Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

175-180

Authors: Raden Esa Pangersa Gusti Zulnely

Indonesian Illipe nuts or known as ‘Tengkawang’ is one of essential export commodities from the non-wood forest products group. Unfortunately such traded commodity is still in original shape or unprocessed fruits in dry condition, thereby imparting only small-added values. One way to enhance their traded values is by processing the fruits into so-called illipe nut's fat. Currently, the illipe nut’s process is through the extraction of the respective fruits (nuts) using organic solvents. Different kinds of organic solvent could presumably affect the qualities of the resulting-fat. This paper studies the illipe nut’s extraction using two solvents: benzene and hexane. The resulting fat was then examined for it's qualities, i.e. yield, physico-chemical properties and chemical component content analysis using GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) pyrolysis. Results revealed that the hexane produces greator yield of storage time. The illipe nut's fat lower acid value, free fatic acid (FFA) content and lower iod number than those of benzene. Low acid value, FFA, and the iod number creates the fat which is more resistant against hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity, and longer storage time. GC-MS analysis indicated that the chemical components in the benzene-extracted illipe nut's fat was dominated by methyl-octadec-9- oneate, while those in hexane-extracted fat by methyl oleate (compound with saturated C-C bonds). Judging from the overall results, it seems the use of hexane is more prospective as solvent to extract the fat from illipe nuts than benzene.

181-191

Authors: Dian Anggraini Indrawan, Han Roliadi, Rossi Margareth Tampubolon, Gustan Pari, Adi Santoso, & Mohamad Iqbal

Laboratory-scale manufactured hardboard made of Saccharum Sponaneoun Grasses (SSG), Empty Oil-palm Bunches (EOPB), and andong bamboo is potentially developed. However, initial experiment shows the hardboard did not meet Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) and International Standard Organization (ISO) for hardboard. This paper observes modification of the hardboard to satisfy the standards. Modification includes adding alkali concentration during pulp cooking and changing the additives composition. Result shows modification can enhance the hardboard quality to satisfy JIS and ISO requirements. Fiber mixture of SSG pulp and andong/betung bamboo pulp was cooked in 10.5% alkali concentration; and 12% alkali concentration for EOPB pulp. Additives composition used were tannin-resorcinol- formaldehyde/TRF adhesive, alum, and activated charcoal; without wax emulsion. The mixture of SSG pulp (50%) + EOPB pulp (50%) was the most prospective for hardboard, followed by SSG pulp (100%) solely; SSG pulp (50%) + andong bamboo pulp (50%); and SSG pulp (50%) + betung bamboo pulp (50%) as the lowest prospects. The least- prospective fibrous material (betung bamboo) are expectedly be improved by using more TRF adhesive, nano-size activated charcoal and cross-linking agents.

225-235

Authors: Jasni

Thirty wood species originated from various regions in Indonesia were tested against powder-post beetle. Representative wood samples with the dimension of 7.5 cm x 5 cm x 2.5 cm were taken from each tree species and tested against powder- post beetle (Heterbostrychus aequalias Waterh)for six weeks. Observation was carried out on the tested specimens, and the observed parameters comprised of the weight loss percentage and the survival rate of powder-post beetles. Besides,subjective observation was also performed on regard to the degree of the attack. The obtained data (i.e. wood-weight loss,beetles' survival rate, and degree of attack were further classified into five categories based on the resistance characteristics. Based on wood-weight loss revealed that as nine of the 30 wood species were regarded as class I (29.99%), three species as class II (9.97%), eight species as class III (26.67%), six species as class IV (19.99%), and four species as class V (13.33%).Pertaining to beetles survival rate, five species were categorized as class I (16.67%), three species as class II(9.99%), 12 species as class III (39.99%), eight species class IV (28.67%), and two species as class V (6.67%). Further, with regard to the degree of beetle attack, five species belong to the criteria of severely attacked (16.67%), whereas consecutively 16 species were classified as moderately attacked (53.33%) and nine species as slightly attacked (30%).

247-252

Authors: Gunawan Pasaribu, Totok K.Waluyo & Gustan Pari

This paper presents to the resin content and the chemical composition in agarwood with several quality using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The agarwood qualities as tested were those super and kemedangan classes originated from Bangka, Papua and Assosiation of Indosnesia's Agarwood Exportry Enter prise (Asgarin).Results revealed the resin yield of super quality agarwood was higher than that of kemedangan-quality counterpart. Agarwood with high resin content was regarded a high (super) quality, and its chemical composition was predominantly chromone and gamma gurjunene. On the contrary, agarwood with low quality (kemedangan) chemicallyy comprised 2.5 furandione, 3-dodecenyl and agarospirol. Further super-quality agarwood chemically contained more sesquiterpene than kemedangan-quality. Sesquiter pene and chromone compound were indicatively responsible the fragrant arome revealed by agarwood. The quality of agarwood in the same quality class but originated from different regions revealed the resin content as well as chemical composition which was different from each other.

261-272

Authors: Christian Soolany, Armansyah H. Tambunan, & R Sudradjat

Production of biodiesel catalytically requires catalyst and stirring. Good stirring system will produce a homogeneous mixture between triglycerides and methanol. Good stirring can be generated with the use of static mixers. This paper studies the static mixing reactor with continuous system in production of biodiesel catalytically and optimizing the length of static mixer in order to obtain methyl ester level based on standard. The experiments were conducted with transesterification method using palm olein (RBDPO) and methanol with molar ratio 1:6, KOH catalyst of 0.5% and the reaction temperature of 65oC. Biodiesel production process used transien condition. Biodiesel production process with catalyst used two moduls of static mixer. The treatment was the length of the static mixer. The variations of the static mixer lenght were conducted by passing fluid one time through static mixer reactor after the temperature has been reached (A0 = 2 static mixer), passed two times through the static mixer reactor (A1 = 4 static mixers), passed three times through the static mixer reactor (A2 = 6 static mixers), and passed four times through the static mixer reactor (A3 = 8 static mixers). Results show that for each treatment had produced methyl ester content above the standard of 96.5% w/w. The determination of the best treatment was obtained based on the best value for parameters of methyl ester and total glycerol resulted was on the condition of 4 times passed in the static mixer reactor (A3 = 8 static mixers) which produced methyl ester content of 97.92% w / w, total glycerol of 0.85%, acid number of 0.31 mg KOH / g , saponification number of 202 mg KOH / g, the biodiesel yield of 98.26%, and reaction time 29 minute.

93-103

Authors: Santiyo Wibowo & Sri Komarayati

This paper studies the characteristic of cupressus oil (Cupressus benthamii Endl) from Forestry Research Institute Arboretum at Aek Nauli. The essential oil colected from leaves of Cupressus benthamii plant by steam distilation of a fresh and dry leaves for seven hours. Result shows that the dry leaves provide the highest yield (0.41%) with its properties of specific gravity 0.889, refractive index 1.481, solubility on ethanol 1:5, and acid value 3.8 mg KOH/g sampel.The chemical compound of cupressus oil was dominated by ɑ -pinene (17.6%), sabinene (8.59%), 4-ter pineol (6.56%),and ϒ- terpentin (5.12%).

115-124

Authors: Abdurachman, Nurwati Hadjib, Jasni & Jamal Balfas

Combination of bamboo and wood composite beam is one possible laminated product to be developed. Generally, the composite product of solid wood meet the strength requirement for construction. However, composite beam combination of bamboo and wood has not been studied intensively. This paper observes the properties of composite combination of three bamboo species: andong, petung and ori with jabon wood species using isocyanate glue and merbau extracts. In order to improve composite's durability, bamboo and jabon wood were preserved using 7% of boric acid and borax. Result shows composite beam combination of bamboo and jabon wood bonded with isocyanate is found to be the best composition in term of physical and mechanical properties. The density of the composite beam is 0.64 g/cm3 in 9.70% moisture content. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) 78,168 kg/cm2, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) 384 kg/cm2 and compression parallel to the glue line is 378 kg/cm2.

135-144

Authors: Djoko Purwanto

Galam wood (Melaleuca leucadendra L.) is traditionally used for building materials, charcoal and fire wood. Currently, the tree bark remains unused, wasted or burned. The tree bark is potentially developed for particleboard manufacture. This paper studies the properties of particleboard made of galam tree bark. Galam bark pieces with dimension of 2 x 4 x 6 cm were bonded with Urea Formaldehyde (UF) in three different amounts: 11%, 13% and 15% of the total weight. The mixture was hydraulically pressed in 15 kg/ cm2 and temperatures of 110-120°C for 15 minutes prior to air dry. The physical and mechanical properties were tested according to the Indonesian National Standard 03-2105-2006. Results show that moisture content of the boards vary between 9.5 - 12.30% and the thickness swelling ranges between 2 - 11.35%. Boards density are about 0.68 - 0.77 g/cm3, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of 204.98 - 11210.91 kg/cm2 and Modulus of Rupture ranges between 40.49 - 104.23 kg/cm2. The screw withdrawal strengths are 44 - 84 kg and internal bond varies from 0.27 - 0.65 kg/cm2. Based on the physical and mechanical properties, the particleboard made of galam tree bark mixed with 15% of UF meet the Indonesian National Standards 03-2105-2006.

153-166

Authors: Maman Mansyur Idris & Soenarno

In Indonesia, logging in natural forests is generally undertaken by cutting the main trunk along the clear boles and skidding the trunk to the landing point. This paper examines skidding performance of an alternative method, i.e. tree length logging which conducted by cutting off the stem above the first branch up to minimum diameter of 20 cm, which is manifested by the productivity and skidding cost. The method was practiced in four areas of Licency Natural Forest Concessionary managed by intensive sylvicultural system. Results show that the log skidding productivity ranged from 21.127 – 23.893 m³/hour with average of 22.217m³/hour depending on skidding distance. Meanwhile, skidding cost of tree length methods ranged fromRp 24,852.36 - Rp 29,318.49/m3 with average of Rp 28,628.10/m with skidding distance ranged from 100 m to 225 m.

11-18

Authors: Krisdianto, Listya Mustika Dewi & Mohammad Muslich

Natural durability is determined through the tests of wood against wood attacking organisms. Natural durability of wood against marine borer was tested by exposing wood into the open sea water for six months. Damage intensity can be measured on the basis of digital image using Image-J software. This paper studies natural durability of nine wood species from Sumatera, Java and Kalimantan against marine borer. Results show that sempur lilin (Dillenia obovata Hoogl.), bambang lanang (Michelia champaca L.var. pubinervia) and kayu bawang (Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs) were clasified into class durability I (very resistant), while cangcaratan (Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehd. and aveangkelalai (Shorea pervistipulata ssp.albifolia) were classified into class durability II (resistant) against marine borer. Ki pasang (Prunus javanica Miq.) and segelam (Hopea rudiformis) were grouped into class durability III (moderately resistant), while ki bugang (Arthophyllum diversifolium Blume) and ki langir (Otophora spectabilis Blume) fall into class durability V (perishable). Damage intensity could be measured accurately using Image-J software. However, this method obtained higher damage percentage since the ex-rope hole was included in the measurement. Accordingly, the image method should be modified by excluding the ex-rope image to achieve high accuracy measurement.

35-46

Authors: Pranatasari Dyah Susanti, Reni Setyo Wahyuningtyas & Adnan Ardhana

Weeds are abundantly available, which grow on peat swamps, but unfortunately have not yet been widely utilized. Those weeds can be prospectively potential as raw material for bio-briquettes. In relevant, this research aimed to look into the qualities of bio-briquettes manufactured from 10 species of peat swamp weeds. Initially, each weed species was carbonized and then shaped into charcoal powder. The resulting weed-charcoal powder was then mixed with wood sawdust at 1:1 ratio (w/w), and agitated thoroughly to obtain homogenous stuff. Afterwards, the homogenous stuff was added with starch- derived binder (adhesive). Such adhesive was previously prepared by heating 5 g tapioca-starch flour in 75 ml of water. The starch-added stuff was then pressed into bio-briquette, and further put in the oven at 60°C for 24 hours, or just dried under the sunlight heat for 2 days. The parameters as examined on the dried bio-briquette comprised calorific value, moisture content, fixed-carbon content, ash content, and sulfur content. Results revealed that the weeds of purun tikus (Eleocharis orcrostachys Steud.) species was regarded as the best for bio-briqutte manufacture, as it excelled other species in the overall examined parameters, i.e. calorific value (4,647.9 cal/g), fixed carbon (25.63%), moisture content (5.48%), ash content (8.78%) and sulfur (0.55%).

61-68

Authors: Raden Esa Pangersa Gusti & Zulnely

Illipenut in Indonesia serves as one of theessentialexportcommoditiesfromnon-woodforestproductsgroup.Illipenut through the extraction can be processed into high-economic valued fat that could function as cocoa butter substitute (CBS), obtained through extraction of illipe nut Illipe nut's fat that results from extraction process can not be directly used, but shouldbepreviouslyrefined.Inthisstudy,refiningof illipenut'sfatwasconductedthroughdegummingandneutralization process. Degummingprocesswascarriedoutbyaddingacids(acetic,citricandphosphoric)eachwith20%strengthat0,4 (w/w)tothefatthathasbeenpreviouslyheated.Theresultsshowedthatdegummingusingphosphoricacidproducedabetter quality fat compared to that with citric acid and acetic acid. NaOH was used for neutralization process. The resulting neutralized fat was then examined for its physical-chemical properties which revealed that such properties were not so far different from tho se of commercialillipenut'sfat.The GCanalysisas conducte dont here finedillipenut'sfatshowed that it consisted of various saturated fatty acid as well as unsaturated and other chemical compounds. All of the examined illipe nut'sfat in this research showed that oleicacidis the dominant component.

253-262

Authors: DeniZulfiana &Sukma S. Kusumah

This study aimed to examine the resistance of composite boards made of sago frond using polyurethane (PU) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives against rotting fungi and termite. Dimension and targeted density of composite board were 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm and 0.5 g cm , respectively. Composite boards were prepared by cold press machine for composite boards using PU resin as a binder and hot press machine for boards using PF resin under the following conditions: 25 kg cm for 24 hours in cold pressing process and 10 minutes in hot pressing process with 140 C of temperature. Solid content of liquid adhesives was 50% with resin content as variations in this study i.e. 10%, 12% and 14%. The boards were tested against JIS K 1571 2004. The results show the composite boards treated with PU and PF adhesives were not resistant torotting fungi andt ermites.

271-282

Authors: Djeni Hendra, R. Esa Pangersa Gusti & Sri Komarayati

Charcoal is a porous solid material which is resulted from combustion of material that containing the carbon element (C).Charcoalcanbeusedasrawmaterialsinthemanufactureof batteries,charcoalbriquettes,andcharcoalcompost,can also be further processed in to activated charcoal. This study aims to manufacturing activated carbon from Kemiri Sunan shellwasteasrawmaterials,determiningit'soptimumconditionsandphysico-chemicalproperties. The results showed that Kemiri Sunan shell can be used as raw material for activated charcoal with the following qualities: adsorb capacity of iodine solution 138.46-768.31 mg/g, adsorb capacity of benzene 2.99-21.37%, and adsorb capacity of methylene blue 18.239-260.237 mg/g. The optimum conditions of manufacturing of activated charcoal is produced at temperature of 850°C that are soaked in a solution of 10% H3PO4 with steam activation time for 90 minutes results adsorb capacity of iodine and methylene blue which meets the technical requirements of activated charcoal in the Indonesian standard(SNI)number 06-3730-1995.

297-312

Authors: Sri Rulliaty

From the total of 34,410 wood samples collection of Xylarium Bogorienses 1915, there are about 800 species (251 genera of 77 tribes) which their anatomical properties have not been studied adequately. These wood species were grouped into “The Least Known Wood Species”. This paper studies anatomical properties and fiber quality of five wood species of “The Least Known Wood Species”. The studied species include sp.Miq.(Capparidaceae),Bl. (Caprifoliaceae),sp. (Chloranthaceae) and sp.(Compositae).Samples were extracted from Xylarium Bogoriense 1915 collection. The anatomical properties were examined through sectioned samples based on the IAWA list of wood identification and fiber dimensions were observed from macerated samples. Results show that anatomical properties of the studied species are distinctive for identification purposes, such as sp. and sp. which characterized with wide ray structures. Aggregate rays were present in sp. The heartwood o are yellowish in colour and has straight grain which can be used for substitution of ramin wood. Fiber quality of all the studied species are classified into class quality I for pulp and paper except sp. wood species which falls into class quality II.

199-208

Authors: Mohammad Muslich & Sri Rulliaty

Bamboo is a lignocellulosic material that susceptible to insect attack including marine borers. This paper studies the CCB treated bamboo petung ( Backer) against marine borers in open water environment. Fifteen of fourmeterslongbamboostemwereselectedanddividedintothreeheightpositions:base,middleandtop.Formeachposition, fifteen specimens of 30 cm length and 5 cm width were prepared as untreated samples and another fifteen samples were treatedwith3%CCBusingmodifiedBoucherieprossesforsevendays.Preservativeretentionandpenetrationwererecorded prior to open sea water exposure for six months. The results shows that all samples were attacked by marine borers in variouslevel.CCBtreatedsampleswereclassifiedasmildattack,whileuntreatedsampleswereheavilyattackedbymarine borers. Anatomical properties of petung bamboo has a network of vascular bundles consisting of phloem metaksilem and largediameter,soeasilypreserved.Theaverageof CCBretentionof samplestakenfromthebaseis13.62kg/m ,whilethe middle and top obtained retention of 11.47 kg/m and 9.12 kg/m respectively. Modified Boucherie process achieved 100%penetrationtoallsamplesobserved.Marineborersidentifiednamely sp.and .

235-242

Authors: Gunawan Pasaribu, Gusmailina & Sri Komarayati

Dryobalanops aromatica , Gaertn Dryobalanops aromatica is a woody plant that produce oil and crystal which has high economical value. Currently oil and crystals becomes an export commodity for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals purposes. In the community, oil utilization is still limited for simple medication in various minor ailments. Utilizationin domestic area is still very limited, thust it is necessary to conduct research that lead to increase additional value of the oil. Utilization as fragrance materials/perfume is expected to increase the added value. Result showed, the preferred perfume formula is that with formulationof Dryobalanopsoil(25%),ethanol(75%)andgreenteaadditivesasodorant,PGandpatchoulioil(0.8%). The characteristics of formula have a soft fragrance level, with sharpness level at rather sharp fragrance oil has borneol as marker compounds. And the other chemical compound, such as Caryophyllene; 3Cyclohexene-1-methanol, .alpha., .alpha., 4-trimethyl-, (S)-(CAS) p-Menth-1-en-8-ol, (S)-(-)-; 1,4, 7,Cycloundecatriene, 1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-, Z,Z,Z- dan 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (CAS) 4Terpineol.