EMINAK

9-17

Authors: Kryvosheia Igor, Kwasniewska Olexandra

The presented article is an attempt of the validity approbation of the housing source of European ego-documents (F. Anselot «Six months in Russia», A. de Custine «Russia in 1839», A. von Haxthausen «Studies of the internal relations in the ethnos life…») in terms of foreign travelers’ reception of national character of Russian ethnos and its class representatives. In the research, the interpretation of travelogues has been conducted in the wake of Russian servants’ worldview dominants and their stratification modifications and it is noted that each of voyagers with his special manner and focusing has shown the seen and depicted mental picture of Russian society. It is confirmed that the stratification approach with division of threefold Russian mentality classes to the following groups of carriers as nobility, clergy and peasantry have found comparatively relevant display in the Franco-German memoir records informatively reflecting the spiritual atmosphere of the time. The information gleaned from European travelogues give grounds to assert that mentally different peasants’ and gentleman’ communities thought and felt in different planes. The first ones thought and felt according to the laws of mythological consciousness, second ones were extremely between consciousness and rational utilitarianism. But this did not prevent the abovephilosophical «descriptions» to meet the unique anthropomorphic personification as churning matrioshka doll. The result of the studies was the creation of Russian Matrioshka mental model as the specifics of the personification of Russians corporate class’ worldview.

22-27

Authors: Kazakov Gennadiy

In the article the author considers the role of the British naval blockade on the «German policy» of the United States during World War I. In the course of writing a research paper In the course of writing a research paper to study accents on the study of the nature of the British naval blockade; reasons for establishing naval blockade and the influence of the blockade on relations between the USA and Germany. The analyzed a essence of the British blockade. The author singled out main stages the government of USA against the naval blockade. The author concluded that the diplomatic struggle against the British naval blockade was one of the key topics of relations with Germany during the American neutrality. The main reason for the phenomenon was the obstacle submitted by the British government to carry out trade with European countries, including indirect trade with Germany. After the USA entry into the war against Germany the American government cancels all the differences between the US and the UK and was the cause orders to US naval blockade of Germany.

33-41

Authors: Mykhailiuk Maryna

The article focuses on the functioning of one of the Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland, which for the Jews was the death camp. Attention is focused on the causes and stages of camp, staff functions, the living conditions of prisoners and their system of penalties, methods of mass destruction and concealment of traces of the crimes, the reasons for the elimination of the camp, liberation by Soviet troops, followed the fate of the camp staff. The findings indicated that Majdanek simultaneously perform different functions: forced labor, punitive, liquidations. Through it passed the hundreds of thousands of people, but only the Jews (both civilian and prisoners of war) were exterminated en masse and purposefully. Other categories of prisoners died under different circumstances, as a rule, as a waste and no longer need human material Reich, while not falling under the compulsory liquidation. Therefore, their survival depended on them: physical and morale, motivation to stay alive at all costs, personal connections with the camp personnel.

47-52

Authors: Nahirnyj Mykola

The participation of the Ukrainians of Croatia in the armed struggle for the preservation of the state in decisive moments of its history in the twentieth century is considered in the article. The reasons of participation of the Ukrainians in the wars for independence of Croatia and characteristics of this participation are shown. The scale and nature of the participation of the Ukrainian Diaspora in the hostilities on the side of the Croatian armed forces are analyzed. The estimation of the importance of Ukrainian contribution to the struggle for defending the independence of Croatia is made. The desire to see Ukraine as an independent state like NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska – Independent State of Croatia) led to the fact that some Ukrainians began to collaborate with the Ustaše. The reason of the creation of the Ukrainian Legion was a desire to guarantee the Ukraine’s liberation from the USSR. Germany was not interested in an independent Ukraine. Soldiers of the Legion were sent to Bosnia to fight against a communist partisans and Serb civilian population. After the total disappointment of the Ukrainians they gradually begun to run away from the Legion. The Croatian counterintelligence exposed the negotiations between Legion’s soldiers and Tito’s partisans to move to the side of the communist movement. Therefore Croatian government, seeing the futility of existence of the Ukrainian Legion, decided to disband it. The Ukrainians also served in the Croatian Naval Legion, which was based in the Ukrainian port Genichesk. Sailors were recruited among the local inhabitants. The number of the Legion had reached 1,000 and the Ukrainians made up at least 60%. Legion led several battles against the Soviet fleet in the Azov Sea, during which Ukrainian volunteers have deserved high praise for the courage from Croatian commanders. In general the fate of the Ukrainians who supported the Ustaše, was complicated and tragic. During the postwar years, they were persecuted by the communist government of Yugoslavia. The attitude of the Ukrainian Diaspora to the Croatian-Serbian conflict in the 1990s was different from the situation in World War II. At the referendum in May 1991 the Ukrainians and Ruthenians voted mostly for the independence of Croatia. The Serbs have established an occupation regime for the Ukrainians and Ruthenians on the occupied territories. Except terror, our Diaspora also fell under the «ethnic cleansing». The reason of the antipathy toward the Ukrainians and Ruthenians was that they took an active part in the defence of Croatian independence and its territorial integrity. In general, 410 Ruthenian and Ukrainian fought as a part of the Croatian army. It was the highest percentage in comparison with other national minorities. A small number of the Ukrainians and Ruthenians played a disproportionately large role in the defence of Croatia. And for this choice they paid a high price – they were killed, repressed and deported. In general the losses of the Ruthenians and Ukrainians during the Croatian-Serbian war were between 3,5 and 8% (whereas during the years of World War II the loss was 2%). The situation for the Ruthenians and Ukrainians on the occupied territories had the features of ethnocide that could lead to the disappearance of our community in Croatia.

58-64

Authors: Goncharenko Anatoliy

The article examines the international cooperation between the UK and the USA in the military-industrial sector in 1997-2007. It is characterized reasons of the interdependence of both countries on cooperation in the military-industrial direction. It deals with military industrial positive impact of international partnerships between the US and the UK on the development of international economic relations. Special attention is paid to the introduction of certain types of advanced military weapons in the context of British-American militaryindustrial cooperation. It is revealed that international military-industrial cooperation between the two countries was important for the military-industrial complex in the UK and allowed the British industrial establishment to participate in the creation of a number of American high technologies, developing their own weapon’s systems. It is investigated that the British-American defense partnership had a positive influence on industrial and technological potential and export opportunities of the both states. It is concluded that international defense cooperation of the USA with Britain allowed controlling individual segments of the British military-industrial complex, and American defense companies managed strategic projects to equip British military forces. It is studied that international cooperation in military-industrial sphere had allowed the UK and the United States to conduct a coordinated policy in the field of advanced weapons designs, which save them the status of the key worldwide arm manufacturers.

69-74

Authors: Kryvosheia Igor, Yakimenko Liudmyla

The US policy on Caspian region is considered in the article and especially the development and transformation of The US – Azerbaidzan relations on the backdrop of antiterrorist fight in Washington against the Afghan Taliban deployment in the period of 2001-2002. Washington has preferred many negotiations to address important issues, taken the position of military non-interference, acted through non-governmental organizations and private capital by 2001. Since 2001, Americans increased their borrowing to Tran-Caucasian and Central Asian countries for modernization of military-industrial complex to further using their bases for its troops and to increase credit depending republics. American bases appeared there, where the passage of strategically important oil and gas pipelines was planned by passing Russia, including the Baku – Ceyhan oil pipeline, Central Asia – the coast of the Arabian Sea to provide military support to The US oil companies in the Caspian region. In addition, Washington has canceled or suspended sanctions against Allied. First, it was the temporary cancellation of article 907 to the «Freedom Support Act» which strengthened The US – Azerbaidzan relations.

80-85

Authors: Potapova Olena

The article is devoted to the international legal principles of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. The purpose of this article is an attempt on the basis of official documents and scientific literature to comprehensively analyze the process of building relations of Ukraine with the EU in 1991-2014, and to assess the prospects for first entry to this organization. The study is built on the basis of the historical method, which applies the principles of objectiveness, comprehensiveness, concreteness, unity historical and logical. It highlights events which are considered in their systemic integrity, formed by the aggregate of the identified and interrelated historical facts. The structure of the article is built mainly by consistently chronological presentation of the material. There are used the materials of domestic specialized literature. Source database of the research were official documents – Partnership and co-operation agreement between the European communities and their member states, and Ukraine, the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine, and others. It is shown an active participation of Ukraine in European integration since its independence and defining the perspective directions of its foreign policy. It is determined that at the initial stage of cooperation-based relations between Ukraine and the EU was the Partnership and co-operation agreement between the European communities and their member states, and Ukraine. It is suggested that the lack of constructive actions of Ukraine entailed a loss of interest of the European States participating to it. It is analyzed the contents of the most important agreements and initiatives, the implementation of which was supposed to open Ukraine to the path of political Association and later to economic integration. It is concluded that international legal principles were established for cooperation between Ukraine and the EU that reinforce the relationships between them in the status of a strategic partnership; saving only partnerships with the EU does not meet the strategic national interests of Ukraine and requires new actions on the approximation of the criteria for full membership in the European Union. It is noted that the main document for cooperation is the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine. Although it does not prejudge the future development of relations between them, at the same time performing of all tasks in the economic, political and legal spheres, prescribed in the Agreement would make Ukraine’s success unconditional.

91-97

Authors: Vergunov Victor

The life and creative achievements for the needs of the organization of scientific and educational support conducting domestic agriculture of the prominent agrarian scientist, one of the organizers of the agricultural experimental work as an organization and branch of knowledge, the first Russian professor of agriculture (agronomy) Michael G. Livanov (1751-1800) are reconstructed in the article. His contribution to theorizing and practical propositions conduct of steppe agriculture and animal husbandry is contextually considered. His achievements on keeping rational housekeeping on the ground, adapted to the present, are analyzed. Some of them stay program for the introduction of organic farming. It has proved that M. Livanov’s book «On agriculture, cattle breeding and poultry farming» gave the countdown of the scientific debate, which is still taking place on expediency plowing or no implementation. The place and role of created by him the Epiphany School of Farming Practice in 1790 for the establishment and development of a special branch of education and its differentiation are revealed.

106-110

Authors: Levchenko Inna

The article reflects the socio-political and economic preconditions of formation of scientific cells of Ukraine in the period of development of capitalist relations. Outlines the reasons that encouraged scientific intelligentsia to unite for the development of natural science, which contributed to the strengthening and establishment of national education. The author examined the motives which induced the Patriotic intelligentsia to develop science and education, to disseminate scientific advances among wide layers of the population, particularly the young. The study examines the ideas, problems, specific approaches to the establishment and organization of scientific societies. The article reveals the historical conditionality of development of progressive ideas of scientists in the period of development of capitalist relations.

117-122

Authors: Isaienko Oleksandr

The academician І.H. Aleksandrov (1875-1936) is a prominent scientist and engineer in the spheres of hydraulic engineering and hydro power engineering. I.H. Aleksandrov is well-known as an economist, an economical geographer, an active participant in developing the GOELRO Plan and in elaborating the scheme for economical districting of the former USSR including Ukraine. I.H. Aleksandrov constructed «Dniprohes» (being there the Chief engineer) and a number of others large hydraulic structures. That is why the hydraulic component occupies the principal place in his researches. I.H. Aleksandrov’s scientific papers list analysis clearly proves his keen interest in the problems on organizing the irrigating works in the Central Asia, on the Angara river exploring, on the hydraulic engineering for Chyrchyk-Chatkal industry-and-irrigation complex, in the problems connected with the hydro power plants’ classification, with the trans-Volga region irrigation involved into the solution of the Great Volga problems, with the challenges of «Dniprohes» construction etc. Conducting researches in the Syrdar’ia river water-shed, Ivan Havrylovych Aleksandrov apprehended the unique value of the central Asian rivers as a powerful source for receiving cheap electric energy, having linked this receiving with the construction of irrigational structures. I.H Аleksandrov took also an active part in the BAM railway plan’s working out and in the problems on constructing stone-made embanking dams. The article analyses the hydraulic engineering projects by academician I.H. Aleksandrov worked out as the result of his researches in the Syrdar’ia river watershed, his projects for South-Eastern Fergana and Tashkent regions’ irrigation. For the first time the scientist considered the close combination of the irrigation challenges with those of utilization of the hydro power supplies available in the Central-Asian rivers. The projects on combination of the irrigation challenges with the receiving of cheap electrical power by means of the structures constructed on large irrigational canals and water-storage dams, put forward by I.H. Aleksandrov, were completely original and innovated in the hydraulic engineering of the 1920-ies.

130-133

Authors: Shchebetyuk Natalia

There is the theoretical and methodological foundations chemical soil reclamation of Ukraine, as a way of improving the physical properties of soil in the article. As a result of this analysis the means of calcium in the soil and its needs, methods and standards placers were set by Ukrainian soil scientists during 1920-30s Scientists have developed the practical tips for employees of state farms and collective process for direct soil liming. There are three main groups of soil: saturated with calcium (black), the lowest saturated (chestnut, brown soils) and low saturation of calcium (salt). Scientists have shown the calcium in the soil doesn’t neutralize the acidity, and the most importantly - its makes better his physical, microbiological and dynamic properties. You can help the increased of the harvest from using of the irrigation and lime. This method was accelerating the exchange reaction of sodium with calcium absorbing complex and product of this exchange, allowing secure preferred calcium. It was assumed that gypsum, combined with irrigation, deep plowing and manure, will be a reliable method of soil improvement.

11-14

Authors: Melnichuk Ihor

There is an attempt of general description and systematization of separate political instruments of ruling elite of medieval Rus, especially convention of princes, princely Regulations, legislative codes. Historical and political notes are added to the meaningful stages of evolution of the political system of the state. There is a conclusion about conscious activity of rulings circles on overcoming of political and economic contradictions between elite circles, optimization of the political system on the whole.

23-27

Authors: Serdyuk Igor

The problem of fertility families of Hetmanschyna is studied in this article. It is about the need to revise established views on stereotypes and traditional society. One of these stereotypes is the idea of children as quantitatively dominant share of the population. Also traditionally said that society is the most common were a large family, but without specifying what kind of family was considered many children. This article is aimed at correcting these ideas and translate them into concrete dimension of numbers and demographic factors. For main source selected General description of Left-Bank Ukraine in 1765-1769. Based on historical and demographic data analysis description found that per woman of childbearing age in the population of Hetmanschyna had 1-2 children under 14 years, and reported average family had 2-3 child of this age. As with the average for the life of the woman gave birth to 4-7 children, some of them die young, others grow, so the economic burden on the family of the child has not been very significant. The age structure of child microgroups also contributed to its better functioning society of Hetmanschyna. On average, one family had a baby, and one or two older child. These children could look after the smallest, while the parents worked, so «reproductive belt» in addition to the simple reproduction of the population provide care function, and freeing time for adults.

34-39

Authors: Babkova Nadiya

The article deals with the process of obtaining the power insignias by the leaders of the Left Bank Hetmanate from the representatives of the tsarist government. Active foreign policy of the Russian state aimed at strengthening its own position in South Eastern Europe involved the use of military and political experience of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Ukrainian Hetmans activities to strengthen the autonomous rights of the Cossack state led to the persistent interference of the Romanov dynasty in the internal affairs of Hetmanate. This was reflected in the elective hetman councils and regalia awarding to the newly elected Cossack elder. For the first time this tendency was observed in the election of Ivan Briukhovetsky and received further development at times of Demian Mnohohrishny, Ivan Samoilovych and Ivan Mazepa. Restrictions of the Cossacks’ old rights to freely elect hetman and award him with the power insignias was established in clauses of Moscow Treaty in 1665, but there was no further implementation. However, after visiting the royal capital, the new symbols of Hetman election were received only by Briukhovetsky and Mazepa. All other Cossack elders of the specified time frame received the attributes of their power only from the hands of the official tsarist representatives at the Cossack councils. Neither Ivan Samoylovich, nor Demian Mnohohrishny attended the Russian emperor’s residence as a hetman currently in service. Briukhovetsky’s and Mnohohrishny’s opposition against imperial policy in Ukraine gave rise for Russian ruling circles to take total control over the issues of production and providing the leaders of the Cossack state with their symbols. Since the elective council of Samoilovych, hetmans of Left-Bank Ukraine received the regalia of their predecessors. Hetman power attributes production and renovation upon prior official request, took place in Moscow and was assigned to local craftsmen. In this way, Russian officials sought to further limit the age-old rights and liberties of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and strengthen its dependence on the willingness of Moscow.

47-54

Authors: Ivanichenko Lilija

The article deals with the development of light industry in the nineteenth century Odessa. This is illustrated by the biggest factories of Odessa. It is found that the manufacturing industry in Odessa for a long time developing too slowly and did not take its rightful place in the economic life of the city. General economic crisis, especially in the second half of the nineteenth century, invasions plague, free port, expensive coal, lack of water sources – all this has hampered the construction of factories in production and its products. In the first half of the nineteenth century the most development received cotton and rope factory in Odessa. Introduction to modern machinery companies contributed to the growth of output. And in the second half of the century, the share of light industry significantly increased in the economy of Odessa. Foreign investors such as English, German, French, Greek entrepreneurs and anonymous society became the pioneers in raising leather, linen, cotton, and other branches of light industry. Cable Factory of Novikov, paper-and-jute factory and plant corky of E. Arps were leading factories for the production of goods. At the end of the century tanneries Odessa became more advanced and promising. They produced more than 2.5 million roubles output. Association of South-Russian leather industry produced nearly half a million roubles in Odessa products. This can be seen as a feature of the Odessa economy in the nineteenth century, as called light industries were competitive engineering and food industries that unusual for a later time.

60-64

Authors: Alioshyna Oksana

The article is devoted analysis of origin and functioning of Kremenec Sainted Mykolayiv fraternities in the Volyn province. The origin of Orthodox church fraternities was predefined by the politics of the Russian government, sent to strengthening of positions of the Orthodoxy church in the western regions of the Russian empire. Under such circumstances was founded fraternity, that began to operate with the purpose of service to the necessities of orthodoxy churches that operated in city Kremenec and his fence surrounding villages. For realization of this aim it had to distribute among a population religious education, to provide church literature, id est all that, to root in the idea of devotion to the Orthodox faith in locals. Main work of fraternity assignments were directed in the sphere of education through realization of the religiously-moral reading and founding of church-parochial school and library. The charity activity appeared in the material providing of locals in case of illnesses and other habitants that accepted Orthodoxy, guardianship poor families and orphans. The important contribution of fraternity is found out to church and public life, as his activity assisted raising of educational, cultural and religious-moral standard of living of population of Volyn province in the second half of ХІХ century.

71-73

Authors: Nagirnyak Andrii

The article highlights the activity of Lviv Polytechnic student’s union «Osnova». The part of the union towards student’s consolidation (Ukrainians in terms of university polonozation) has been stressed. The structure of the union had six research departments according to specialization branches. They were the art section, which brings together students of architecture and drawing departments; engineers, chemists, agriculturalists, foresters and engineering. It is indicated that the union which was created primarily for helping Polytechnic students also had a scientific, organizational, cultural and educational nature. The article characterizes publishing activity of «Osnova» which provided pictorial editions like Easter, Christmas and campaign postcards, several printed reference books (under the expanded Ukrainian public advocacy of higher technical education). The article also analyzes the work of the union for the creation and care of the library foundation which was launched in 1897 realizing the goal declared in the charter: «Osnova» kept it’s reading room and library. Much attention is payed to the cooperation society «Osnova» with other student organizations that operated during this period on western Ukrainian lands.

80-85

Authors: Sribnyak Ihor

Ukrainianization three camps prisoners from the imperial army in Germany was an important milestone in the development of Ukrainian independent movement, which at that time was able to deploy just outside Ukraine. Ukrainian community that formed in Rastatt, Wetzlar, Salzwedel measures and Union for the Liberation of Ukraine in 1915, in a few months turned into dense pockets of Ukrainian patriots. Moreover – the most radical of them members expressed their readiness in arms to oppose the Empire, seeking to ensure in this way future national-state self Ukrainian. However, their number has not yet reached a critical mass that would allow beginning the formation of Ukrainian military units suitable for use against the Russian army at the front. Moreover, the immediate creation in any of the above-camp division from those radical Ukrainian would cause stubborn resistance from the majority of the prisoners who still dare not speak out against the Russian tsar. In this situation, the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine failed to create Sich organizations structure which followed the tradition of Zaporizhian Sich. In Rastatt was established among other camp society «Zaporizhian Sich», but it was built within the paramilitary structure of the 1st Zaporizhian Shevchenko Regiment. At the head of the regiment was chieftain with the rank of colonel in charge of marching, economic and health status of its assigned shelf, as well as the physical condition and moral education Sich. The overall composition of the regiment had been 1025-1050 soldiers. Since the establishment of the regiment and the appointment of a lieutenant colonel of the Russian army M. Shapoval orders were issued Regiment, which was reported to leave some Sich at work to exclude some captives from among them, was intended another hundred in the event of fire Sich outfit to perform the functions of fire «guard» in the camp, and another trumpeter Sich. As orders are also reported on the Chamber of Sich regiments lectures conducted by officers in the camp contained about assigning ranks Sich «ordinary» and officers to grant them temporary leave and others. So Camp «Zaporizhian Sich» successfully hauled their activities in its ranks conscious Ukrainian and getting rid of uncertain individuals who had produced national outlook. The main means of this association were weekly general meeting Sich, regular gymnastic exercises in huts, joint march in the overall system, sometimes – with orchestra. Also important for the Sich had their night duty and oversee the overall order in the camp. Thus Sich produced in a conscious understanding of the need to implement the orders of their superiors and laid the foundation of discipline. With all these measures in the Member Rastatt Sich were brought up major military virtues, and almost all of them at the end of March 1918 as a part of the 1st Regiment of Zaporozhye Shevchenko were relocated to Ukraine took an active part in the state building process in Ukrainian lands.

91-96

Authors: Tarapon Oksana

The article represents some of the problems of professional level of employees of periodicals of Ukraine, their moral and ethical qualities. The Soviet press shows a change of attitudes in Ukraine in 1920-1930’s. The quality periodicals depended on the professional and moral level of their employees. There was created a network of Soviet periodicals, formed the working methods of journalists was increasing competition for circulation in 1920-ies. The government also encouraged ordinary people to posts in the newspapers, they cover the shortcomings and successes of Soviet construction. The quality of materials was often low. These factors and the state ideology influenced the work of journalists. Through repression began staffing problems, which dramatically reduced the quality press in the 1930s. In terms of terror was the main value of survival was anomie, neglected professional ethics of journalists. Centralization of printing and distributing ideological norms gradually deprived journalists of creative freedom. On the one hand, newspaper articles exaggerated successes of Soviet construction, on the other hand, the massive spread criticism of the various companies and agencies. Mass repression caused staffing crisis, the decline of moral and professional level. The media are increasingly printed anecdotal, contradictory or false information. In a totalitarian state media was a means of mass consciousness preparing to repression and journalists had to carry out party instructions. The newspaper published various accusations and slanders that had tragic consequences. Periodicals used to determine relationships, indicating that the crisis of morality and deformation values of the society in conditions of Soviet reality.

102-106

Authors: Yefymchuk Natalia

The article deals with features of the re-establishment and operation of village clubs of Zhytomyr region in the postwar period. The problems of their functioning and activities are shown. The process of restoration in the villages of the region of cultural institutions and characteristic of its Government financing are represented. The main ways of provincial clubs reconstruction and their importance for the cultural development of village population are revealed. The author cleared that the clubs, especially in 1943-1953, were the main village center of leisure and communication, for example, for seating, for watching films for holding readers’ meetings and lectures, for different group’s activities, for performances, etc. The rebuilding of village clubs in Zhytomyr region was mostly due to people’s cooperation. The identified negative factors that had affected on clubs work were a tiny material-technical base, lack of facilities, equipment and personnel. The paper considers the role of the cultural organizers and club director in the preparation of mass activities in clubs, who conducted the mass games, provided the collective gaming communication, organized performances, evening entertainment, developed the scenario of thematic programs. In the article there were analyzed the work at clubs and circles of amateur art activities. The purpose of the last one was to deepen the massively-political work and more complete satisfy of various spiritual queries of village population. The features of the lectures activities and the State importance of their own political orientation are identified. It is shown, that a famine of 1946-1947 had impact on the development of the cultural sphere in the region. The author clarifies the conditions of peasants culturally enrichment. It has been proved that the culture demands of village residents were not satisfied during a long time.

113-117

Authors: Kononenko Valeriy

The article analyzes the religious life of the Jewish national minority of Podillya in the second half of 1950s to the first half of the 1980s. Chronological framework of the research is limited to the period of neo-Stalinism and de-Stalinization, when the Soviet government left practice of direct repressions against the believers, but kept religious life under tight control. The research is devoted to analysis the conditions for the functioning of religious communities in this period. The study determines the forms and methods of struggle of the Soviet power against Jewish religious communities of Podillya.

123-129

Authors: Mihaylov Volodymyr

In the article on the basis of the state regional archives and periodicals the problematic of national revival process in the southern Ukraine in the late of 1980’s – 1991 are considered. The author generalizes the known and introduces into the scientific circulation the new facts, which help to show the role of the People’s Movement of Ukraine «Rukh» (PMU) regional organizations in the processes of modern national revival. The regional specificity of functioning of the PMU regional organizations in the South of Ukraine is defined. The basic forms and methods of cultural and educational activities of the PMU regional organizations are revealed, the role of informal in the processes of Ukrainian national state revival is established. Also, the general review of the publishing business is carried out, the level of influence of the PMU press on public opinion of the southern region is analyzed, contribution of the publishing activity to the governmental, cultural and spiritual revival of the land is examined. The contribution of the PMU regional organizations in the development of Ukrainian statehood during the collapse of the Soviet system in the late of 1980’s – 1991 is defined.

19-32

Authors: Gorbenko Kirill

The epoch of bronze century has become, according to many signs, the turning point for the peoples of Northern Black-Seacoast oikumene. The greatest model of the archaeological object of Steppe Pobughja region during the period of final bronze is the hillfort Dikiy Sad, which is situated in the historical centre of modern Mykolaiv on the high plateau of the cape of left bank of the river Ingul, in the place of its confluence with the river South Bug. The article is devoted to the analysis of the main archaeological artefacts of the hillfort. Among them the most important are the remainders of architectural buildings, the objects of material and spiritual culture. According to the archaeological complex of the hillfort we can describe Dikiy Sad as the bright phenomenon among the archaeological monuments of the period of final bronze of the steppe line of the South Ukraine, which fulfil the function of cultural and religions, commercial and economical and political centre of Eastern Europe in II-I millennium B.C.

41-44

Authors: Kopylov Viktor, Rusakov Mikhail

The paper considers the causes of the lack of early Scythian funeral monuments dated middle of 7th – third quarter of 6th centuries BC in the area of economic and political interests of Borysthenes and Olbia. Possible reasons for it are: absence of Scythians’ main traditional seasonal paths in the region; resource based economy of early Greek colonies; lack of contractual relations between Greeks and nomads. These factors may be the reasons for the absence of early Scythian funeral monuments in the area. It is highlighted that the definitive decision of the problem claims further studies.

54-64

Authors: Shelehan Olexander

The article is devoted to the social characteristics of warrior’s burials with blade weapon. For analysis area of the Scythian culture in the Forest-Steppe of Eastern Europe was selected. 140 complexes were considered. Main attention was concentrated on the composition of the funeral feast. Complexes with blade weapon were divided in four social groups. 36 underprivileged complexes were attributed as burials of ordinary swordsmen. Some of the ordinary burials can be considered as autochthonous agricultural inhabitants. Burials of bodyguards were outlined due to representative set of armament with lack of precious finds. There are 45 complexes of this group. Burials of elite bodyguards are also numbers 45 complexes. This group is similar to the previous one. But it stands out by the single finds of status items. Tombs of the aristocracy are characterized by a complex set of prestigious things. There are 14 graves of this group. Only some of poor graves could be considered as farmer’s burials. Another complexes distinguished by markers of Scythian burial ritual: precious trophies, some attributes of cult (stone altars, bronze mirrors, chariot’s finials, wooden bowls), horses and slaves burials. Also, ceremonial weapon (inclusive with oilstones and scourges), pairs of swords, zoomorphic chapes and scaly armour (especially precious and import details) considered as nomad’s indicator. Correlation of swords and daggers with other prestigious artefacts indicate high social status of thumping majority of swordsmen. Considered burials of swordsmen are distinguished by professional ranks, age-specific an gender characteristics. Perhaps the fact of possession of blade weapon was a marker of ethno-social identity. It is also possible to suggest an ethnic difference of noble warriors and ordinary farmers. So, it could be considered that Scythians were on the high rank of the social structure among the farmer tribes. And Forest-Steppe region was involved in the common military-politic structure of the Scythia.

77-86

Authors: Сhistov Dmitry

The layout, elements of interior and construction techniques used for building houses of the archaic Berezan settlement reveals certain local features. They include the wide use of premises with a sunken floor level, and the practice of erecting small isolated buildings within the boundaries of the house. Despite considerable variation in the size of houses and the lack of sustainable planning types, houses of the Berezan settlement are distinguished by their rather large dimensions in comparison to the known residential structures of other urban centers in the North Pontic region during the Archaic period.

101-112

Authors: Braund Devid

In this paper to considered various concerns and problems which are not usually discussed together, even though they share a common relevance to the history of Olbia and the western Black Sea in the years of the late Roman Republic and early Principate. In particular, to tackled the (perhaps shockingly) small amount of direct evidence for King Burebista, about whom so much has been written and imagined by modern scholars. Here the purpose is to consider not simply how much we really know about his reign (and more specifically his dealings with Olbia), but also the nature and causes of the evident interest in him by Greek writers of the Roman period. That to entailed some consideration of the abiding significance of traditions surrounding Zalmoxis and other Thracians (notably Rhesus) from at least the fifth century BC, through imperial Greek culture, and on into late antiquity. And that in turn to highlighted the role of philosophy in its many forms (including politics, medicine and the possible immortality of the soul) in Greek and Roman conceptions about Olbia and its broader region, with the Cynic philosopher Bion (often known as Bion of Borysthenes) to the fore. A neglected (and problematic) few lines of Philodemus will be brought to bear on these matters, while we may be left with a rather different sense even of Burebista.

129-132

Authors: Skrzhinskа Marina

This article contains all Olbia inscriptions mentioning ambassadors. On behalf of the authorities, they asked for military help, brought contributions to the coffers of other countries, among which can safely be called Athens, Pontus and Rome. In addition, the ambassadors were taken tribute to the barbarians, so they do not ravage the city and its rural districts. Сitizens of Olbia, like other Greeks, honorary decrees mentioned in the successful implementation of diplomatic duties, among other distinguished service of the citizen. In the Greek city states was no professional ambassadors, among them elected citizens who meet the requirements for the successful execution of an order. The task standing before the ambassadors were very varied and always determined current policy of a state. But one goal in all Greek embassies was common: a sacred fit out Embassy.

143-147

Authors: Ivchenko Andrii

The article discusses some issues related to early olbain ground crypts. Previously, the time of their occurrence was defined as the line 5-4 centuries BC or the beginning of the 4th century BC. They were considered as collective burials. It debated the questions of the prevalence of steps or ramps for dromos construction, material for the walls of the burial and orientation of the crypts. A detailed analysis of the source base was made. The base for early dating ground crypts were tested. List of early ground crypts was clarified and extended. As a result, the time of appearance ground crypts was determined as the middle or second half at 4 century BC. The second half at 4 century BC looks more authentic. Statistical analysis showed that the material for the construction of the burial walls were bricks from raw clay and stones and at the same time. Bricks from raw clay slightly prevailed. The same, steps and ramps for dromos construction used at the same time. The earliest ground crypts were individual graves. This is one of the main conclusions. The first ground crypts with pair burials appear only in the first half of the 3rd century BC.

155-163

Authors: Kotenko Viktoriia

The issue of relations between Chersonesos and Olbia on the archaeological sources at Hellenistic period a long time has been considered in the scientific literature. The nature of political relations between these polises at this time are unclear, regardless of the source base provided massive archaeological material, which are pottery. Mutual trade and economic contacts between polises demonstrates primarily by the Chersonesian material from Olbia presented by container amphorae, that was investigated by M.I. Zolotarev, and tableware. The source base in this case is a ceramic complex from Maslyny settlement of Chersonesian chora with a wide range of Chersonesian products of Hellenistic period, and painted pottery from excavations of Olbia. Archaeological material from Maslyny settlement contains some finds which clearly demonstrates the trade and economic contacts between Chersonesian and Olbian polices. It presented by grey-ware pottery (fish plates, small jugs, kantharoi), which made in ergasteria of Olbia according to preliminary conclusions based on the study of mass Olbian Late Archaic material. Reverse side of Chersonesian and Olbian contacts traced on the analysis of table painted ceramics. Imported dishes of Chersonesian production in Olbia represented by the compact groups of table jugs with painting and small container in the form of flasks. Painted dishes presented by jugs of various shapes with floral ornament or horizontal stripes red or brown color located mainly in the middle part of vessel. Similar pottery is known in Chersonesos and in the settlements of its chora, where it belongs to mass ceramics material. Based on the results, should also review the thesis of Chersonesos and Olbia conflict. Military conflict between Chersonesos and Olbia has very local character, given the proven economic relations between polises at Hellenistic time based on the materials of the settlements of Chersonesian chora, in particular Maslyny settlement and Olbia. Thus, based on the analysis of tableware from Olbia and from Maslyny settlement of Chersonesian chora, which consists mainly of gray-ware products and painted jugs, we found out that between these polises existing trade and economic relations in the Hellenistic period. Moreover, we can talk about the existence of northwestern vector of Chersonesian trade, which was directed to ancient polises in the Northwestern Black Sea region.

169-177

Authors: Khmelevskij Dmytro

Opposite the western gate of the city Olbia settlement was suburb VI-IV centuries BC, which was located on the top of the hill west Hare beams. After the demise of the suburbs in the middle of the 4th century BC. e. upland area on the western slope Hare beams from the end of 4 century BC. part of the territory of the necropolis of the Hellenistic period. During a large collection of works lead votive product was collected on a Hellenistic necropolis and territories Predgradie. These findings have not been published, and cited only as an accompanying material. Basically, the material comes from burials of the Hellenistic period, completing the dromos and the various layers of plot Cape 1. The main type of lead product up – handles of various wooden structures, bucranium, Labrys, various figures and a lesser degree of items for household and commercial use, occurring in the territory of Olbia and choirs (spindles, fishing sinkers).

189-203

Authors: Matera Marcin

This article analyzes the scale and dynamics of Rhodes`s import in Tanais. Analysis carried out on the basis of the mass of the ceramic material (ceramic container fragments) and ceramic stamps found during archaeological research of the monument. There peculiar character Tanais trade against other centers of Greek Northern Black Sea. Around the 60s the II BC it flows entirely different way than in the other centers. It emphasizes the role of the supply of products in Rhodes trade to Tanais (especially throughout the II century BC). While its relatively small average annual volume. Fixes a minor part of Rhodes`s import trade to Tanais in the first decades of existence of the city and at the end of the Hellenistic history. When the import of goods from Rhodes reached large scale, they are intended primarily to meet the needs of city residents, and not to trade with the barbarians.

210-217

Authors: Smyrnov Olexander

The article provides an answer to the charges of Ivan Snytko regarding the legality of the name of new archaeological sites in the city of Mykolayiv revealed in 2010-11 and investigated by the author in 2011. Given the argument about names, and given the facts that reinforces our point of view that the names and identification of such archaeological sites as cemetery «Oleksandrívs’kiy» of the Classical period (V – early III cent. B.C.) and «Staroflots’kí kazarmy»of Roman time. In 2015 was launched a discussion about the legitimacy of the approach is the name of «Oleksandrívs’kiy» cemetery of a Hellenistic time in Mykolayiv city, and the necropolis of Roman period the «Staroflots’kí kazarmy». I. Snytko offers to call the all burials of necropolis of settlement Mykolayiv-6, arguing that the name is enshrined in the scientific literature, and the necropolis was known at the time of 2010 (re-opening). The article is written with the aim of avoiding unnecessary confusion regarding this monument, which opponent considers a single set of the necropolis of the settlement Mykolayiv-6, which has a different site and has no right to be a separate archaeological sites and has no right to be named by its geographical localization. In particular it should be noted that we do not exclude, that the inhabitants of the settlement Mykolayiv-6 are directly related to the tombs of «Oleksandrívs’kiy» cemetery. After considering the arguments about the names of the opened archaeological objects, we believe that the names are correct and fully deserve its autonomous existence.

225-232

Authors: Nykonenko Dmitry

The author takes the complex highlights of Gray-clay ceramics from the late Scythian settlements of Lower Dnieper attractions such as dishes, which traditionally occupies a prominent place in ceramics Northern Black Sea. Special attention is paid to the comparison of this type of vessel to material Late settlements and Olbia, as the nearest the ancient center. Gray-clay pottery ceramics lower Dnieper dining room of the late settlements varied in its forms. Among them there are pitchers, bowls, pots, plates, bowls, kantharos. The most common types of dishes for the Late gray-clay settlements and Olbia are the same, it is - pitchers with high cylindrical neck and rounded bowls. The differences observed among the rarer forms. The nature of the clay used for the production coincides with Olbian findings. The percentage of gray-clay pottery utensils among all significantly less than in Olbia, and form less diverse.

238-241

Authors: Grebennikov Victor

The article to revealed the history of research of monuments of Cherniakhiv culture in the Mykolayiv region. Information is given on the main exploration and excavation of monuments of the III-IV centuries. AD The first studies of monuments of Chernyakhiv culture on the territory of the region began in the 1920s. And the rapid growth of their discoveries – from the 1960s. To date, the number of monuments of Chernyakhiv culture in the region is 2 townships, 162 settlements and 16 burial grounds. Numerous archaeological expeditions contributed to the growth of the number of monuments of the Chernyakhiv culture on the territory of the region and the degree of study. A special input to the study of Chernyakhіv monuments in the territory of Mykolayiv region was made by B.V. Magometov. The author also outlines the prospects for further studies of the monuments of the Chernyakhov culture on the territory of the Mykolaiv region.

251-255

Authors: Savelyev Oleg

Bone tesserae found during excavations in Tyras are being published in the article. One of them, round in shape, had been used as a dam to play checkers; it has digital and alphabetical symbols XII and IB. It is dated from Ist century AD and is probably of Italic origin. Two others are made of thin oblong plate whose upper part ends with oval projection, one has a through hole. They had been used as labels for bags or purses. They are well known in Roman camps of the European part of the empire and dated from II-III century AD. Tesserae are increasing the innumerous series of similar finds in the Northern Black Sea area and could serve as additional materials to characterize the daily life of Tyras people in first centuries AD.

264-269

Authors: Gopkalo Oksana, Rudych Tetiana

Among Chernyachov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s grave goods bronze objects: knives, pinsers, scissors, ear picks were found. Most of these things are published, but they have never been analyzed together. These items belong to grave goods categories, which point to occupations, business and social status, by N.M.Kravchenko. The aim of this article is to establish the function of these objects. On the basis analysis of seventy the Chernyakhov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s graves were suggested that they used with medical and hygienic purposes. In particular knives could use for rituals, medical manipulations, hygiene and cutleries; pinsers and scissors used probably in sphere personal hygiene, cosmetic and medicine; ear picks used for hygienic aim. Finds of these objects are concentrating on the west part of Chernyakhov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s area. Population of this regions were neighbours of provincial-roman population. Ancient peoples cared for to their health: hygiene and medicine. Some elements of this approach extended to neighboring areas. In particular, carriers of these ideas have been Roman legionaries, among which, starting from the II century AD was a significant percentage of Greeks. Legionnaires seriously cared about their health. Thus, the legionnaires Lower Moesia was at a premium cult of the god-healer Asclepius. Cults of Asclepius and Hygieia appeared in Hersonissos and Olbia with legioners. So, bronze objects from Chernyachov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s grave goods were polyfunctional, most of them could be used for medical assistance and for hygienic and beauty treatments. The fact that they were made of bronze, which had a certain sacred burden reflects the influence of Greco-Roman ideas.

279-288

Authors: Vynohradova Olha

The article represents the results of analysis of linear enamel hypoplasia of the Scythian population from 4 burials from the territory of Ukraine. Linear enamel hypoplasia is a defect of enamel resulting from systemic growth disturbances and is used as indicator of physiological stress in childhood. Human skeletal remains from two ground burials Skelky (V-IV c. BC) and Svitlovodsk (IV-III c. BC), and from two mound burials Medvyn (VII-VI c. BC) and Vyshchetarasivka (IV-III c. BC) were studied for enamel hypoplasia prevalence to explore its variations according to sex and time of development of growth disruptions. Analysis of the enamel hypoplasia of Scythians revealed a difference between settled and semi-nomadic communities. Nevertheless, in all 4 samples the highest number of defects was noted to occur at the age of 4-5 years. It was considered that at such age weaning was not the main factor of enamel hypoplasia occurrence. The differentiation of linear enamel hypoplasia rates between settled and semi-nomadic communities was due to the impact of various factors associated with their lifestyle, environment, and type of economy.

297-300

Authors: Gejko Anatoliy

A great number of antique monuments were studied in details during the 200-years history of the excavations in the South of Ukraine. Pottery is the most popular category of finds during the archaeological resources. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century scientists admitted ceramics as an important source, which could help solve the questions connected with ethnic, cultural history of ancient people, its chronology, etc. In the end of the 19th century the centre of studying the antique archaeology monuments was formed in Odesa. Here a historian, archaeologist, professor of the Department of Classical Philology, director of the Odesa association of history, ceramologist Ernest Romanovych fon Shtern should be mentioned. He was a dean of the History-Philological Department of the Novorosiys’k university in Odesa. He devoted a lot of his scientific works to studying pottery and he admitted ceramics as a main category of finds for the ancient past researchers. At that time a lot of researchers who showed a great interest to studying pottery were appearing. Pavlo Bekker, Nykodym Kondakov, Borys Formakovs’ky, Vladyslav Yurgevych, Oleksandr Bert’ie-Delagard, Ivan Linnichenko were often interested in antique ceramics or in their forgeries and also in inscriptions or pictures on the amphora handles.

306-312

Authors: Karyaka Alexander

This article is devoted to the line of problem questions bounder with the process of organization and first steps of activity of temporary scientific council in the management of Olbian expedition in 1927. Special attention is devoted to the preconditions and circumstances which led to creating of collective council of management and to the role of some persons and institutions in this process. The solution of this circle of questions is based on the significant number of archival documents, mainly of Scientific archives of IA NASU, different published data. Mentioned materials are evidence of existence of numerous different level contradictions between government institutions of that time (mainly VUAK and Ukrnauka) and some of their persons. The impossibility of their principal and logical solution naturally led to the creating of collective body – scientific council – for the management of Olbian expedition.

320-326

Authors: Kuzmischev Alexander

The article describes the activities of the famous archaeologist of the late XIX – early XX century E.R. von Stern directed against counterfeit antiques and falsifiers. Special works devoted to the contribution of E.R. von Stern in the matter of exposing and combating falsifications, does not yet exist. This article aims to fill this void. Presented fight against fakes in the area of ancient epigraphy, the history with «Tiara of Saitaferne» confrontation with the Hochman brothers. Through the activities of E.R. von Stern managed to weaken the production of fake antiquities, undermine the reputation of fakes dealers, and identify many imitations that were previously admitted as authentic and have been the in the museum collections. The author also notes the active work of E.R. von Stern in the matter of organizing a systematic struggle against falsifiers, raising this issue at the X Archaeological Congress in Riga. Also, the scientist actively opposed the destruction of archaeological sites because of predatory excavations.

15-19

Authors: Kozlenko Roman

The article considers the problem of localization of the «Cimmerian fortresses», which are mentioned in the «History» of Herodotus. Discusses the objectivity of preliminary mapping of the referenced objects with located in the Eastern Crimea powerful shafts. Basing on the recent discoveries and researches of fortified settlements of the late bronze age in Northern Black sea coast, there is proposing a new locations for the mentioned in the «History» «Κιμμέρια τείχεα». Bosporus shafts could not be known to Herodotus. Accordingly, the search data fortification should be extended to the side of the steppe region of the Black sea territory of Scythia. The remains of fortifications of the hillforts of the late bronze age the Dikiy Sad, Reprinskoe fortified settlement and the fortress at Crocmaz village could be known to the Scythians and the Greeks, and correlated with the Cimmerians.

25-29

Authors: Volcanov Sergey

The article discusses the position of στρατηγός ἐξ ἁπάντων – a general elected without any regard to his tribe from all Athenian people, whereas the rest of the strategoi were elected by tribes. It should be noted that this problem has found its development mainly in the Anglo-German historiography and today it is far away from its settlement. Here is given an attempt to determine the time of emergence of the στρατηγός ἐξ ἁπάντων, the procedure of election, whether it gave extra authorities and when the Athenians ceased to practice this appointment. This issue involves another problem in defining of powers and place of the most prominent generals and politicians in the political system of Athens. During the research we came to conclusion that the position of στρατηγός ἐξ ἁπάντων takes its rise in the Persian Wars, and it was dictated by the military necessity to hand command over Athenian regiment to the one strategoi, who had influence among his colleagues, and abilities of a talented commander. By itself, this position had no extra authorities. It is possible to conclude that the election of στρατηγός ἐξ ἁπάντων was not clearly regulated in the Athenian law. The Athenians continued to elect στρατηγός ἐξ ἁπάντων down to the end of the era of Pericles 430/20 BC.

36-43

Authors: Zahariev Volodymyr

Ancient noble family Scibor of Ostoja coat of arms was famous from the 15th century. Her members lived in Calish, Seradz, Krakow and Sandomierz Voivodeships. Members of this clan received their surname Marchocki from the name of the small village Marchocice. The patrimonial name Scibor was used as a supplement to the surname. Several members of this family became famous thanks to the memoirs (Nicholas Scibor-Marchocki from Marchocice let the memories about the Moscow war, the nun Marianna Marchocka became the first pole who in the middle of the 17th century wrote autobiography). In the second part of the 18th century members of the family Scibor-Marchocki began to live in Podilia. Ignacy Marchocki was the most famous member of this clan, who had the title of «redux», that he invented. In 1813 I. Marchocki had the title of count but for restless disposition he was deprived of this title in 1822. Prolonged attempts of Marchocki to regain the title of count was a success only in 1908. Ignacy Marchocki proclaimed his estates in Podilia as an independent Minkowce state, where he held progressive reforms in social and household life. The lands that he bought near Odessa became county «Ruffipolis», where podolians lived. Son of Ignacy Marchocki Karol continued his father’s reforms. But for participation in secret organizations he was deprived of the possessions. Five sons of Karol achieved success in jurisprudence, bank and economic occupation. The patrimony of Marchocki Lyubomila was settled. His grandson Julian, who was admitted to the Polish troops in 1919, after demobilization settled in Polish Pomerania, where he engaged in agriculture. The last representative of Marchocki’s family was Stanislav and he died in 2015.

53-59

Authors: Stepanchuk Yuri

The revival of establishing the image of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and his nation-building activities in the patriotic historiography began in the second half of the 1980s. Till this time there were almost no studies devoted to the problems of Ukrainian statehood in middle XVII century. But the exception was the questions of diplomatic activity of the Government of B. Khmelnitsky. Proclaimed in 1985 by M. Gorbachev «glasnist» and political liberalization began to bring unexpected positive results. Therefore, the emergence of new historiographical facts about B. Khmelnitsky and the formation of its newest establishing image should be considered in the context of the indissoluble political development of the society of that time. So professor S. Kulchytsky testifies that the rebuilding in the historical science had been actually unfolded in 1988-1989. First, in some newspaper and magazine articles on social and political themes, then – in brochures and scientific journals they had begun to reconsider some stereotypical positions of the national history. In 1990-1991 the first monographic works were published and written from the standpoint of new thinking. In historical science there had been the gradual and the comprehensive retreat from class concepts and principles of Marxist methodology. Above all, it turned out that the researchers had stopped to rely on the works of classics of Marxism-Leninism, the decisions of party congresses, conferences, etc. The first historiographical facts of redefining the image of B. Khmelnitsky and the National revolution of the mid- XVII century appeared in the second half of the 1980s. If in Soviet times the figure of Hetman was a symbol of the ideological class struggle and unity of two fraternal peoples, then in modern Ukrainian historiography B. Khmelnytsky took the place of an apologist for the Ukrainian national state-building of the middle of XVII century.

69-76

Authors: Popovych Oleksij

In the article about the Ukrainian resistance movement during the Second World War, especially its presentation in textbooks and manuals. The influence of the present teaching and educational narrative on the historical memory of youth. To improve the structure and content of school textbooks in the article the following recommendations. There is a great need for coverage of the history of the Ukrainian resistance movement during the Second World War in particular single region; entry into the school books on the history of Ukraine subjects related to the fighting in Ukraine during the Second World War, various Polish, Romanian and Hungarian armies; minimizing the propaganda rhetoric in the interpretation of the history of the Ukrainian liberation movement, the need for analysis of the national armed forces Ukrainian, which serve many Russians, Belarusians, Georgians and other peoples of the USSR. The content of textbooks could enrich subjects related to Ukrainian participation in the international anti-Nazi resistance movement. It is inappropriate to serve as a school literature untested generalizations concerning figures which carried the debate, particularly on the number of victims of the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation during the Second World War.

82-86

Authors: Gorburov Evgen, Gorburov Kіrіl

This publication first completes biography of the known navigator of XX century sea captain Stefan P. Belyaiev (10.05.1895- 04.02.1952). S. Belyaev, who served as Chief of Mykolayiv seaport in 1918, managed to escape from the repressive machinery of the Soviet power. In the 1930s he worked in the Far East. In the years of Second World War steamship «Dekabrist» under the control of captain S. Belyaiev was accomplished by a maiden voyage from the USA in the USSR, delivering an armament and live ammunition. Disclosed events difficult years of war and captivity, liberation and filtering by the NKVD-MGB. Study and research work in the final of searching to «closed» blank spots in the biography of Stepan Belyaev, making it more complete and telling interesting facts associated with this wonderful man. The history of Mykolayiv and Mykolayiv’ land replenished yet another biography of a her native.

96-101

Authors: Opatskyi Ihor

Based on archival documents from the personnel fund of Petro P. Kurinnyi (1894-1972) and his father’s diary Petro F. Kurinnyi (1852-1931) the activity of Uman branch of Kyiv Society for antiquities and arts protection had been analyzed. The following basic directions of the activities: archaeological, archival, and ethnographic had been stated. It was found that the members of the society carried out a considerable work on the study of archaeological sites of Uman region, archaeological excursions had been periodically initiated and carried out. The antiquity and arts investigation had been conducted during the mentioned excursions. The branch members tried to find the archives of the former Uman military settlements. The special attention was paid to the detection of underground tunnels and to the plans of making their detailed map. Attention is drawn to the ethnographic and other activities of the branch. Scientific debates that had arisen between members of the branch during working meetings were characterized. The society members actively discussed the issues related to the key moments of Uman history. Due to the meetings protocols, the work of the most active members of the branch had been analyzed. It was found that Khrysanf Yaschurzhynskyi had been heading the branch of Kyiv Society for Antiquities and Arts Protection for a long time, but from September 8, 1917 he branch was headed by Petro Kurinnyi. His father – Petro F. Kurinnyi held the position of treasurer. The study allows the conclusion that the members of the Uman branch of Kyiv Society for Antiquities and Arts Protection made a large amount of work for the descriptions, research and preservation of various types of antiquities and arts in Uman region. Military actions and events of the revolution were in the way of implementation of many planned activities.

107-111

Authors: Sribna Mariya

In article on the basis of the collection of the National Museum of history of Ukraine is analysed documentary material collection on the theme, «The culture and art of Ukraine in the context the XX – early XXI century». Shows the main points and describes the problems faced by the scientific staff when recruiting collection. In 25 years of independence of Ukraine was attributed to the materials of theatrical art, cinema, music and circus arts. Given the difficult economic situation in the country, researchers do not often have the opportunity to organize business trip to different cities of Ukraine with the acquisition of exhibits of the topic. Therefore, the funds stored materials that best represent the activity of cultural and art institutions in the city Kiev.

10-14

Authors: Yanchuk Mykhailo

Operating basic archives the article shows the activity of rural communities in Uman County of Kiev Province as to opening elementary public schools in the 60s of 19th century. The paper gives the samples of judgments produced by peasant congregations according to which villagers were obliged to maintain and issue salary to a teacher. It was found out that the texts of the judgments were typical. They differed in terms of villagers’ responsibilities in respect to issuing teacher’s salaries in rural schools; allocation of premises or buildings for schooling; heating and lighting. Contrasting judgments of rural communities for different schools showed that the higher teacher’s salary were issued where there was more land under taxation and more school-aged children. The amount of wages comprised of the funds from every arpent and charge from parents for every pupil. It is mentioned that during the active school building period in late 19th schools were organized in different places and then gradually new schools were constructed.

23-29

Authors: Kizlova Antonina

The article deals with the set of contexts in which the Lavra brethren was involved into social communication related to the coffins, shrines, tombs and reliquaries for holy relics and their partials. Research of this problem in concrete monastery with numerous sacred objects will help to expose the features of holiness perception on the different levels of Orthodox society in 19th – early 20th ct. This work will also be useful to understanding of social connections forming around the objects of prayer honouring. The author makes conclusions, that the coffins, shrines, tombs and reliquaries were important as a communications shaping factor. The assignment of entombments related responsibilities between the monks and novices of the cloister as well as between external merchants and artisans was clearly articulated. The Lavra executive were very responsible at every stage of entombments related working processes. For Lavra brethren the saints’ tombs were significant information-carrying mediums in communication with prayers. The relations with manifold donators connected with holy relics receptacles were regularized. The monks were on mettle to make these relations predictable. The ulterior spiritual and material motives for the replacement of holy relics into new or repaired receptacles need subsequent research on the base of a wide range of official and private sources.

38-42

Authors: Dotsenko Viktor

The article analyses the statehood, cultural and educational activity of Ukrainian national Bolshevik Mykola Skrypnyk. He is described as a participant of Ukrainian Bolshevik government activities and a person connected with the creation of the CP(b)U. Separate parts of the article are devoted to his contribution as a People’s Commissar for Education in 1927-1933. The fate of this vibrant and dubious person closely combines two concepts: individual tragedy and the tragedy of the era. He belonged to that rapid time that absorbed the heroism and drama of the revolution and the creation of a new society, the greatness of ups and the shame of downs, triumph of victories and bitterness of defeats. Devotion to the interests of Bolshevik party (as he understood them) marked by difficult and painful search of the most effective ways to solve a complex social and economic, political and cultural issues during his 35-year membership in it, fully characterizes the life of M. Skrypnyk. His outlook and willpower were formed in terms of uncompromising struggle. But unfortunately, he did not understand the aspiration of the Ukrainian people to national self-determination caused by revolution. And in the battle of two opposing sides he remained faithful to his beliefs supporting the interests of Bolshevik party. Being a faithful Leninist, Skrypnyk proved himself to be a Ukrainian Soviet statesman as well as an ideologist of Ukrainization in 1920. M. Skrypnyk had also to work on building a new political system of the state of «dictatorship of the proletariat» and the work on «Ukrainization» in circumstances when it was increasingly loosing its previous social and political direction and was turning into a cover of a totalitarian coup. Beyond any doubt M. Skrypnyk sincerely fought for Ukrainianization, but understood it as communist national policy.

47-50

Authors: Kozhyna Аlоna

The article is devoted Soviet state policy in forming the «new man» by means of Secondary and Higher education in 1920s. One of the controversial issues of our time is the mean of the State’s role in the education system. But today we haven’t the single answer to this question. This problem needs to solved careful study of previous experience in management education. Therefore, the actual problem is the State policy on education in the early days of the Soviet regime (1920-ies), because this period was a time of experimentation in this area. Among the major innovations: free of charge and total access to education, breaking the link with religion education, paying much attention to labor training and the learning environment. In Ukrainian schools there were many new techniques in higher education to inclusive – system’s indicative of the student government. But even all sufficiently advanced for the time learning tools and educational practices were subject to the same primary objective – the education of the «new man» completely loyal to the Soviet regime.

56-60

Authors: Fedorenko Yanina

The article studies the problem of development and operation of agricultural market infrastructure. The author emphasises that the given topic is extremely up-to-date because after the events of the year 2014 our country chose new direction in its development. It has become a strategically important task to form a market-oriented organizational structure of the agricultural sector. And the improvement of the activity of the basic elements of agricultural market infrastructure was a necessary condition for that. In the main part of the article, the author concentrates on the issues connected with the operation of the basic elements of the infrastructure: wholesale markets of agricultural products, agricultural trade houses, cooperatives, exhibitions and fairs, agricultural exchange houses. The author analyzed in detail every single element during the whole Independence Period beginning from 1990s and up to and including 2014. There was also given the analysis of the problems that were the obstacles on the way to the full development of the nation. In the end of the article there is a conclusion that the weak support of the state, insufficient taxation system and the shadow schemes in the domestic and foreign trade resulted in the ineffective operation of almost all elements of agricultural market infrastructure

67-71

Authors: Pulya Iryna

The article deals with the history of the volunteerism, analyzed performance index of world charity, the current state of philanthropy in Ukraine. December 5, 2014 Organization United Nations in Ukraine and the Government of Ukraine and voluntary organizations presented the results of a nationwide study of volunteering in Ukraine. The article presents findings of a study conducted by the company GfK Ukraine, Ukrainian recognize the important role of volunteerism in social processes: 62% recognize the importance of volunteers in the political changes of 2014, 85% believe that volunteering helps promote peace, and 81% tend to think of the volunteer motion obligatory part of civil society. Also, tells the story of Ukrainian volunteers Miroslava Gaja, Victoriji and Alexandra Kononovyh, who handed flags Museum of Ukraine. Volunteering has become an integral part of the profound changes in the social structure of Ukrainian society, which began to happen after the recent events on the Maidan. Indikated thet the subject matter concerned are engaged in native scientists as M. Kozachuk, O. Pankova, O. Kasperovych, O. Ishcenco, M. Chukhrai, I. Tokhtarova, L. Shimchenko. Theoretical Laws of Ukraine, other normative acts, printed periodic matters, internet resources, served theoretical and methodological basis of work. The reasons of this process are revealed, as well as the background of the current state of the state-society relations in the sphere of volunteering.

77-80

Authors: Lukianov Oleksandr

The article to elucidate the history of the Belarusian volunteer. The participation and role of Belarusian volunteer units in the fighting in Eastern Ukraine during anti-terrorist operations on Ukraine’s side to analyzed also. Belarusian volunteers in the various Ukrainian units took part in the most fierse fighting on the front lines in during 2014- 2016. In particular in the battalion «Donbass» in Ilovaisk in August 2014. Belarusians in the Ukrainian volunteer unit «Right Sector» defending Donetsk airport. Belarusians of battalion «Azov» released Shyrokine village and the surrounding area in winter 2015. Article based on fund collection of the National Museum of History of Ukraine. March 25, 2016 in Kiev, Ukraine National Museum of History opened an exhibition «Belarusian with Ukraine in the heart» is devoted to Belarusian and Ukrainian soldiers who fought side by side in eastern Ukraine. Her works were presented Ukrainian and Belarusian artists written in the area of ATO and things dead soldiers tactical group «Belarus» Ukrainian Volunteer Corps. March 28 in Kyiv on the street 22 Belarusian opened a memorial plaque dedicated to three fallen Belarus Mikhail Zhyznevsky who died in the capital of Ukraine on the street Grushevskogo January 22, 2014 from a gunshot wound during the Revolution of Dignity. Ales Cherkashyn and Ukrainian soldier tactical group «Belarus» Vitaly Tilizhenko.

87-92

Authors: Povyssha Maryna

The first in the Russian Empire higher technical school for women was established 110 years ago, on 28th January 1906. Higher women polytechnic courses were opened in St. Petersburg. Professor Mykola Leonidovych Shchukin who was called the «father of Russian locomotive building» was elected the rector of the Technological Institute. There was only one department in the institution during the first two years. Architectural and Civil Engineering departments appeared later. Moreover Architectural department enjoyed a great popularity. The need to create such a facility in the Russian Empire was evidenced by fact that there were submitted 700 applications in the first year alone and the contest was three persons in place. M.L. Shchukin made such major gains that there were four faculties at these courses: Architectural, Civil Engineering, Electromechanical and Chemical and education period grew to 7 years. The analysis of M.L. Shchukin’s pedagogical activity has been made in the article.

98-108

Authors: Dovzhyk Alla

The article investigates Valentina Radzymovska’s life and scientific work as Professor, Doctor of Medical and Physiological Sciences, founder of Ukrainian school of physiologists and biochemists, the professor at Kiev Medical Institute and the Kiev Institute of Public Education, current member of the Research Department of Pedology, the Head of the Physiology Department at Research Institutes of Nationwide Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, a social activist. In the Kyiv archives the author has found documents which substantially supplement the information about the early life of Valentyna Radzymovska (nee Yanovska). Thus, in the State Archives of Kyiv in the fund number 244 – Kyiv Higher Classes for women was found the identified personal file of the student of Medical Branch Valentyna Radzymovska, which stored its documents of application for membership and certificate of completion. Also, in the number 352 Fund – Kyiv Medical Institute her personal file has been discovered. It reflects personal data, teaching load, position, list of scientific papers and reviews on them etc. The fund number 166 – Public Commissariat of Education of the USSR Central State Archives of higher authorities of Ukraine has found Curriculum vitae and report on scholarly work full member of the research department of pedology. The fund number 509 – Yanovska Lyubov Central State Archive of Literature and Arts of Ukraine Valentyna Yanovska preserved letters to parents. Based on these documents, the article added by information about the early life of Valentyna Radzymovska (nee Yanovska). In particular, the specified information about the place of birth on a hamlet Tarnavschyna in Matyativka Lubny district, Poltava province, not the city Lubnah as researchers wrote. Revealed that in women’s gymnasium after Alexandra Duchynska in Kyiv she received the title of a home teacher, then studied natural science courses for female M. Lokhvitska-Skalon in St.-Petersburg, not the St.-Petersburg University, as previously has been thought. Established that the higher medical education she received at the medical department of the Higher Courses for Women in Kyiv. This gave us the opportunity to reveal some little known facts from the life and fully reveal the image of prominent scientist, science ascetic Valentyna Radzymovska.

114-118

Authors: Apostol Mychailo

Contribution of academician of NAAS M.V. Zubets to the development of scientific support for agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, increase its competitiveness was highlighted. The scientist made his way from the main zootechnician of the department of breeding work of General Directorate of Animal Husbandry and Poultry of Ministry of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR to the Deputy Minister of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR. His achievements in the development of the Directorate of Beef Cattle Industry, Ministry of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR and the Main Department of Scientific and Technical Progress in the Fields of Agro-Industrial Complex of State Agricultural Committee of the Ukrainian SSR were summarized. The scientist formulated the concept of organization of specialized beef cattle industry in the Ukrainian SSR, created beef breeds of cattle. He initiated the introduction of a number of innovations: 1) scientific-production association; 2) facilities for sire breeding and evaluation; 3) republican sire sperm bank; 4) long-term large-scale breeding programs; 5) pedigree reproducers of the foreign beef breeds; 6) farms for growing, evaluation and intensive using of the bulls of the beef breeds and so on. The ways to use the creative heritage of the scientist at the present stage of development of agrarian sector of Ukraine in European integration conditions were outlined.