas contribuições na crítica da economia política burguesa. Concluímos com a necessidade da luta teórica e política pela independência da classe trabalhadora e de recuperar comunismo como projecto político, revolucionário há 200 anos do nascimento de Marx.

149-176

Authors: Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian

En los últimos años, los países de América Latina han dado importantes pasos en materia de inclusión. Sin embargo, millones de ciudadanos y ciudadanas aun no participan adecuadamente de la vida social, económica, y política de sus respectivas sociedades. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la relación entre la persistente desigualdad, y las implicaciones que esto tiene para las democracias en los países de la región. La metodología empleada en el desarrollo de este artículo fue analítica y cualitativa, donde las contribuciones de autores como Munck (2005), Casas-Zamora et al (2014), Zovatto & Herrera (2011) y datos provenientes de trabajos de CEPAL y PNUD, entre otros, fueron clave para el análisis plasmado en el trabajo. Entre los principales aspectos evaluados como consecuencias de la desigualdad existente en América Latina se encuentran (a) el desencanto de la ciudadanía con la democracia, y erosión de su legitimidad, (b) el aumento de la violencia y otras prácticas antisociales, (c) el acceso diferenciado a derechos, especialmente para indígenas y afrodescendientes, (d) la emergencia de nuevas conflictividades, en particular proveniente de las clases medias, y (e) la reducida representatividad y calidad de las decisiones provenientes del sistema político. El artículo concluye que la concentración del poder económico-político en pocas manos desvirtúa la práctica democrática y los procesos políticos, con frecuencia poniendo al Estado al servicio de las élites, afectando el ejercicio pleno de los derechos humanos, deslegitimando la representación política, y las instituciones republicanas.

96-125

Authors: Mirian Nareti Neves

Being taken into account that the process of development of the satisfaction and the compromising in the individual are a subject that has been generating interest in the researchers, for the understanding of the mechanism of the relationships between the organizations and their employees, any factor that contributes to the development of these constructos acts through his/her impact on an or more psychological predispositions, which take an individual to hold certain way in relation to something or somebody. The satisfaction and the employees' compromising are relevant constructs that can lead to the competitive advantages and the success of the organization. In this study it is had as objective to analyze the correlation among satisfaction in the work and the compromising of the Nurses of the Pediatrics of the General Hospital of Luanda. To take to cable it was revised the theories of the hierarchy of the needs of Maslow and the theory of the factors hygienic and motivation is of Herzberg, with a lot of frequency it was used the contributions of Chiavenato (2010); Ferreira, Neves and Caetano (2011); Myers (2006); Rojot, Roussel and Vanderberghe (2009); Spector (2006) and Teixeira (2005). Para this study a research of the quantitative type was accomplished, of method exploratory-descriptive. The data were collected through two questionnaires, which it was submitted there are percentage analyses and averages, as well as, to correlations. Low satisfaction degree was verified with the wage (2,40), medium satisfaction degree in the importance of the work (3,95) and a high satisfaction degree in the relationship with the friends (4,23). There is predominance of the normative compromising in the nurses of the Pediatrics of HGL, it was also identified a weak correlation (0,27) among the satisfaction in the work and the normative compromising.

148-167

Authors: Julio César César Valdés

As a result from a series of events and events that took place in the economic order throughout history and that influenced the political conduction of the countries, it is the interest of many continents, regions and countries to design a monetary union. The objective that arises for the present investigation is to analyze the existing conditions in Latin America for the possible implementation of a monetary union, for the development of the objective we rely on the criterion of authors of relevant international trajectory in the areas of economy and finance such as Bayoumi, Eichengreen, nobel prize laureates Joseph Stiglitz and Robert Mundell were also consulted, their significant contributions were a great contribution for the present investigation. The methodology used was the realization of a retrospective and transversal analysis of the reality of Latin America to implement the monetary union. Both the proposed objective and the methodology, together with other research techniques, allow us to state, as main results, that Latin American countries have insufficient capacity to obtain sufficient foreign currency to maintain and / or stabilize their balance of payments and close its international accounts, it is argued that the use of numerous currencies creates multiple difficulties for regional commercial exchange. It is considered as final considerations that Latin America still does not meet the necessary conditions for a single currency to circulate since the economic models of the different countries of the region are totally divergent from each other.

208-231

Authors: Víctor Manuel Castillo Girón y Suhey Ayala Ramírez

This work was centered on the traditional commerce in the swap meets, which are itinerant markets in the streets some days a week in a public space assigned by the local government once the fee is paid (Delgado, 1992; Teja y López, 2013). The principal objective was to analyze the importance of supply and distribution of goods in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, and so on the exchange process and practice that took place in that spaces. The work is based on data from a survey applied to a sample of tianguistas (382) and customers (387) in which despite the geographic dispersion, size and commercial business diversity, they have a kind of similarities in terms of informality in the working process and laxity to follow the official standards, particularly in security matters, space and furniture hygiene that is required for that kind of commerce. At the same time the prices and quality of the products. It is remarkable that the development has been favored by the advantage that swap meets offer for customers as the same for merchants next to the capability of the merchants to take advantage for the institutional holes. In conclusion, however the importance for self-employment, the acquisitions of basic goods for the population and social interaction, the permanence of the swap meets it has to be associated with the quality of services, and over the less, with the origin and security of the food that are sold and consumed there.

5-24

Authors: Eduardo Andres Sandoval Forero y José Javier Capera Figueroa

The purpose of this article is to make a description of the concept of the state present in the thinking of such theorists as Skocpol (1989), Wallerstein (2005) and Mann (2006). In order to establish the conceptual convergence that reflects the proposal of the world - system, in the autonomous actions and the autonomous power that interact in the notion of the State. In this way, it was proceed with an extensive analysis on the hemerographic production that has the theme through a rigorous systematization. In each approach we demonstrate the similarities and substantial differences that exist in the proposal, approach and methodology used by each of the exposed theorists. Where it was found that the figure of the system-world is more linked to a critical perspective, the autonomy of the State responds to a more institutional criterion, and the last, that is, autonomous power has a preponderance to have a structuralist affinity due to that in all three the State is the fundamental category. The results obtained demonstrate that the approach used by the authors mentioned has a significant difference, but it is possible to establish means of communication, to construct deeper analyzes of a subject as complex and exhaustive as can be the state for its complicated conceptualization in history, and becomes a bet where there is a kind of reflexive relationship between various approaches dedicated to the study of the state as a field of research in the social sciences.

37-63

Authors: Caridad Pastora Abreu

This article is intended to describe theoretically the Collaborative Counseling as a tool for professional improvement for the English teachers in the Blended modality; It is used a qualitative methodology , where ideas and reflections by authors such as Añorga (1997), Nieto (2005), Resende (2007), Romero, (2007), Sanchez,(2013) among others, have served as a great contribution in its realization The theme is novel and current, since collaborative counseling is conceived as a form of professional improvement, it is developed through dialogue, collaboration, exchange between the parties involved, and flexibility; It also facilitates the participation and involvement of teachers by establishing a relational climate and an affective tone, that allow them to reflect about their practice, develop metacognition and to make decisions, as its own singularities. These characteristics of collaborative counseling are viable in this new modality of higher education, which has represented a great challenge for English-language university professors, who presented Inadequacies in the direction of the teaching learning process in the mentioned modality. On the other hand, it is valid to take into account the characteristics of the English discipline and the existence of a limited number of programs aimed specifically to overcome the English language teachers’ necessity for this new modality of studies, all of which lead to the search for solutions, where the collaborative counseling ,as a way of professional improvement, could favor the direction of the English teaching – learning process in the mentioned modality.

88-91

Authors: Jorge Dávila

Resumo de Livro

87-109

Authors: Edgar Alfonso Sansores Guerrero y Susan A. McCartney

This research aims to characterize small businesses that survived (crisis 2008) in the City of Buffalo, New York, United States of America. According to the literature on the subject, the main authors cited are Chrisman et al (1999), Dahlqvist et al (2000), Fotopoulous and Louri (2000), Fritsch et al. (2006), Hannan and Freeman (1977) Littunen et al (1998), Lussier and Pfeifer (2001), Lussier (1996), Reid (1999), Van Praag (2003). The methodology used is of an explanatory type and the clustering technique (cluster) was used as an analysis tool, which allowed to determine the characteristics of the companies that survived. For information collection, a structured questionnaire was applied to 56 small enterprises established in the city of Buffalo, New York, during the period from July 2014 to November 2015. The results show that there are two groups of small surviving companies: A) the first one is made up of businesses that are characterized by a management model and an information system that allow the generation of reports (Financial Statements, Inventories, Customer Analysis, among others) for decision making and b) the second, it integrates commercial establishments that have a business strategy based on their comparative advantages and innovation in their management systems.

127-147

Authors: Adán Guillermo Ramírez García, Mario Alberto Camiro Pérez, Cesar Adrian Ramírez Miranda y Anastasio Espejel García

The Millennium Development Goals to reduce raised 400 million people the incidence of hunger by 2015; However, despite the universal recognition of the right to food, the report 2013 FAO's State of Food and Agriculture shows that 868 million people, equivalent to 12.5% of the world population, are subordinated in terms of dietary energy consumption and 2 billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. In the case of Mexico, in maize it imported nearly 11 million tons, and beef import 40% of apparent consumption, although export nearly 2 million calves to the US. In this context, this research is justified by the fact that to date there is no systematic survey of the different strategies that are following the actors in the agro-food networks. In this case the network analysis value of wheat in Sonora, as a form of study of agrifood chains in Mexico is presented, allowing an approach and understanding of the structure and dynamics of this crop under an environment of economy Free market. The importance is observed at state and national levels for wheat, especially because in recent decades the production of durum wheat is aimed at export and in the pig sector as part of balanced meals.

4-20

Authors: Alfredo Buza

The aim was to identify the understanding of human rights in Angola through case studies. With a qualitative approach, recourse to technical and legal method, literature review, and as a normative paradigm of the Constitution including the questionnaire of 30 students. In conclusion, students have a concept of human rights, of which 36.6% have heard of them in non-university education. The appointed human rights indicators are the right to life, integrity, the principle of equality and freedom of speech. There was unanimity that the Constitution is the essential rule on this matter and were cited in the Articles 30.º, 59.º and 23.º Human rights are safeguarded, most isolated violations lack the lack of speed of the media legal cases, leaving the feeling of impunity and non-compliance with the law, especially when there is the loss of life. We urge regulation of the Law on Freedom of Assembly and Demonstration.

45-64

Authors: María Cristina Useche y Landys Guerrero

The objective of the work was to explore the economic relations of the familycompanies dedicated to the commercialization of goods, to promote the communal economic system in the Maracaibo municipality of Zulia state. This objective was approached from solidarity theory, considering the positions of Razeto (1993), Guerrea (2007), Monje (2011), Chaparro (2013), among others. The type of research used was exploratory and descriptive, using a contemporary and field design. The population was formed by 101 socio-productive organizations, to which a semi-structured questionnaire was applied for data collection. We concluded that there is little participation in the construction of the commercialization network and push in the promotion of the same, which express weak economic relations, as well as a limited conception of solidarity that does not impel the community economic system.

81-83

Authors: José Javier Capera Figueroa

Resumo de livro